Gaa na ọdịnaya

Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè bara uru

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
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Mangoes maka ire ere n'elu ịnyịnya ígwè na Guntur, India

Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na-agụnye ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè ọ bụla a na-eme naanị dị ka ụzọ njem kama ịbụ egwuregwu ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ. Ọ bụ ụdị ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè mbụ na nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụwa.[1] Ịgagharị ịnyịnya ígwè bụ otu n'ime ụdị njem onwe onye dị iche iche na akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịgagharị mmadụ.

Nchịkọta

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Copenhagen inner city cycle traffic peak hour
Oge kachasị elu nke okporo ụzọ n'ime obodo Copenhagen

Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè bara uru ma ọ bụ "njem" n'ozuzu ya na-agụnye ịga njem dị mkpirikpi na nke dị n'etiti (kilomita ole na ole, ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị 3-15 kilomita otu ụzọ, ma ọ bụ ogologo oge), mgbe mgbe n'ime obodo. [citation needed] Ọ na-agụnye ịga njem (ya bụ ịga ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ mahadum), ịga ịzụ ahịa na ịrụ ọrụ, yana ịga ịhụ ndị enyi na ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ maka ọrụ mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ. 

Ọ gụnyekwara ọrụ akụ na ụba dị ka nnyefe ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ. N'obodo ukwu, Onye na-eziga ịnyịnya ígwè na-abụkarị ihe a ma ama, na igwe kwụ otu ebe nwere ike ịsọ mpi na gwongworo na vans karịsịa ebe achọrọ ọtụtụ obere nnyefe, karịsịa n'ebe ndị jupụtara. Velotaxis nwekwara ike inye ọrụ Njem ọha na eze dị ka bọs na tagzi.

A maara ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na-arụ ọrụ na-enwe ọtụtụ uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba. A tụwo aro ma tinye Iwu ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè maka ihe ndị gụnyere: ahụike ọha na eze ka mma, [2] [3] ahụike onwe onye na uru ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ mbelata nke mkpọchi okporo ụzọ na Mmetọ ikuku, [3] mmelite na nchekwa okporo ụzọ, [3] mma ndụ ka mma, [2] mmegharị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ka mma, [4] na uru maka mmepe ụmụaka.[2]

N'obodo China nke Beijing naanị, e nwere ihe dịka nde ịnyịnya ígwè anọ a na-eji eme ihe (e mere atụmatụ na na mbido afọ 1980 enwere ihe dịka nde mmadụ 500 na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na China). Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2000, e nwere ihe dịka nde ịnyịnya ígwè iri asatọ na Japan, nke mejupụtara pasent iri na asaa nke njem ndị njem, na Netherlands, pasent iri abụọ na asaa nke ọrụ niile bụ ịnyịnya ígwè. [2][4]

A tụlere ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè  

Enwere ike iji ịnya ịnyịnya ígwè tụnyere ịnya ụgbọ ala buru ibu nke ọ bụ onye na-asọ mpi ozugbo n'obodo ukwu na maka ebe dị mkpirikpi.

Obodo bụ ebe a na-eme nnwale maka ụdị njem ọhụrụ dabere na ịnyịnya ígwè dị ka Ịkekọrịta ịnyịnya ígwè, Ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik na ibugharị nnukwu ngwongwo na ịnyịnya ibu ibu. Mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ nke nkwụsịtụ na mmepe ịnyịnya ígwè gasịrị, a na-anwa imeziwanye teknụzụ na ihe ọhụrụ iji meziwanye akara gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịnyịnya ígwè ahụ.[5] Ọ bụ ezie na a ghọtara na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè - otu ihe kachasị arụ ọrụ ma e wezụga ịga ije - bụ ụdị njem na njem kachasị mma, na mba ụfọdụ, ịgba ịnyịnya ibu ka bụ ụzọ njem maka ndị ogbenye; na ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụ ịgba ịnyịnya igwe naanị maka ebumnuche ntụrụndụ.[6] N'akwụkwọ 2010 nke Kọmitii European Parliament on Transport and Tourism rịọrọ na ịgagharị ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-agụnye ikike ịga njem, kamakwa ọ na-emetụta, nke ka mkpa, ohere onye njem nwere ikpebi mgbe na ebe ọ ga-aga.[7] N'ihe gbasara mgbanwe na ọnụahịa a, ịnyịnya ígwè so n'etiti nhọrọ kachasị elu maka ebe dị mkpirikpi, ruo ọtụtụ kilomita.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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  1. ↑ Herlihy (2004). Bicycle: the History. Yale University Press, 2. ISBN 0-300-10418-9. 
  2. 1 2 3 4 Cycling in the Netherlands. Rijkswaterstaat (Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management). Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved on 26 April 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 Ogilvie (2004-09-22). "Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: systematic review". British Medical Journal 329 (7469): 763–0. DOI:10.1136/bmj.38216.714560.55. PMID 15385407. 
  4. ↑ Rietveld (August 2004). "Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 38 (7): 531–550. DOI:10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.003. 
  5. ↑ Coelho (2015). "Cycling Mobility – A Life Cycle Assessment Based Approach". Transportation Research Procedia 10: 443–451. DOI:10.1016/j.trpro.2015.09.094. ISSN 2352-1465. 
  6. ↑ International Cycling Conference 2017. Umweltbundesamt (2017).
  7. ↑ The Promotion of Cycling. ECF (2010). Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved on 23 August 2022.

