Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka

Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka (Swahili: Maziwa Makuu; Kinyarwanda: Ibiyaga bigari) bụ usoro nke ọdọ mmiri ndị mejupụtara akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley dị n'ime na gburugburu Osimiri East Africa. Usoro ihe nkiri a gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na mpaghara; Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu na omimi; Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi, ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke anọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu; na Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana, ọdọ mmiri ọzara kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na ọdọ mmiri alkaline kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.^[1] N'ozuzu ha, ha nwere mmiri ruru 31,000 km³ (7,400 mi³), nke karịrị ọdọ mmiri Baikal ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Amerịka. Ngụkọta a bụ ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke mmiri dị ọcha dị n'elu ụwa a na-enweghị oyi. Nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri nke Afrịka bụ ebe obibi ochie nke nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, pasentị iri nke ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ụwa bi na mpaghara a.

Mba ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu dị n'akụkụ ya gụnyere Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda na Zambia.^[2]

Ọdọ mmiri na ebe mmiri sị apụ

Ndị a dị n'ọtụtụ ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka, nke e ji ebe mmiri sị apụ wee chịkọta. Ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem nke ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-ewere dị ka akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka dịgasị iche site na ndepụta, ma nwee ike ịgụnye obere ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị n'ime ala, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ akụkụ nke otu ebe mmiri sị apụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri ndị buru ibu, dịka Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga.

Ọdọ mmiri ndị na-asọba n'OsimiriWhite Nile

Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria
Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga (akụkụ nke usoro Great Lakes mana ọ bụghị onwe ya "ọdọ mmiri ukwu")
Ọdọ Mmiri Albert
Ọdọ Mmiri Edward

Ọdọ mmiri ndị na-asọba n'Osimiri Congo

Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika
Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu
Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru
Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu

Ọdọ Mmiri nke na-abanye na Zambezi

Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi, site na Osimiri Shire

Ọdọ mmiri ndị nwere ọdọ mmiri mechiri emechi

Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana
Ọdọ Mmiri Rukwa

Ógbè Great Lakes nke Africa

Mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu (ọ naghị adịkarị: Mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ndị Ka Ukwuu) nwere mba iri dị n'akụkụ osimiri: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, na Zambia.^[2] Okwu a na-akpọ interlacustrine ("n'etiti ọdọ mmiri") nwere ike ịpụta mpaghara ahụ,^[3] ma ọ bụ karịa kpọmkwem, mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke ọdọ mmiri gbara gburugburu.^[4]

Asụsụ Swahili bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka.^[5] Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka asụsụ mba ma ọ bụ nke gọọmentị nke mba ise dị na mpaghara ahụ: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, na Democratic Republic of the Congo.

N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ya dị elu—a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-eru ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri ise na 2020^[6]—na oke ọrụ ugbo dị na mpaghara ahụ, a haziri mpaghara ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ steeti nta. Ndị kacha ike n'ime ọchịchị ndị a bụ Buganda, Bunyoro, Karagwe, Rwanda, na Burundi.

Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ebe a na-achọkarị isi mmiri Nile na ebe atọ dị n'etiti osimiri Nile, Congo na Zambezi, mpaghara ahụ abụrụla ebe ndị Europe na-achọkarị. Ndị Yuropu mbụ rutere na mpaghara ahụ n'ọnụọgụgụ ọ bụla bụ Ndị Kraịst Ndị ozi ala ọzọ bụ ndị nwere obere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe ndị obodo ahụ, mana o meghere mpaghara ahụ maka ọchịchị mgbe e mesịrị. Mmụba mmekọrịta na mba ndị ọzọ metụtara ụwa dugara n'ọtụtụ ọrịa dị egwu nke metụtara ma mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu dị ka mpaghara nwere nnukwu ikike mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu enwetawo nsogbu site na agha obodo na esemokwu n'ime afọ iri anọ gburugburu mmalite nke narị afọ nke 21 (ihe dị ka 1980 rụọ 2020). N'afọ 2022, Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) toro Tanzania maka ịnabata na inyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si mba ndị ọzọ nọ na mpaghara ahụ aka mgbe niile.^[7]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe

AlaUgwu ndị dị n'elu ugwu ahụ dị jụụ nke ukwuu, okpomọkụ ha dịkwa n'etiti 17°C (63°F) na 19°C (66°F) ma nwee mmiri ozuzo buru ibu. Isi mmiri mmiri ndị a na-agbapụta gụnyere osimiri Congo-Zaire, Nile, na Zambezi, bụ́ ndị na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Atlantic, Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, na Oké Osimiri India, n'otu n'otu.

