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Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika

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Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

Lake Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika (/ˌtæŋɡənˈjiːkə, -ɡæn-/ TANG-gən-YEE-kə, -⁠gan-; ) bụ otu n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka.Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ụtọ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa n'ịtụle oke mmiri ọ nwere, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị omimi n'ụwa; n'ihe abụọ a, naanị Ọdọ Baikal dị na Siberia ka ọ karịrị ya. Ọ bụkwa ọdọ mmiri dị ụtọ kachasị ogologo n'ụwa. N'ịtụle obosara ya, ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nke isii kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.Ọdọ Tanganyika bụ nke mba anọ na-ekekọrịta, ya bụ Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, na Zambia. N'ime ndị a, Tanzania nwere ihe dị ka pasent 46 nke ọdọ ahụ, ebe DRC nwere ihe dị ka pasent 40, nke pụtara na mba abụọ a nwere akụkụ kachasị ukwuu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.Mmiri Ọdọ Tanganyika na-asọpụta site n'Osimiri Lukuga banye n'usoro Osimiri Congo, nke mechara wụsa mmiri ya n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'obodo Banana, na Democratic Republic of the Congo.[14] [15][16][17]

Ọdịdị ala

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Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika bụ Ọdọ mmiri oge ochie, otu n'ime naanị iri abụọ karịrị otu nde afọ. Mmiri atọ ya, nke n'oge mmiri dị ala bụ ọdọ mmiri dị iche iche, nwere afọ dị iche iche. Ebe etiti malitere ịpụta 9-12 nde afọ gara aga (Mya), ugwu 7-8 Mya na ndịda 2-4 Mya.[18]

Taa, Ọdọ Tanganyika dị n'ime Albertine Rift, nke bụ ngalaba ọdịda anyanwụ nke East African Rift, ma ugwu ndị gbara ndagwurugwu ahụ gburugburu na-ejide ya.Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri rift kachasị ukwuu n'Afrịka, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri dị ụtọ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa n'ịtụle oke mmiri ọ nwere. Ọ bụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị omimi n'Afrịka ma nwee oke mmiri dị ụtọ kachasị ukwuu n'ala Afrịka, nke ruru ihe dị ka pasent 16 nke mmiri dị ụtọ niile dị n'ụwa.Ọ na-agbatị ruo 676 km (420 mi) n'ụzọ ugwu-ndịda, ma nwee obosara nke dị ka nkeji 50 km (31 mi). Osimiri a kpuchiri 32,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi), nwee ọnụ ala mmiri (shoreline) dị 1,900 km (1,200 mi), omimi nkezi bụ 572 m (1,877 ft) na omimi kachasị ukwuu bụ 1,471 m (4,826 ft) (nke dị na ngalaba ugwu). O jidere ihe dị ka 18,750 km3 (4,500 cu mi) nke mmiri.[19]

Mpaghara mmiri niile na-asọba n'Ọdọ Tanganyika na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 231,000.Osimiri ukwu abụọ na ọtụtụ osimiri na iyi mmiri nta na-asọba n'ọdọ ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ogologo ọtụtụ n'ime ha pere mpe n'ihi ugwu ndị dị elu gbara ọdọ ahụ gburugburu. Naanị otu nnukwu ụzọ mmiri si apụta n'ọdọ ahụ bụ Osimiri Lukuga, nke na-asọba banye n'usoro Osimiri Congo.Otú ọ dị, mmiri ozuzo na mmịkọrọ mmiri n'ikuku na-enwe mmetụta karịa osimiri ndị ahụ n'ịhazigharị oke mmiri dị n'ọdọ ahụ. Opekata mpe pasent 90 nke mmiri na-abanye n'ọdọ ahụ sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba ozugbo n'elu ọdọ ahụ, ebe opekata mpe pasent 90 nke mmiri na-apụ na ya bụ n'ihi mmịkọrọ mmiri ozugbo n'ikuku.[20]

Osimiri kachasị na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ Osimiri Ruzizi, nke e guzobere ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga, nke na-abanye n'ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu.[21] Osimiri Malagarasi, nke bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Tanzania, na-abanye n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. Malagarasi bụ okenye karịa Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, tupu e mepụta ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ isi mmiri nke Osimiri Lualaba, isi iyi nke Osimiri Congo.Osimiri kachasị na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Zambia na nke kachasị na-abanye n'ọdọ ndịda bụ Lufubu, nke na-ebili na mbara ala dị n'ebe ndịda ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-asọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'elu ugwu n'ime ndagwurugwu, wee na-asọga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọnụ ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Nsumbu.[22]

Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, n'ihi ịdị elu ya, nnukwu omimi, nwayọ nke ịmegharị, na ebe ugwu dị n'ebe mgbawa ugwu nke gbanwere ihu igwe. O doro anya na ọ naghị adịkebe n'oge gara aga na-asọba n'oké osimiri. A kọwawo ya dị ka "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkwado" n'ihi nke a. Njikọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na oké osimiri na-adabere na ọkwa mmiri dị elu nke na-enye ohere ka mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agafe Osimiri Lukuga banye na Congo. Mgbe ọ na-ejupụtaghị, ọpụpụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Osimiri Lukuga na-ejikarị ájá na ahịhịa kpuchie ya, kama osimiri a na-adabere na ndị na-akwado ya, ọkachasị Osimiri Niemba, iji nọgide na-aga.