Mmepe nke ịnyịnya ígwè nchekwa bụ ihe a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mgbanwe kachasị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịnyịnya ibu. Ọ gbanwere ojiji ha na nghọta ọha na eze site na ịbụ ihe egwuregwu dị ize ndụ maka ụmụ okorobịa na-eme egwuregwu ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ njem kwa ụbọchị maka ụmụ nwoke - na, nke dị mkpa, ụmụ nwanyị - nke afọ niile. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè aghọwo ụzọ njem dị mkpa, na United States ụdị ntụrụndụ na-ewu ewu. Klọb ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị gbasara na US na mba Europe. Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè nọgidere na-adịwanye mkpa na Europe n'ime ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, mana ọ dara n'ụzọ dị egwu na United States n'etiti 1900 na 1910. Ụgbọala ghọrọ ụzọ njem kachasị mma. N'ime afọ 1920, a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ were ịnyịnya ígwè dị ka ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1940, e mere ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ígwè na United States maka ụmụaka. N'afọ 2008, Iwu Bicycle Commuter Benefit Act ghọrọ iwu dị ka akụkụ nke ụgwọ enyemaka. Dabere na data ọnụ ọgụgụ, ndị ikom bụ ndị isi na-erite uru, ebe ọ bụ na, afọ iri ka e mesịrị, ndị ikom mejupụtara ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè.[1] N'ihe ka ukwuu na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọtụtụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na UK mere n'okporo ụzọ. Ịgba ígwè bụ otu n'ime ụzọ njem maka njem ụmụ akwụkwọ.

Ịnyịnya ígwè na ngwá ọrụ onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè

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Ịnyịnya ígwè ọdịnala Dutch Amafiets nke nwere onye nche na onye nche akwa

Ịnyịnya igwe eji eme ihe nwere ọtụtụ njirimara ọkọlọtọ iji kwalite uru na nkasi obi ha. Ndị nche agbụ na ihe nchekwa apịtị, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi, na-echebe uwe na akụkụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ site na mmanụ na ịgba. Ndị na-eche uwe mwụda na-egbochi uwe ogologo, uwe mwụda, na uwe ndị ọzọ na-adọkpụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ejide n'ime wiil. Kickstand na-enyere aka na-adọba ụgbọala. A na-ejikarị wicker ma ọ bụ nkata ígwè a na-agbanye n'ihu maka ibu ngwongwo. Enwere ike iji ndị na-ebu ibu n'azụ buru ihe dịka satchels ụlọ akwụkwọ.

Panniers ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebu akpa pụrụ iche (gụnyere akpa nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịghị mmiri) na-enyere aka ibugharị ngwa ahịa ma jiri ya zụọ ahịa. Mgbe ụfọdụ ndị nne na nna na-agbakwunye oche ụmụaka na-ekpu n'azụ na/ma ọ bụ ihe eji enyere ndụ aka dabara na crossbar iji bufee ụmụaka. Enwere ike ịdọrọ trailers nke ụdị dị iche iche na ike ibu ka ọ na-abawanye ikike ibu. N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, a ga-etinyerịrị igwe mgbịrịgba na mgbịrịgba; ndị na-atụgharị uche; na, mgbe ọchịchịrị gasịrị, ọkụ ihu na azụ.