Oke ọhịa dị n'ala dị larịị nke Congo-Zaire Basin, ebe ala ahịhịa na savanna (ala ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ) na-adịkarị n'ugwu ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ. Okpomọkụ dị n'ala dị larịị dị ihe dị ka 35°C (95°F). N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Turkana, ihu igwe dị ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ nke ukwuu. Oge mmiri ozuzo dị mkpirikpi n'ọnwa Ọktoba na-esochi oge mmiri ozuzo dị ogologo site n'April ruo Mee.

Ahịhịa ndụ na ụmụ anụmanụ

Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na Western Rift Valley bụ mmiri dị ọcha ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche. Ihe karịrị ụdị azụ̀ 1,500 bi n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ,^[8] tinyere ezinụlọ azụ ndị ọzọ. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a bụkwa ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ amphibians. Agụ iyi Naịl dị ọtụtụ. Anụmanụ ndị na-amụ nwa gụnyere enyí, ọzọdịmgba na hippopotamus.

Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Turkana bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ narị ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Kenya. Mmiri flamingo na-asọba n'ime ala ya dị omimi. Usoro mgbawa nke East Africa na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ụzọ ikuku maka nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, na-eweta ọtụtụ narị ndị ọzọ. Nnụnụ ndị a na-enweta nnukwu nri site na plankton n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, bụ́ ihe na-azụkwa azụ̀ ndị dị ebe ahụ nri.

Akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche site na oke ọhịa ruo na ahịhịa savanna. N'ọdọ mmiri ụfọdụ, osisi ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa, dịka hyacinth mmiri na-ama jijiji n'elu ala na papyrus nke na-emechi emechi n'ụsọ osimiri, bụ nsogbu. Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị ọdọ mmiri Victoria ka Water hyacinth na enye nsogbu.

Ọdịdị ala

Ruo nde afọ iri na abụọ gara aga, mmiri jupụtara na ala dị larịị nke equatorial na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'usoro Osimiri Congo ma ọ bụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'Oké Osimiri India. E guzobere Ndagwurugwu Ukwu Rift nke mere ka nke a gbanwe. Rift bụ ebe na-adịghị ike n'ime ala ụwa n'ihi nkewa nke efere tectonic abụọ, nke a na-ejikarị eriri ma ọ bụ ihe e ji ekpuchi mmiri, nke mmiri ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịchịkọta, na-esokarị. Nkewa a malitere mgbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke mmiri ozuzo na-akpali, malitere ikewapụ onwe ya na akụkụ Afrịka ndị ọzọ, na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Efere ndị sitere na elu ala jupụtara na mmiri nke na-asọba ugbu a n'ebe ugwu.

Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị n'ime Rift Valley. Ọ dị n'ime ala dị n'etiti Eastern Rifts na Western Rifts, nke e ji mmụba nke oghere ndị ahụ mee n'akụkụ abụọ ya.

Nkà mmụta ihe ochie

Ihe dị ka afọ nde abụọ ruo atọ gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana buru ibu karịa ma na-eme nri, ebe ahụ na-emekwa ka ọ bụrụ ebe etiti maka ndị mbido. Richard Leakey dugara ọtụtụ ihe e gwupụtara n'ebe ahụ, nke mere ka e nweta ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa nke ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ya. A chọtara Okpokoro isi 1470 dị afọ nde abụọ n'afọ 1972. E chere na ọ bụ Homo habilis, mana ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mmadụ enyela ya ụdị ọhụrụ, Homo rudolfensis, aha ya bụ site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ (nke a maara na mbụ dị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Rudolf). N'afọ 1984, a chọtara otu nwa okorobịa Turkana, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkpụkpụ zuru oke nke otu nwa okorobịa Homo erectus. N'afọ 1999, a chọtara okpokoro isi dị afọ 3,500,000 n'ebe ahụ, nke aha ya bụ Kenyanthropus platyops, nke pụtara "nwoke Kenya nwere ihu dị larịị".

Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba

Ịkụ azụ—nke bụ́ isi n'ụdị tilapia kamakwa nke perch osimiri—na-enye ndị mmadụ bi na mpaghara ahụ ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere ọdọ mmiri ukwu anọ dị n'ókèala ya, Uganda so n'ime ndị kacha emepụta azụ̀ mmiri dị ọcha n'ụwa. Ihu igwe na ala ugwu mgbawa bara ụba n'ugwu na-akwadokwa ala ubi a kụrụ nke ọma.

Akụ na ụba nke steeti mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nwere usoro dị iche iche ma dị n'ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmepe. Ọnụego uto GDP n'ezie sitere na pasent 1.8 na Burundi^[9] ruo 4.4 na DRC.^[10] GDP kwa onye ọ bụla na-agbanwe n'etiti $600 na DRC^[11] na Burundi na $800 na Uganda.^[12]

Hụkwa

2005 Ala ọma jijiji nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika
Ala ọma jijiji nke ọdọ mmiri Kivu na 2008
Ala Dị larịị nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka
Nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Great Lakes
Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri
Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara
Ọdọ Mmiri Rift

Ihe edeturu

Templeeti:Regions of Africa

Edensibia

Chrétien (2006). The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. New York: Zone Books. ISBN 1-890951-35-8.

Templeeti:Regions of Africa

↑ ~ZAMBIA~. www.zambiatourism.com. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
1 2 International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region. Princeton University Library. Retrieved on 22 November 2013.
↑ Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45669-6. “the fertile corridor of the Great Lakes Region (also called the interlacustrine region)”
↑ Templeeti:M-W "the region of Africa that is bounded by Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, Albert, Edward, and Tanganyika"
↑ Shema. Great Lakes Region of Africa – Burundi. Author-me. Retrieved on 22 November 2013.
↑ Obiero (2020-10-01). "Advancing Africa’s Great Lakes research and academic potential: Answering the call for harmonized, long-term, collaborative networks and partnerships". Journal of Great Lakes Research 46 (5): 1240–1250. DOI:10.1016/j.jglr.2020.02.002. ISSN 0380-1330.
↑ In Tanzania, UNHCR's Grandi urges more backing for solutions as the country continues to host refugees. UNHCR US (27 Aug 2022). Retrieved on 23 Nov 2022.
↑ Turner (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?". Molecular Ecology 10 (3): 793–806. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x. PMID 11298988.
↑ GDP growth (annual %) – Burundi. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved on 2021-10-23.
↑ "Figure 1 – Real GDP Growth and Per Capita GDP ($ PPP at current prices)". OECD. DOI:10.1787/266155225581. Retrieved on 2021-10-23.
↑ GDP per capita (current US$) – Congo, Dem. Rep.. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved on 2021-10-23.
↑ GDP per capita (current US$) – Uganda. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved on 2021-10-23.

[zambiatour-1] ~ZAMBIA~. www.zambiatourism.com. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.

[Idnotgalr-2] 1 2 International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region. Princeton University Library. Retrieved on 22 November 2013.

[3] Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45669-6. “the fertile corridor of the Great Lakes Region (also called the interlacustrine region)”

[4] Templeeti:M-W "the region of Africa that is bounded by Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, Albert, Edward, and Tanganyika"

[Shema-5] Shema. Great Lakes Region of Africa – Burundi. Author-me. Retrieved on 22 November 2013.

[6] Obiero (2020-10-01). "Advancing Africa’s Great Lakes research and academic potential: Answering the call for harmonized, long-term, collaborative networks and partnerships". Journal of Great Lakes Research 46 (5): 1240–1250. DOI:10.1016/j.jglr.2020.02.002. ISSN 0380-1330.

[7] In Tanzania, UNHCR's Grandi urges more backing for solutions as the country continues to host refugees. UNHCR US (27 Aug 2022). Retrieved on 23 Nov 2022.

[Turner2001-8] Turner (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?". Molecular Ecology 10 (3): 793–806. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x. PMID 11298988.

[9] GDP growth (annual %) – Burundi. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved on 2021-10-23.

[10] "Figure 1 – Real GDP Growth and Per Capita GDP ($ PPP at current prices)". OECD. DOI:10.1787/266155225581. Retrieved on 2021-10-23.

[11] GDP per capita (current US$) – Congo, Dem. Rep.. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved on 2021-10-23.

[12] GDP per capita (current US$) – Uganda. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved on 2021-10-23.

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