Kemgbe afọ 1990 mmiri dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika ejirila ihe dị ka mita abụọ rịa elu, na-eme ka ụlọ na ihe owuwu dị n'akụkụ osimiri dị ala.[23] A na-ahụ nke a n'obodo Nsumbu, Zambia, n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọnụ Osimiri Chisala, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 2 n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'agbata afọ 2018 na afọ 2024, mmiri ahụ abanyewo n'akụkụ obodo ahụ ruo mita 300 site n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke afọ 2018.[24][25]

Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwekwara ike inwe mgbe ụfọdụ ọpụpụ na ọpụpụ dị iche iche; ọpụpụ nke na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Rukwa dị elu, ịbanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi na ụzọ ọpụpụ gaa na Naịl niile ka a tụrụ aro na ọ dị n'oge ụfọdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[26]

Ihe ndị e ji mara mmiri

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Ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

Mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ alkaline na pH gburugburu 9 na omimi nke 0-100 . [27] N'okpuru nke a, ọ dị gburugburu 8.7, na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata ruo 8.3-8.5 n'akụkụ ndị miri emi nke Tanganyika.[27] Enwere ike ịhụ usoro yiri nke ahụ na conductivity eletrik, site na ihe dị ka 670 μS / cm n'akụkụ elu ruo 690 μS /cm n'ime miri emi.[27]

Okpomọkụ dị n'elu n'ozuzu ya sitere na 24 n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na mbido Ọgọst ruo 28-29 na ngwụcha oge mmiri ozuzo na Machị - Eprel.[28] Na omimi karịrị 400 m (1,300 , okpomọkụ kwụsiri ike na 23.1-23.4 . [29] Mmiri ahụ ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ekpo ọkụ kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ma nke a emeela ka okpomọkụ ụwa dị ngwa kemgbe afọ 1950.[30]

Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị iche iche na ngwakọta oge n'ozuzu ya anaghị agafe omimi nke 150 . [28] Ngwakọta ahụ na-emekarị dị ka elu mmiri na ndịda ma ikuku na-ebugharị ya, mana ruo n'ókè dị ala, elu na ala mmiri na-emekwa n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[31] N'ihi nkewa, akụkụ ndị miri emi nwere "mmiri fossil". Nke a pụtakwara na ọ nweghị ikuku Oxygen (ọ bụ anoxic) n'akụkụ ndị dị omimi, na-egbochi azụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme n'elu. A na-ahụ ụfọdụ ọdịiche ala na njedebe a, mana ọ na-adịkarị na omimi gburugburu 100 n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 240-250 na ndịda. Akụkụ ndị na-enweghị ikuku oxygen nwere ọkwa dị elu nke hydrogen sulfide na-egbu egbu ma bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ndụ, ma e wezụga nje bacteria. [15][27][32]

Ihe ndị dị ndụ

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Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ

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Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na ala mmiri ya bụ ebe Agụ iyi Naịl (gụnyere nnukwu Gustave a ma ama), ala ndị nwere hinged na Zambia, ala ndị nwere articed serrated, na ala ndị nwere hingeed pan (ụdị ikpeazụ abụghị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya, kama na ọdọ mmiri ndị dị nso). Storm's water cobra, ụdị nke na-eyi egwu nke na-eri azụ, na-ahụ naanị na Lake Tanganyika, ebe ọ na-ahọrọ ụsọ nkume.[33] [33][34] [35]

Azụ Cichlid

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Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-anakọta ihe nlele na 2020 na mmiri gbara ọchịchịrị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika maka ọmụmụ banyere mgbanwe nri nke azụ cichlid iji ghọtakwuo evolushọn na ụdị ha.
Otu n'ime ọtụtụ Tanganyika cichlids bụ Neolamprologus brichardi. A mụọla omume dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị a na onye ikwu ya N. pulcher n'ụzọ zuru ezu[36][37][38]

Ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika bụ ebe obibi nke opekata mpe ụdị azụ cichlid 250 ndị a na-ahụ naanị n'ọdọ ahụ , ma o yikarịrị ka a ka nwere ụdị ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta achọpụtabeghị.Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 98 nke ụdị azụ cichlid niile dị n'ọdọ ahụ anaghị adị n'ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa. Nke a na-eme ka Ọdọ Tanganyika bụrụ ebe bara nnukwu uru n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ sayensị banyere mmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ na evolushọn .Azụ cichlid nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka, gụnyere ndị dị na Ọdọ Tanganyika, bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ kachasị pụta ìhè nke adaptive radiation n'ime anụmanụ nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ .Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a pụrụ iche na-apụta ntakịrị n'akụkụ elu Osimiri Lukuga, nke bụ ụzọ mmiri si apụta n'Ọdọ Tanganyika. Ma ha anaghị agbasa nke ọma n'ime usoro Osimiri Congo, n'ihi ọdịiche dị n'ala na n'ụdị mmiri. Mmiri Ọdọ Tanganyika na-adịgide adịgide ma kwụsie ike karịa mmiri Osimiri Congo, nke nwere ọtụtụ ebe mmiri na-asọ ngwa ngwa na mgbada mmiri.Ọzọkwa, mmiri Ọdọ Tanganyika bụ mmiri alkaline, nwere pH dị elu nke azụ cichlid na-ahọrọ, ma nwekwaa nnukwu calcium na mineral karịa mmiri Osimiri Congo, nke na-adị acidic, juputara na ájá na unyi, ma na-ebukwa ọtụtụ ihe ndị sitere n'osisi na akwụkwọ rere ure nke sitere n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo gbara ya gburugburu.N'ebe ụfọdụ nke Osimiri Congo ebe mmiri anaghị asọ ngwa ngwa, ihe ndị a na-eburu n'ime mmiri na-akpakọba, na-emepụta ụdị mmiri a na-akpọ blackwater, nke nwere nnukwu tannins sitere n'osisi na akwụkwọ na-agbaze. Ụdị gburugburu mmiri a adịghị akwado uto na ndụ azụ cichlid. N'otu aka ahụ, ọtụtụ ụdị azụ ndị na-ebikarị n'osimiri ebe okpomọkụ dị elu agaghị enwe ike ibi nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na e tinye ha n'ime mmiri

N'agbanyeghị na Ọdọ Tanganyika nwere ụdị azụ cichlid ole na ole ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ọdọ Malawi na Ọdọ Victoria—ndị abụọ ahụ nwere mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ụdị ọhụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke mere ka e nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya—azụ cichlid ndị dị na Tanganyika bụ ndị kacha nwee ọdịiche n'ụdị ọdịdị ahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa .A na-ejikọta ọdịiche a na eziokwu na Ọdọ Tanganyika dị nnọọ ochie karịa ọdọ mmiri abụọ ndị ọzọ. N'ime ọdọ mmiri niile dị n'Afrịka, Tanganyika nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha ukwuu nke genera (òtù ụdị) cichlid ndị na-adịghị ahụ ebe ọzọ n'ụwa .Azụ cichlid niile dị na Ọdọ Tanganyika so n'ime ezinụlọ nta Pseudocrenilabrinae. N'ime ebo iri dị n'ime ezinụlọ nta a, ise bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị naanị n'Ọdọ Tanganyika ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ha bụrụ naanị ebe ahụ: Cyprichromini, Ectodini, Lamprologini, Limnochromini, na Tropheini. Ebo atọ ọzọ nwekwara ụfọdụ ụdị dị n'ọdọ ahụ, ya bụ Haplochromini, Tilapiini, na Tylochromini.Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta atụkwasịla aro ka e kee azụ cichlid nke Ọdọ Tanganyika n'ime ebo iri na abụọ ruo iri na isii, site n'ịgbakwunye ebo dịka Bathybatini, Benthochromini, Boulengerochromini, Cyphotilapiini, Eretmodini, Greenwoodochromini, Perissodini, na Trematocarini, tinyere ndị e kwuburu n'elu.[39].[40][41].[42][43]