Ojiji ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na-eji uwe elu ma ọ bụ armbands fluorescent n'ìhè ma ọ bụ na-egbuke egbuke n'abalị nwere ike ime ka onye na-agba ígwè pụta ìhè, ọ bụ ezie na ndị a abụghị ihe ọzọ maka usoro ọkụ iwu kwadoro. Akụkọ banyere nkwalite nke ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè (Hydén, et al., 1999) tụlere uwe na ngwá ọrụ nchekwa ma kwuo na "enweghị obi abụọ na ma ndị na-agagharị agagharị na okpu ịnyịnya ígwè na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ mmerụ ahụ nke ndị na-eji ha eme ihe nke ukwuu", [2] ọ bụ ezie na nkwupụta a anaghị anabata ya n'ụwa niile.

delibike na Buenos Aires na-ebute achịcha

Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọkwa nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè

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Ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na-ejikọta iji metụta ọkwa nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè. Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, enwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè n'ihi na ịnyịnya ígwè bụ ụdị ụgbọ ala kachasị ọnụ ala nke ọtụtụ ndị nwere. Na mba ndị bara ọgaranya, ebe ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ngwakọta nke ụdị njem, mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ọkwa nke iji ịnyịnya ígwè. Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na mba ndị na - ndị na-enweta ego dị n'etiti, ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-achọ inwe ụgbọala, na-akpata obere ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè, mmetọ ikuku, na ahụike ka njọ.[3]

Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọkwa ịgba ígwè nwere ike ịgụnye: nhazi obodo (gụnyere àgwà akụrụngwa: onye na-agba ịnyịnya "enyi na enyi" vs. onye na-agba ịnyịnya "onye iro"), ebe njedebe njem (ọkachamma ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala), usoro ịzụ ahịa, ịzụ ahịa ihe oyiyi nke ịgba ígwè, ijikọ na ụdị njem njem ndị ọzọ, ọzụzụ okirikiri, ala (hilly vs. flat), anya dị ka ebe ụgbọ njem na-eri, ebe dị anya dị ka ebe ụgbọ njem na-eri. Na mba ndị mepere emepe, ịnya igwe kwesịrị ịsọ mpi, yana ịrụ ọrụ na ụdị ụgbọ njem ọzọ dịka ụgbọ ala nkeonwe, ụgbọ njem ọha na ịga ije. Yabụ na ọ bụghị naanị ịma mma nke ịnya igwe anaghị emetụta ọkwa ịgba ígwè, kamakwa site na ihe na-eme ka ụdị asọmpi dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ na-adịchaghị mma.

Na mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ọkwa ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè dị elu, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na-emekarị njem dị mkpirikpi. Dabere na data ọnụ ọgụgụ Ndị Irish 1996, ihe karịrị 55% nke ndị ọrụ ịnyịnya ígwè mere njem 3 kilomita (4.8 kilomita) ma ọ bụ obere, 27% 5 kilomita (8 kilomita) maọbụ obere na naanị 17% mere njem karịa 5 kilomita na njem ha kwa ụbọchị. Enwere ike ikwu na ihe ndị na-emetụta ogologo njem ma ọ bụ oge njem so n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa n'ime ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè bụrụ usoro njem asọmpi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwe ụgbọ ala nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta. Na New York City, ihe karịrị ọkara nke ezinụlọ niile enweghị ụgbọ ala (ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ dị elu na Manhattan, ihe karịrị 75%), na ụzọ njem / ịnyịnya ígwè na-akpata 21% nke ụzọ niile maka njem n'obodo ahụ. E gosipụtara iji E-bike eme ihe iji mụbaa ebe ịnyịnya ígwè na-agagharị nakwa ọnụọgụ nke mmega ahụ n'etiti ndị na-eji E-bike na obodo asaa dị na Europe.[4]     

Mkpebi ndị ọkwa gọọmentị dị iche iche na-eme, yana otu mpaghara, ndị otu ndị bi na ndị na-arụrụ ọrụ ọha na nke onwe, nwere ike imetụta ihe a na-akpọ "ụdị nhọrọ" ma ọ bụ "modal nkewa" na njem kwa ụbọchị. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịmegharị ihe dị iche iche n'ụzọ na-ama ụma na-achọ ịgba ume ma ọ bụ ịkụda ụdị njem dị iche iche, gụnyere ịgba ígwè.

Ikesa Kilomita Ikpeazụ site na iji ịnyịnya ígwè na Vienna, Austria
Ringstraße, Vienna, Austria, 2005

Njikọ nke Ndị Na-agba Ịnyịnya ígwè America ahọrọla usoro ihe ise [5] maka ịtụle omume enyi nke obodo ma ọ bụ obodo na ịnyịnya ígwè.[6] A na-ekewa ụkpụrụ ndị a n'okpuru isiokwu nke: Injinia, Mgbalị, Nnyocha na Atụmatụ, Mmụta, Mmanye.

Atụmatụ obodo

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.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} Ogologo njem na oge njem bụ isi ihe na-emetụta ojiji nke okirikiri. Atụmatụ obodo nwere mmetụta siri ike na ebe ndị dị mkpa, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ahịa, kọleji, ụlọ ọgwụ ahụike, mgbanwe njem ọha na eze na ihe ndị ọzọ na-anọ n'ime ebe ndị mmadụ bi. Ụdị obodo ukwu nwere ike imetụta nsogbu ndị a, usoro obibi dị mkpirikpi na nke dị gburugburu na-akwalite ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, nke na-abụghị okirikiri (ya bụ, akara) nke na-egosi mgbasawanye obodo na-egbochi ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè. N'afọ 1990, ndị Dutch nabatara ntuziaka "ABC", nke na-egbochi mmepe ndị bụ isi ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ebe ndị na-abụghị ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala nwere ike ịnweta.

Ụlọ okporo ụzọ bụ ụdị mmepe ụlọ nke ndị na-eme atụmatụ obodo na ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-akatọkarị n'ihi enweghị ike ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije, na ogologo oge maka ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka ọrụ mpaghara, azụmahịa, ọrụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị, na-achọ ịdabere na ụgbọ ala.

Settlements that provide a dense road network consisting of interconnected streets tend to be viable utility cycling environments. By contrast, other communities may use a cul-de-sac based, housing estate/housing subdivision model where minor roads are disconnected and only feed into a street hierarchy of progressively more "arterial" type roads. Such communities may discourage cycling by imposing unnecessary detours and forcing all cyclists onto arterial roads, which may be perceived as busy and dangerous, for all trips regardless of destination or purpose.

E nwere ihe akaebe na ndị bi n'ụlọ ndị dị otú ahụ dị arọ karịa ndị bi n"ebe ndị na-aga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè dị mfe. A kọwakwara na mmụba ụgbọala ndị dị otú ahụ na-emepụta na-emekarị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ na okporo ụzọ dị iche iche mụbaa. A tụpụtara atụmatụ ndị na-atụ aro idozi esemokwu dị n'etiti cul-de-sac na netwọk jikọtara ọnụ ọdịnala, dị ka Fused Grid, ma wuo ya na ọkwa dịgasị iche iche nke ihe ịga nke ọma. Nsogbu ụfọdụ bilitere na nsogbu nchekwa onwe onye na usoro ọha na eze na atụmatụ ụlọ ụfọdụ na-eji njikọ "azụ azụ" ma ọ bụ "azụ azụ". Akwụkwọ ntuziaka UK maka okporo ụzọ (2007) na-ekwu, sị: "Ihe bụ isi bụ 'ihu ọha na azụ onwe onye'. N'ụzọ dị mma, na n'ezie, n'ihe gbasara mgbochi mpụ, ogige azụ kwesịrị ịbịakọta ogige azụ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ogige dị nchebe. ... Ọ bụrụ na ogige azụ ma ọ bụ mgbidi kpuchiri okporo ámá, nsogbu nchebe nwere ike ịba, enwere ike ịgba ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ume ịgba ọsọ ọsọ, a na-eji ala eme ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, ma ọ bụ enweghị mmetụta nke ebe. ": p56 

Ihe owuwu ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe owuwu ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na-anwa ime ka ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè nwee nchekwa karịa ndị ọzọ na-eji ụzọ. Ihe ize ndụ nke imegide ndị ọzọ na-eji ụzọ eme ihe ka dị elu n'ihi ọdịiche ọsọ na enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ. Ihe owuwu dị ka ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè dị iche iche, ụzọ nkwụsịtụ na-aga n'ihu, ụzọ ịnyịnya ibu na netwọk, imewe Okporo ụzọ, njikwa ọsọ, na ojiji nke agba niile na-enye ogo dịgasị iche iche nke nkewa na nchebe site na ndị ọrụ okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ.[7] Otú ọ dị, enweghị ihe akaebe e bipụtara na-achọpụta mgbanwe na ọnụego nke ihe mberede mgbe mmejuputa nke akụrụngwa ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.[7]

ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè, echekwara maka ịnyịnya ígwè kpọmkwem, dịka a hụrụ na Utrecht na Netherlands. Fietspad na-egbochi esemokwu na okporo ụzọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-echebe ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.

Ịgba ígwè bụ ụzọ njem a na-ahụkarị na Netherlands, ebe 36% nke ndị mmadụ depụtara ịnyịnya ígwè dị ka ụzọ njem ha na-ejikarị eme njem n'ụbọchị [nb 1] ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụgbọala site na 45% na Njem ọha na eze site na 11%. Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè nwere òkè modal nke 27% nke njem niile (obodo ukwu na ime obodo) na mba niile.