Ọtụtụ Tanganyika cichlids bi n'akụkụ osimiri, ruo omimi nke 100 , mana ụfọdụ ụdị mmiri miri emi na-agbadata na 200 . A chọtawo ụdị Trematocara, n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, n'ihe karịrị 300 , nke miri emi karịa ụdị cichlid ọ bụla ọzọ a maara. E jidere ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị mmiri miri emi (dịka, <i id="mwAcE">Bathybates</i>, Gnathochromis, Hemibates na Xenochromis) n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ikuku oxygen, na otu ha si nwee ike ịdị ndụ n'ebe ahụ edoghị anya. Tanganyika cichlids na-abụkarị benthic (achọta na ma ọ bụ nso ala) na / ma ọ bụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Enweghị Tanganyika cichlids bụ n'ezie Pelagic na offshore, ma e wezụga ụfọdụ n'ime Bathybates na-eri azụ. Abụọ n'ime ndị a, B. fasciatus na B. Leo, na-eri nri na Tanganyika sardines. [44] Tanganyika cichlids dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma gụnye ụdị ndị na-eri ahịhịa, detritivores,planktivors, insectivores, molluscivores, scavengers, scale-eaters na piscivores.[45] Otú ọ dị, e gosipụtara na ụdị nri ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-agbaso mgbanwe ohere. Nke ahụ bụ, ọtụtụ ụdị Tanganyikan cichlid nwere nri pụrụ iche gosipụtara ohere, mmebi nke Stolothrissa tanganicae na Limnothrissa miodon mgbe anụ oriri dị elu karịa.[46] Omume ọmụmụ nke azụ na-adaba n'ìgwè abụọ: ndị na-eme ihe n'okpuru ma ọ bụ ájá (nke na-emekarị n'ọgba ma ọ bụ oghere nkume) na ndị na-amụba ọnụ. N'etiti ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ abụọ n'ime obere cichlids n'ụwa, Neolamprologus multifasciatus na N. similis (ha abụọ bi na shell), na-atụle ruo 4-5 in), na otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu, nnukwu cichlid (Boulengerochromis microlepis) ruo 90 ft). [45][4]

Ọtụtụ azụ cichlid sitere n'Ọdọ Tanganyika, dịka ụdị ndị dị n'ime Altolamprologus, Cyprichromis, Eretmodus, Julidochromis, Lamprologus, Neolamprologus, Tropheus, na Xenotilapia, bụ azụ ndị a ma ama n'ime akwarium n'ihi agba ha na-egbuke egbuke, ụkpụrụ mara mma dị n'ahụ ha, na omume ha na-adọrọ mmasị.Ọ bụkwa ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-azụ akwarium ịmepụta biotope nke Ọdọ Tanganyika, ya bụ, ime ka akwarium yie ebe obibi ha nke okike, ka azụ ndị a nwee ike ibi n'ọnọdụ yiri nke ha bi n'ime ọdọ ahụ. Taa, a na-amụba ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị azụ ndị a nke ọma n'ime ebe a na-azụ azụ n'aka mmadụ .[47] [48]

Azụ ndị ọzọ

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Tanganyika killifish (Lamprichthys tanganicanus) bụ naanị onye so n'ụdị ya

Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika bụ ebe obibi nke ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 80 na-abụghị nkecichlid na ihe dị ka 60% nke ndị a bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị.[49] [50] [51] [52]

Mmiri mepere emepe nke mpaghara pelagic jupụtara na ụdị anọ na-abụghị nkecichlid: Ụdị abụọ nke "Tanganyika sardine" (Limnothrissa miodon na Stolothrissa tanganicae) mejupụtara nnukwu biomass nke azụ na mpaghara a, ha bụkwa anụ oriri dị mkpa maka forktail lates (Lates microlepis) na sleek lates (L. stappersii). A na-ahụ lates abụọ ọzọ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, lates Tanganyika (L. angustifrons) na lates bigeye (L. mariae), mana ha abụọ bụ ndị na-achụ nta n'ime ala, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwekwara ike ịbanye na mmiri mepere emepe.[53] A na-egbute lates anọ ahụ, ndị niile dị na Tanganyika, ma ndị buru ibu dị ụkọ taa.[53]

N'etiti azụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "cuckoo catfish", gụnyere ọ dịkarịa ala Synodontis grandiops [54] na S. multipunctatus. Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ yiri nke ahụ (dịka, S. lucipinnis na S. petricola) ma na-agbagwoju anya mgbe niile; ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ha nwere omume yiri nke ahụ.[55][56] Nje ndị na-eme nhọrọ na-eyi àkwá ha n'otu oge na cichlids na-agbasa n'ọnụ. Cichlid na-eburu àkwá n'ọnụ ha dị ka a ga-asị na ha bụ nke ha. Ozugbo àkwá catfish pupụtara, ụmụ ha na-eri àkwá cichlid.[55][47] Ụdị azụ catfish isii na-ejedebe kpamkpam na ọdọ mmiri ahụ: Bathybagrus, Dinotopterus, Lophiobagrus, Phyllonemus,Pseudotanganikallabes na Tanganikallabs. [8][57] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ebe a na-ahụkarị na ọkwa ụdị, a na-achọta ụdị isii nke Chrysichthys catfish na ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika ebe ha bi ma na mmiri na-adịghị omimi na nke miri emi; na ebe obibi nke ikpeazụ ha bụ ndị na-eri anụ na ndị na-ekpofu ihe.[8] Otu radieshon evolushọn pụrụ iche n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ụdị 15 nke Mastacembelus spiny eels, ha niile ma e wezụga otu nke dị na ọdọ mmiri ya. [51][58] Ọ bụ ezie na Great Lakes ndị ọzọ nke Africa nwere Synodontis catfish, ụdị catfish na Mastacembelus spiny eels, ụdị dị iche iche dị elu bụ ihe pụrụ iche na Tanganyika, nke nwere ike ịmekọrịta afọ ndụ ya.[58]

N'etiti azụ ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-ahụkarị, ụfọdụ bụ ụdị Afrịka zuru ebe niile mana ọtụtụ na-ekerịta naanị na Malagarasi na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Congo, dị ka Congo bichir (Polypterus congicus), goliath tigerfish (Hydrocynus goliath), Citharinus citharus, distichodus isii (Distichodus sexfasciatus) na mbu puffer (Tetraodon). [8]

Molluscs na crustaceans

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Akpụkpọ ahụ nke thalassoid freshwater snail Tiphobia horei na ọdịdị ya na ogwu ya.