Akụkụ dị elu a maka njem ịnyịnya ígwè na-eme ka ọ dị mfe site na ala dị larịị, akụrụngwa ịnyịnya ígwè dị mma dị ka ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè, ụzọ ịnyịnya ibu, ebe a na-echebe, ebe a ga-adọba ịnyịnya ígwè zuru oke na site n'ime ka ụzọ ịnya ịnyịnya ígwè mkpụmkpụ, ngwa ngwa ma na-aga kpọmkwem karịa ụzọ ụgbọ ala.

N'ime ime obodo, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè n'etiti obodo na-ejikọ obodo nta, obodo na obodo ukwu Netherlands: ụfọdụ n'ime ụzọ ndị a bụ akụkụ nke Dutch National Cycle Network, netwọk nke ụzọ maka Njem ịnyịnya ígwè nke na-eru akụkụ niile nke mba ahụ.[8]

N'obodo ukwu, òkè modal maka ịnyịnya ígwè dị elu, dị ka Amsterdam nke nwere 38% . [9]

Ihe owuwu ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na-anwa ime ka ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè nwee nchekwa karịa ndị ọzọ na-eji ụzọ. Otú ọ dị, enweghị ihe akaebe e bipụtara na-achọpụta mgbanwe na ọnụego nke ihe mberede mgbe mmejuputa nke akụrụngwa ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.[7] Na mmemme ha maka ntuli aka ndị omeiwu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dutch niile na-agbakwunye paragraf ebe ha na-ekwe nkwa ịkwalite ebe maka njem ịnyịnya ígwè. Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị GroenLinks na-akwalite ọbụna ụkpụrụ a na-akpọ "Groen Reizen" (njem akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), nke nhọrọ iji ịnyịnya ígwè na njem ọha na eze na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa.[10]

Ahịa: onyinyo ọha na eze nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka ọrụ ndị ọzọ, enwere ike ịkwalite ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè site na ahịa. Ndị na-akwalite nwere ike ịgụnye ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị ọchịchị.

Ahịa dị mma nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Isiokwu abụọ na-achịkwa na nkwalite ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè 1) uru maka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na 2) uru maka ọha mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ahọrọ ịgba ịnyịnya. Uru maka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na-elekwasị anya n'ihe ndị dị ka mbelata oge njem n'ọnọdụ obodo mepere emepe na uru ahụike nke onye na-aga ịnyịnya ígwè nwetara site na mmega ahụ mgbe niile. Uru ọha na eze na-elekwasị anya na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze. Ozi na usoro mgbasa ozi nwere ike ịgụnye:

  • financial savings on transportation
  • keeping travel times predictable; in peak traffic, cycling can be the fastest way of moving around town
  • ensuring best use of the space available (during trips and also while parked), therefore reducing congestion on the roads
  • reminding people of the advantages in terms of health and of effectiveness of using the bicycle
  • making maps of journeys that can be completed by bicycle
  • reduction of CO2 and harmful emissions by fewer people driving motor vehicles[11][12]
  • reducing demand for oil-based fuels
  • the safety in numbers effect if more people cycle
  • reduced noise pollution in urban areas
  • amusement
  • cyclist health[13]
    • lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease (when practised for more than a quarter of an hour a day at a moderate pace) and therefore improvement of individual and public health
    • using cycling to tackle the obesity crisis facing rich countries
    • the financial savings for society if general health improves

Akụkụ ndị ọzọ dị mma bụ: [14]

  • arụmọrụ njem - ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè bụ ọnọdụ kachasị ọsọ na nke kachasị agbanwe agbanwe maka njem 'ọnụ ụzọ na ọnụ ụzọ', dịka na ịnyịnya ígwè.
  • Uru gburugburu ebe obibi - ọtụtụ ụzọ njem na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na obere mmetọ.
  • nsogbu ahụike na ahụike - awa 4 nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè kwa izu ma ọ bụ ihe dịka kilomita 10 nke ịgba ị ịnyịnya ígwè Kwa ụbọchị, nke ya na njem njem ịnyịnya ígwè na-aga ma na-ala n'ọrụ, bụ ọkwa zuru oke nke mmega ahụ.
  • mmetụta akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya - ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na-enye njem maka akụkụ nke ndị mmadụ na-agaghị enwe ike ịga njem n'onwe ha n'ihi ihe kpatara afọ (ụgbọ njem ụmụ akwụkwọ), ịda ogbenye, akụrụngwa Njem ọha na eze ezughi oke, wdg.