A maara ngụkọta nke ụdị mmiri mmiri dị ọcha 83 (65 endemic) na ụdị bivalve 11 (8 endemic) site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[59] N'etiti bivalves ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ ụdị atọ: Grandidieria burtoni, Pseudospatha tanganyicensis na Brazzaea anceyi .[59] Ọtụtụ n'ime snails bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ụdị ndị bi na mmiri dị ọcha n'inwe mkpokoro siri ike na / ma ọ bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ dị iche iche, ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na snails nke mmiri. A na-akpọ ha thalassoids, nke a pụrụ ịsụgharị ka ọ bụrụ "dị ka mmiri". All Tanganyika thalassoids, nke bụ akụkụ nke Prosobranchia, bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[50] Na mbụ, e kwenyere na ha nwere njikọ na ụdị mmiri snails, mana a maara ugbu a na ha enweghị njikọ. A na-ekwere ugbu a na ọdịdị ha bụ nsonaazụ nke ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche na Lake Tanganyika na nrụgide evolushọn sitere na azụ na-eri snail na, ọkachasị, crabs Platythelphusa. [50][49][60] Ngụkọta nke ụdị 17 nke mmiri na-atọ ụtọ dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, dị ka Hirthia, Lavigeria, Paramelania, Reymondia, Spekia, Stanleya, Tanganyicia na Tiphobia.[50] E nwere ihe dị ka ụdị 30 nke snails na-abụghị thalassoid n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mana naanị ise n'ime ndị a bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị, gụnyere Ferrissia tanganyicensis na Neothauma tanganyicense.[50] Nke ikpeazụ bụ nnukwu Tanganyika snail na obere shell-ebi na shell na-ejikarị mkpokoro ya eme ihe.[61]

Crustaceans dịkwa iche iche na Tanganyika na ihe karịrị ụdị 200, nke ihe karịrị ọkara n'ime ha bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị.[49] Ha gụnyere ụdị 10 nke crabs mmiri dị ọcha (9 Platythelphusa na Potamonautes platynotus; niile dị na mpaghara), ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị 11 nke obere atyid shrimp (Atyella, Caridella na Limnocaridin), [62] a na-ahụkarị palaemonid shramp (Macrobrachium moorei), ihe dị ka 100 ostracods, [63] gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị dị na mpaghara, [64] na ọtụtụ copepods.[65][66][67] N'etiti ndị a, Limnocaridina iridinae bi n'ime oghere mantle nke unionid mussel Pleiodon spekei, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime naanị ụdị abụọ a maara nke shrimp mmiri dị ọcha (nke ọzọ bụ sponge-living Caridina spongicola si Lake Towuti, Indonesia). [68]

N'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Rift Valley, Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika karịrị ndị ọzọ niile n'ihe gbasara ọgaranya nke anụ na mmiri dị ọcha (ma n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị a na-ahụkarị). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, naanị ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley ọzọ nwere crabs mmiri dị ọcha bụ Lake Kivu na Lake Victoria nke ọ bụla nwere ụdị abụọ.[69]

Anụ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị azụ

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A maghị ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị ọzọ na-enweghị azụ na Lake Tanganyika nke ọma, mana enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị 20 akọwapụtara nke leeches (12 dị naanị ebe ahụ), ụdị 9 nke sponji (7 dị naanị ebe ahụ), ụdị 6 nke bryozoa (2 dị naanị ebe ahụ), ụdị 11 nke flatworm (7 dị naanị ebe ahụ), ụdị 20 nke nematode (7 dị naanị ebe ahụ), ụdị 28 nke annelid (17 dị naanị ebe ahụ) yana obere jellyfish hydrozoan a na-akpọ Limnocnida tanganyicae., [49] .

Ịkụ azụ

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Ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ na Kagongo Ward, Kigoma District
Ndị ọkụ azụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika

Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na-akwado nnukwu ịkụ azụ, nke, dabere na isi iyi, na-enye 25-40% [70] ma ọ bụ c. 60% nke protein anụmanụ na nri nke ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ. [30][71] [55] [7]

Enwere ike ịchọta azụ Lake Tanganyika na-ebupụ na East Africa niile. Nnukwu ịkụ azụ azụmahịa malitere n'etiti afọ 1950 ma, tinyere okpomọkụ ụwa, nwere mmetụta siri ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ, na-akpata mbelata dị ịrịba ama. [30] [71][29] N'afọ 2016, e mere atụmatụ na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị e jidere ruru tọn 200,000.[30]

E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-eji eme ihe maka ịkụ azụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha gụnyere iji oriọna dị ka ihe na-adọta azụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị n'ìhè. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a pụrụ ịhụ ihe karịrị otu narị ọkụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'abalị. E nwere ụdị atọ dị mkpa. Otu a na-akpọ Lusenga nke bụ ụgbụ sara mbara nke otu onye si n'ụgbọ mmiri na-eji. Nke abụọ na-eji ụgbụ eletrik. A na-eme nke a site na ịtọgbụ ụgbụ n'okpuru ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ụgbọ mmiri abụọ kwụ ọtọ wee dọrọ ya n'otu oge. A na-akpọ nke atọ Chiromila nke nwere ụgbọ mmiri atọ. Otu ụgbọ mmiri kwụ otu ebe na oriọna ebe ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ na-ejide otu nsọtụ nke ụgbụ na ndị ọzọ na-agba gburugburu otu kwụ otu ebe iji zute ụgbụ ahụ.[72]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika Ahịrị ojii na-egosi ụzọ Henry Morton Stanley.

A na-eche na Homo sapiens mbụ na-emetụta mpaghara ahụ n'oge Oge Nkume. A na-akọwa oge nke Middle Stone Age ruo Late Stone Age dị ka oge nke ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe.[73]

N'etiti narị afọ nke 19, ndị ahịa Swahili Arab si Zanzibar guzobere ụzọ ụgbọ ala si Bagamoyo site na Tabora gaa Ujiji na Lake Tanganyika. Ha wetara ụgbọ mmiri iji gaa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma zụọ ahịa ohu, ọdụ́, égbè na ogho. Onye isi n'etiti ndị ahịa a bụ Tippu Tip na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19, onye guzobere steeti n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[74] [44] Ndị mbụ a maara na Ọdịda Anyanwụ chọtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ndị nchọpụta Britain Richard Burton na John Speke, na 1858. Ha chọtara ya mgbe ha na-achọ isi iyi nke Osimiri Naịl. Speke gara n'ihu ma chọta isi iyi, Lake Victoria. David Livingstone gara ọdọ mmiri ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro na njem ikpeazụ ya 1866-73, na-achọkwa isi iyi nke Naịl. Ọ nyochara etiti ọdịda anyanwụ, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ zutere Henry Morton Stanley na Ujiji n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ n'afọ 1871, ha abụọ jiri ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu. N'ikpeazụ, ọ gara n'ala n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu njedebe ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ wee gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo ọdọ mmiri Mweru Ọ chọpụtara aha "Liemba" maka akụkụ ndịda ya, okwu nwere ike isi n'Asụsụ Fipa. [75] [76][77] Tanganyika pụtara "kpakpando" n'Asụsụ Luvale.[78] : 523 : 523 

Nchịkọta ọchịchị rutere n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na Britain, Germany na Eze Leopold nke Belgium na-eguzobe ókèala ndị na-achị n'ọdọ ahụ. Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, ha kwụsịrị ahia ohu, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie anya ndị Swahili-Arabs na-achịkwa ahia ndị ọzọ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[74]

Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe a na-alụ Agha maka Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Site n'enyemaka nke Graf Goetzen, ndị Germany nwere ikike zuru oke nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na mmalite nke agha ahụ. A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ebuga ibu na ndị ọrụ gafee ọdọ mmiri ahụ, yana dị ka ebe a ga-esi malite mwakpo mberede na ndị agha jikọrọ aka. Ya mere, ọ ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa maka ndị agha jikọrọ aka iji nweta ikike nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ha. N'okpuru iwu nke Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Spicer-Simson, ndị Royal Navy nke Britain rụzuru ọrụ dị egwu nke iweta ụgbọ mmiri abụọ HMS Mimi na HMS Toutou site na England gaa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na ụgbọ okporo ígwè, okporo ụzọ na osimiri gaa Albertville (ebe a gbanwere aha Kalemie na 1971) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. Ụgbọ mmiri abụọ ahụ chere ruo na Disemba 1915, wee wakpo ndị Germany na mberede, site na ijide ụgbọ mmiri Kingani. Ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ nke Germany, Hedwig, mikpuru na Febụwarị 1916, na-ahapụ Götzen dị ka naanị ụgbọ mmiri Germany fọdụrụ iji chịkwaa ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[79] Iji zere ụgbọ mmiri ya na-enweta ihe nrite ka ọ daa n'aka ndị agha jikọrọ aka, Zimmer tụbara ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na July 26, 1916. E mechara bulie ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na 1924 ma nye ya aha MV Liemba.[79]