Ahịa na-adịghị mma nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọdịmma dị iche iche nwere ike ịchọ imepụta onyonyo na-adịghị mma nke ịgba ígwè n'okporo ụzọ ọha maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche. Gọọmenti ụfọdụ, na-achọ ịkwalite iji ụgbọ ala nkeonwe, haziri ma kwụọ ụgwọ mgbasa ozi e mere iji kụda mmụọ ịgba ígwè n'okporo ụzọ. E boro ndị otu ọrụ nchekwa okporo ụzọ ebubo na ha na-ekesa akwụkwọ na-emesi ihe egwu dị n'ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè n'okporo ụzọ ebe ha na-anaghị eleba anya n'ihe gbasara akparamagwa n'etiti ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala bụ isi ihe na-ebute ihe egwu okporo ụzọ. E boro ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ nchekwa okporo ụzọ ebubo na ha nwere amụma ụma na-akụda ịnya igwe dịka ụzọ isi ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-agba ọgba tum tum. N'afọ 2003, ndị ọrụ uwe ojii Shanghai wepụtara nkwupụta na-ebo ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ụta maka "gridlock" n'obodo ahụ na ịkwalite atụmatụ machibido ndị na-agba ịnyịnya n'okporo ámá obodo.ụ. Malite n'afọ ndị 1970, ndị ọchịchị nọ n'obodo Jakarta kwupụtara "agha" na "becak" ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya ígwè ịnyịnya ígwè Indonesian na-ebo ha ebubo maka mkpọchi okporo ụzọ n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ.

Dị ka ndị ọzọ na-ere ngwaahịa ndị ahịa, mbọ ahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala na-agbalịkarị ijikọ ojiji nke ngwaahịa ha na nghọta nke ọnọdụ ọha na eze. Ndị na-ekiri ihe na omenala ụfọdụ na-elekwasị anya n'ụgbọ ala achọpụtala na ha na-ahụkarị ma ọ bụ na-egosi ndị na-eji ịnyịnya ígwè eme ihe dị ka ndị otu "na-abụghị otu" nke nwere echiche ọjọọ. N'ọdịbendị ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-egosipụta àgwà ndị dị otú a na mwakpo a na-awakpo ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na mgbasa ozi. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-agụnye nkọwa zuru oke nke ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè dị ka otu ndị na-adịghị akwụ ụtụ isi, ndị na-emebi iwu na ndị na-enweghị, ma ọ bụ belata, "ikike" iji okporo ụzọ ọha.

Akụkụ ndị na-adịghị mma bụ:

  • Enweghị ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ndị na-adọba ụgbọala - a na-ewu okporo ụzọ maka ụgbọala na ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè na-adịkarị njọ karịa okporo ụzọ. A na-eleghara akụrụngwa Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na enyi ịnyịnya ígwè anya n'ozuzu ya maka akụrụngwa ụgbọ ala.
  • Nchebe na nchekwa nke ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè - ohere a na-ahụkarị maka ụgbọala na ịnyịnya ígwè n'okporo ụzọ anaghị agbakwunye otu ikike ahụ na ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ihe mberede maka ndị na-aga ịnyịnya ígwè.
  • Ọnọdụ ihu igwe - mmiri ozuzo na snow na-emetụta onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na-enweghị ebe mgbaba karịa ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala.
  • intermodality na-adịghị mma - n'ihi enweghị usoro njem maka ịnyịnya ígwè n'onwe ha (n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè, bọs, wdg) maka ogologo oge.