Hụkwa

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  • Cryptodepression

Edensibịa

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  1. ↑ Meyer (2015). "Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?". PLOS ONE 10 (7). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043. PMID 25928886. 
  2. 1 2 Weiss (2015). "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 56–71. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009. PMID 25433288. 
  3. ↑ Takahashi (2008). "Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika". Journal of Fish Biology 72 (3): 603–613. DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x. 
  4. 1 2 The 10 biggest cichlids. Practical Fishkeeping (13 June 2016). Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved on 17 March 2017.
  5. ↑ Takahashi (2003). "New species of Cyphotilapia (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa". Copeia 2003 (4): 824–832. DOI:10.1643/ia03-148.1. 
  6. ↑ Ophthalmotilapia nasuta. Seriously Fish. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved on 2023-03-11.
  7. 1 2 Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5
  8. 1 2 3 4 Species in the Tanganyika. www.fishbase.se. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved on 2023-03-11.
  9. ↑ Lowe-McConnell (2009). "Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems". Freshwater Reviews 2 (2): 131–151. DOI:10.1608/frj-2.2.2. 
  10. ↑ Julidochromis marlieri (Marlier's Julie). Seriously Fish. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved on 2023-03-11.
  11. ↑ Stewart (2010). "Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids". BMC Biology 8 (1). DOI:10.1186/1741-7007-8-8. PMID 20102595. 
  12. ↑ Salzburger (2006). "Colour-assortative mating among populations of Tropheus moorii, a cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa". Proc Biol Sci 273 (1584): 257–266. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2005.3321. PMID 16543167. 
  13. ↑ Robert Toman (2017). Tropheus Genus Evolution. Cichlid World. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved on 2023-03-11.
  14. ↑ Burton (1965). in Richards: Burton and Lake Tanganyika. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. OCLC 180480726. 
  15. 1 2 Lake Tanganyika. www.zambiatourism.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
  16. ↑ Lewis (16 May 2010). Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika. Brown University. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved on 25 March 2017.
  17. ↑ World’s largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com. Retrieved on 2025-10-18.
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  19. ↑ Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika. ilec.or.jp. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from the original on 1999-11-10. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
  20. ↑ Kullander (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 22 (4): 355–76. 
  21. ↑ (1980) in Scheffel: Natural Wonders of the World. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc, 366–67. ISBN 978-0-89577-087-5. 
  22. ↑ Nsumbu National Park. Africa Geographic. Retrieved on 3 June 2026.
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  24. ↑ Nsumbu. Google Maps. Retrieved on 2 June 2026.
  25. ↑ Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia.. Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views.. Google Earth. Retrieved on 2 June 2026.
  26. ↑ Lévêque (1997). Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57033-6. 
  27. 1 2 3 4 De (2005). "Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity". Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (9): 5029–5037. DOI:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005. PMID 16151083. 
  28. 1 2 Edmond (1993). "Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika". Limnol. Oceanogr. 38 (4): 725–738. DOI:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725. 
  29. 1 2 O'Reilly (August 14, 2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". Nature 424 (6950): 766–768. DOI:10.1038/nature01833. PMID 12917682. 
  30. 1 2 3 4 Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming. University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved on 5 March 2018.
  31. ↑ Lowe-McConnell (2003). "Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution". Freshwater Forum 20 (1): 4–64. 
  32. ↑ Ryan (2017). "Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes". DOI:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608. 
  33. 1 2 Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN 0-12-656470-1.
  34. ↑ (2005) "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation". Herpetological Review 36 (2). 
  35. ↑ (2005) "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation". Herpetological Review 36 (2). Retrieved on 2023-03-11. 
  36. ↑ Dierkes (1999). "Reproductive parasitism of broodcare helpers in a cooperatively breeding fish". Behavioral Ecology 10 (5): 510–515. DOI:10.1093/beheco/10.5.510. 
  37. ↑ Balshine-Earn (1998). "Individual recognition in a cooperatively breeding cichlid: Evidence from video playback experiments". Behaviour 135 (3): 369–386. DOI:10.1163/156853998793066221. 
  38. ↑ Werner (2003). "Helping opportunities and space segregation in cooperatively breeding cichlids". Behavioral Ecology 14 (6): 749–756. DOI:10.1093/beheco/arg067. 
  39. ↑ Turner (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?". Molecular Ecology 10 (3): 793–806. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x. PMID 11298988. 
  40. ↑ Meyer (25 November 2013). "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 56–71. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009. PMID 25433288. 