Iwu ire ere

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ bụrụ na a ga-eji ịnyịnya ígwè eme ihe maka njem 2" href="./Shopping" id="mwAdo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shopping">ịzụ ahịa, a ghaghị idebe ọrụ mkpọsa zuru oke n'ime ebe obibi dị anya. Na mba ndị dị ka Denmark, Netherlands na Germany, ọkwa dị elu nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na-agụnye njem ịzụ ahịa dịka 9% nke njem ịzụ ahịa niile na Germany bụ site na ịnyịnya ígwè. A na-arụ ụka na nke a metụtara iwu ndị na-akwado ịnweta ọrụ mkpọsa site na ụzọ ndị na-abụghị nke moto. Iwu Atụmatụ Danish 1997 chọrọ ka atụmatụ ga-akwalite ngwakọta dịgasị iche iche nke ụlọ ahịa mkpọsa na obere obodo na mpaghara dị iche iche nke nnukwu obodo ma hụ na a ga-etinye ahịa mkpọsa n'ebe ndị mmadụ nwere ezigbo ohere site na ịga ije, ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na njem ọha na eze. Site n'etiti afọ ndị 1970 Netherlands enweela iwu iji gbochie uto nke nnukwu mmepe ụlọ ahịa na-abụghị obodo. Germany enweela iwu atụmatụ gọọmentị etiti iji gbochie iji ụlọ ahịa na mpaghara ndị a họpụtara kemgbe afọ 1960. Na mgbakwunye, kemgbe afọ 1970s, iwu gọọmentị etiti anọwo na-akọwapụta na a ga-enyocha mmepe karịrị otu nha (1,200 m2) gbasara mmetụta ọjọọ nwere ike ime. Iwu gọọmentị etiti ndị a na-esikwu ike site na iwu ndị a nakweere na mpaghara. Nke a na-agụnye iwu na-akọwapụta na ụlọ ahịa ọhụrụ na-ere ngwaahịa ndị ụlọ ahịa na-enyeghị ngwa ngwa n'ime obodo / obodo. Na Denmark, Netherlands, na Germany, usoro a anaghị ejedebe na ntuziaka atụmatụ ma na-akwado ya site na mmachibido iwu maka ire ere n'okpuru ọnụ. Nke a na-akwado obere ụlọ ahịa site na igbochi ọtụtụ mmadụ itinye aka n'omume ọnụahịa na-egbu egbu site na iwepụ ihe dị mkpa iji mee ihe dị ka ndị a na-akpọ ndị ndú ọnwụ. 

Iwu ndị ọzọ na-ere ahịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Site na 1980s ruo n'etiti 1990s UK na-arụ ọrụ usoro nke laissez-faire n'ihe gbasara iwu mkpọsa. "Ọnụ ọgụgụ isi ụgbọ ala dị ukwuu" nke gọọmentị Thatcher kwadoro uto nke ụlọ ahịa na-ere ahịa na-abụghị obodo na-efu ọrụ ịzụ ahịa e guzobere n'obodo na obodo ukwu ndị Britain. UK Town and Country Planning Association na-ezo aka na nyocha nke New Economics Foundation nke na-ekwu maka usoro mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na ndokwa mkpọsa.

  • Ụlọ ahịa ndị ọzọ na-emechi na ọnụego nke otu kwa ụbọchị.
  • N'agbata afọ 1997 na afọ 2002, ụlọ ahịa pụrụ iche, gụnyere ndị na-egbu anụ, ndị na-eme achịcha, ndị na'ere azụ, na ndị na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ, mechiri na ọnụego nke 50 kwa izu.
  • Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-ere nri, ihe ọṅụṅụ, na ụtaba 30,000, ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị 40%, efunahụla n'ime afọ iri gara aga.

Ọ bụ ihe arụmụka na n'ime usoro mkpọsa / atụmatụ dị otú ahụ, iji ịnyịnya ígwè na-akwụsị ịbụ nhọrọ dị irè maka ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na ịnweta ụgbọala onwe onye ma ọ bụ njem ọha na eze na-aghọ ihe dị mkpa maka ịnweta ọrụ ndị bụ isi.

Ọzụzụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọzụzụ igwe bụ ihe ọzọ a na-akwado dị ka ụzọ isi nọgide ma ọ bụ na-abawanye ọkwa nke iji igwe. Ọzụzụ ahụ na-agụnye ịkụziri ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ike ịnya ịnyịnya ígwè, nkà dị iche iche ma ọ bụ "ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè" (ịgba ịnya ịnya ịkwọ ụgbọala) na ịkụziri ha banyere ojiji dị nchebe, nke iwu kwadoro nke okporo ụzọ. Enwere ike ịmata usoro ọzụzụ ịnyịnya ígwè dabere na ma ọ bụ ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị okenye.

Na UK, atụmatụ National Cycle Proficiency nke nọchiri anya ugbu a lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị afọ 8 ma ọ bụ karịa. N'ime nke a, ụmụaka ga-amalite site n'inweta asambodo na-arụ ọrụ ruo asambodo ha n'okporo ụzọ mgbe ha dị afọ iri. Ọzụzụ na ule mbụ weere ọnọdụ na nhazi okporo ụzọ n'ime ogige egwuregwu ụlọ akwụkwọ. Usoro a agbakwunyere ugbu a site na National Standard ọhụrụ maka ọzụzụ igwe kwụ otu ebe nke lekwasịrị anya na ọzụzụ bara uru n'okporo ụzọ. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke Cycling England's portfolio nke enyemaka bara uru nye ndị ọchịchị obodo na ndị ọzọ, na-achọ iru ebumnuche ha nke "Ịgba ígwè karịa, n'enweghị nsogbu, ọtụtụ mgbe".