  41. ↑ Seehausen (2015). "Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification". New Phytologist 207 (2): 304–312. DOI:10.1111/nph.13450. PMID 25983053. 
  42. ↑ Nishida (1991). "Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data". Experientia 47 (9): 974–979. DOI:10.1007/bf01929896. 
  43. ↑ Sparks (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)". Cladistics 20 (6): 501–517. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x. PMID 34892958. 
  44. 1 2 Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN 0-521-28064-8.
  45. 1 2 Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids. Cichlid Fish Forum. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved on 2023-03-11.
  46. ↑ (2019) "Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids". The American Naturalist 194 (2): 260–267. DOI:10.1086/704169. PMID 31318283. 
  47. 1 2 Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0812013504.
  48. ↑ tanganyika biotope aquarium. Aquariums Life (2010-02-10). Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved on 2014-02-03.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Kelly West (28 February 2001). Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia. IW:LEARN | Documents. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved on 2023-03-11.Kelly West (28 February 2001).
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 Brown, D. (1994). Freshwater Snails Of Africa And Their Medical Importance. 2nd edition. ISBN 0-7484-0026-5
  51. 1 2 Brown (2011). "Pectoral fin loss in the Mastacembelidae: a new species from Lake Tanganyika". Journal of Zoology 284 (4): 286–293. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x. 
  52. ↑ Wright (2012). "Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes (Siluriformes: Clariidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (1): 121–142. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x. 
  53. 1 2 Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179
  54. ↑ Synodontis grandiops • Mochokidae (en-gb). www.planetcatfish.com (2020). Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved on 2023-03-11.
  55. 1 2 3 Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.
  56. ↑ Synodontis lucipinnis • Mochokidae (en-gb). www.planetcatfish.com (2023). Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved on 2023-03-11.
  57. ↑ Wright, J.J. (2017). "A new diminutive genus and species of catfish from Lake Tanganyika (Siluriformes: Clariidae)". J Fish Biol 91 (3): 789–805. DOI:10.1111/jfb.13374. PMID 28744868. 
  58. 1 2 Brown (2010). "Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-10-188. PMID 20565906. 
  59. 1 2 Seddon, M. (2011). in Darwall, W.: Freshwater molluscs of Africa: diversity, distribution, and conservation. IUCN, 92–119. ISBN 978-2-8317-1345-8. 
  60. ↑ West (1996). "Shell microstructure of gastropods from Lake Tanganyika, Africa: adaptation, convergent evolution, and escalation.". Evolution 50 (2): 672–682. DOI:10.2307/2410840. PMID 28568935. 
  61. ↑ Koblmüller (2007). "Reticulate phylogeny of gastropod-shell-breeding cichlids from Lake Tanganyika — the result of repeated introgressive hybridization.". BMC Evolutionary Biology 7. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-7-7. PMID 17254340. 
  62. ↑ Marijnissen (2006). "Molecular evidence for recent divergence of Lake Tanganyika endemic crabs (Decapoda: Platythelphusidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (2): 628–634. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.025. PMID 16647274. 
  63. ↑ Martens (2008). "Global diversity of ostracods (Ostracoda, Crustacea) in freshwater". Hydrobiologia 595: 185–193. DOI:10.1007/s10750-007-9245-4. 
  64. ↑ Fryer (2006). "Evolution in ancient lakes: radiation of Tanganyikan atyid prawns and speciation of pelagic cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi.". Hydrobiologia 568 (1): 131–142. DOI:10.1007/s10750-006-0322-x. 
  65. ↑ Gitter (2015). "Sub-Decadal Resolution in Sediments of Late Miocene Lake Pannon Reveals Speciation of Cyprideis (Crustacea, Ostracoda)". PLOS ONE 10 (4). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0109360. PMID 25902063. 
  66. ↑ Schön (2012). "Molecular analyses of ostracod flocks from Lake Baikal and Lake Tanganyika". Hydrobiologia 682 (1): 91–110. DOI:10.1007/s10750-011-0935-6. 
  67. ↑ Cirhuza (2016). "Composition and seasonal variations in abundance of Copepod (Crustacea) populations from the northern part of Lake Tanganyika". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 19 (4): 401–410. DOI:10.1080/14634988.2016.1251277. Retrieved on 30 August 2020. 
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  69. ↑ Cumberlidge (2017). "Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (371): 1–19. DOI:10.5852/ejt.2017.371. 
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  73. ↑ East African Ecosystems and Their Conservation. New York: Oxford University Press. 
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  75. ↑ The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death, Volume I (of 2), 1866-1868. Project Gutenberg eBook. Retrieved on 1 June 2026.
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  77. ↑ David Livingstone (2008). The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to His Death. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-0-554-26021-1. 
  78. ↑ Daniel J. Crowley (Summer 1966). "An African Aesthetic". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 24 (4): 519–524. DOI:10.2307/428776. 
  79. 1 2 Giles Foden: Mimi and Toutou Go Forth — The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika, Penguin, 2004.


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