Na United States, nkuzi Njikọ nke American Bicyclists Smart Cycling 101/201, dabere na mmemme ịgba ígwè dị irè, nwere modul ezubere maka afọ niile site na ụmụaka ruo ndị mbido okenye ruo ndị okenye nwere ahụmahụ. A na-arụ ụka na atụmatụ ndị dị otú ahụ abụghị nanị na-eme ka obi sie ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ obi kamakwa ọ na-emekwa ka o yie ka ndị nne na nna na-ahapụ ụmụ ha ka ha jiri ịnyịnya ígwè gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ. Enwere ike ịnye ọzụzụ okirikiri na mbọ iji merie amaghị omenala maka ịgba ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi omenala na-egbochi iji igwe igwe. Na Netherlands, a na-ezubere ụfọdụ nkuzi nkuzi okirikiri n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị si obodo ndị kwabatara mbata nọ, dị ka ụzọ isi merie ihe mgbochi ndị dị otú ahụ na-enye ụmụ nwanyị si mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.

Njikọ ndị ọrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ebe a na-agba ọsọ na Barcelona

Dị ka ọ dị n'ụdị ndụ ndị ọzọ, ndị na-agba ígwè nwere ike ịmalite mkpakọrịta iji kwalite na ịzụlite ịgba ígwè dị ka ụdị ụgbọ njem kwa ụbọchị. European Cyclists' Federation bụ nche anwụ maka otu dị otú ahụ na Europe. Mkpakọrịta ndị a nwere ike ịbanye ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche iji kwado nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ imegide usoro ndị ha na-ekpe na ọ gaghị arụpụta ihe, dị ka imegide iwebata iwu nke okpu agha ịnyịnya ígwè.

Ịgba ígwè n'efu / atụmatụ ịgbazite oge dị mkpirikpi

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Atụmatụ ịkekọrịta igwe kwụ otu ebe, azụmahịa tolitere na mbido narị afọ nke 21, gbadoro ụkwụ na ịgba ígwè karịa ịgbazinye igwe kwụ otu ebe ndị ọzọ.

Mmetụta nke teknụzụ

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Hụkwa

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Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Gene Balk. "Seattle bike commuting hits 10-year low, census data show", The Seattle Times, 26 September 2018. Retrieved on 10 January 2019. “Also in the new census data: 78 percent of Seattle bike commuters are male. Men make up the majority of cyclists in every major city, but Seattle has the most lopsided gender balance among the top 10 cities. The one coming closest to gender parity, with women making up nearly 40 percent of its bike commuters, is Minneapolis.”
  2. ↑ Hydén (1999-01-15). WALCYNG:How to enhance WALking and CYcliNG instead of shorter car trips and to make these modes safer, Transport research : Fourth framework programme : Urban transport : DG VII -- 75. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. ISBN 92-828-4942-2. 
  3. ↑ Sabyrbekov (2020-09-21). "Why Choose to Cycle in a Low-Income Country?" (in en). Sustainability 12 (18): 7775. DOI:10.3390/su12187775. ISSN 2071-1050. 
  4. ↑ Castro (2019). "Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities". Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 1. DOI:10.1016/j.trip.2019.100017. 
  5. ↑ bicyclefriendlycommunity.org. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved on 10 November 2007.
  6. ↑ Virgin Vacations – 11 Most Bicycle Friendly Cities in the World. virgin-vacations.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-01. Retrieved on 2026-03-28.
  7. 1 2 3 Mulvaney (2015-12-10). "Cycling infrastructure for reducing cycling injuries in cyclists" (in en). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015 (12). DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD010415.pub2. PMID 26661390. 
  8. ↑ The Netherlands, a great destination for cycling holidays. Nederland Fietsland website. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved on 14 December 2013.
  9. ↑ Cycling facts and figures. I amsterdam website. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved on 9 May 2014.
  10. ↑ Gene Balk. "Seattle bike commuting hits 10-year low, census data show", The Seattle Times, 26 September 2018. Retrieved on 10 January 2019. “Also in the new census data: 78 percent of Seattle bike commuters are male. Men make up the majority of cyclists in every major city, but Seattle has the most lopsided gender balance among the top 10 cities. The one coming closest to gender parity, with women making up nearly 40 percent of its bike commuters, is Minneapolis.”
  11. ↑ Brand (2021). "The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities" (in en). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 93. DOI:10.1016/j.trd.2021.102764. 
  12. ↑ Brand (2021). "The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities". Global Environmental Change 67. DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224. 
  13. ↑ Mueller (2015). "Health impact assessment of active transportation: A systematic review". Preventive Medicine 76: 103–114. DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.010. PMID 25900805. 
  14. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ecf
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