Ọgba

Grotto ma ọ bụ grotto bụ ọgba nkịtị ma ọ bụ wuru ewu ma ọ bụ ezumike kpuchie.[1] Ọgba mmiri ndị na-esi n'okike na-abụkarị obere ọgba dị n'akụkụ mmiri nke na-enwekarị idei mmiri ma ọ bụ na-enwekarị idei mmiri na oke mmiri.Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji grottoes artificial dị ka njirimara ubi. Grotta Azzurra dị na Capri na grotto dị na Tiberius 'Villa Jovis na Bay nke Naples bụ ihe atụ nke oke osimiri na-ewu ewu.

Okwu mmalite

Okwu grotto sitere na Italian grotta, Vulgar Latin grupta, na Latin crypta ("a crypt").[1] Ọ na-metụtara site a akụkọ ihe mere eme ihe mberede na okwu grotesque. Ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 15, ndị Rom na mberede gwupụtara Nero's Domus Aurea n'Ugwu Palatine, ọnụ ụlọ dị iche iche, ndị e ji ihe ịchọ mma chọọ ya mma, ụkpụrụ ụlọ ndị dị gịrịgịrị, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na anụmanụ. Ime ụlọ ndị ahụ adaala n'okpuru ala ka oge na-aga. Ndị Rom bụ́ ndị chọpụtara ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme a hụrụ na ọ dị nnọọ ịtụnanya, otu akụkụ n'ihi na ekpughere ya site n'isi iyi nke "n'okpuru ụwa". Nke a mere ka ndị Rom nke oge ahụ nye ya aha grottesca, nke sitere na French grotesque.

Oge Ochie

Grottos na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu na omenala ndị Gris na ndị Rom. Ebe a na-eri nri n'oge opupu ihe ubi bụ akụkụ nke okwu Apollo na Delphi, Kọrịnt, na Clarus.[1] Obodo Rhodes nke ndị Hellenistic ka e ji nkume grottoes wuru ewu webata n'ime obodo ahụ, mee ka ọ yie ihe okike.[2] N'ebe nsọ ndị Rom dị na Praeneste dị n'ebe ndịda Rom, akụkụ kasị ochie nke ebe nsọ ahụ dị na mbara ala nke abụọ kasị ala, n'ime nnukwu nkume dị n'oké nkume bụ́ ebe isi iyi malitere ghọọ olulu mmiri. Dị ka ọdịnala si kwuo, isi iyi dị nsọ nke Praeneste nwere nymph, bụ onye a na-asọpụrụ na nymphaeum mmiri dị ka grotto..

Okpokoro ala dị na Ticino

Na Ticino, akụkụ na-asụ Italian nke Switzerland, ọgba bụ ebe a na-echekwa mmanya na nri ma chekwaa ya. E wuru ha site n'iji ọdịdị nke nkume na nkume mee ihe, iji mepụta ọnụ ụlọ nwere ihu igwe dị jụụ dabara adaba maka nri, ọkachasị mmiri ara ehi na cheese, yana poteto, sausages, na nchekwa mmanya.^[1]^[2]

A na-egosipụta mkpa nke ime ala ndị a na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha; dịka ọmụmaatụ, e nwere grotti 40 na Maggia, ọ dịghị ihe na-erughị na Moghegno, na ihe dị ka 70 na Cevio n'azụ Case Franzoni. E meghere ụfọdụ grotti maka ọha na eze, dịka na Avegno, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha efunahụla àgwà mbụ ha ka ha ghọrọ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị na-enye nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị mkpa. A na-egwu ezigbo ọgba n'okpuru nkume ma ọ bụ n'etiti nkume abụọ, ebe ikuku na-efe n'okpuru ala na-eme ka ụlọ ahụ dị jụụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọgba nwere okpukpu nke abụọ nwere otu ma ọ bụ abụọ ọzọ maka ite fermentation na ngwá ọrụ nke vintage. N'ihu ọgba ahụ, e nwere tebụl na bench nkume, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike izu ike ma mee onwe ha ume ọhụrụ.^[3]: 18

Ọgba ndị dị n'ogige

Mmasị nke ọgba ndị aka mere mere mere ka ụdị Mannerist gaa n'ogige ndị Ịtali na ndị France nke etiti narị afọ nke iri na isii. Vasari malitere ọgba abụọ a ma ama na Boboli Gardens nke Palazzo Pitti ma wuchaa ya n'etiti afọ 1583 na 1593. Otu n'ime ọgba ndị a bụ ebe Ndị mkpọrọ nke Michelangelo dị. Tupu ọgba Boboli, Niccolò Tribolo guzobere ogige na Medici Villa Castello, nso Florence. Na Pratolino, n'agbanyeghị akpọnwụ nke saịtị ahụ, e nwere ọgba Cupid (na-adị ndụ), na aghụghọ mmiri maka onye nleta na-amaghị ihe. Fonte di Fata Morgana ("Fata Morgana's Spring") na Grassina, na-adịghị anya na Florence, bụ obere ụlọ ubi, nke e wuru na 1573-74 dị ka akụkụ ubi na nnukwu ala nke Villa "Riposo" (nri) nke Bernardo Vecchietti. A na-achọ ya mma na ihe a tụrụ atụ n'ụzọ Giambolognan.

A na-emekarị akụkụ nke ọgba ndị dị n'ogige ka ha yie nnukwu nkume, veranda, ma ọ bụ nkume. N'ime, a na-achọ ha mma dị ka ụlọ nsọ ma ọ bụ na isi iyi, stalactites, na ihe ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa na mkpokoro (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eme ya na ceramic); herms na mermaids, akụkọ ifo ndị dabara na mbara igwe; na naiads, ma ọ bụ chi osimiri ndị arịa ha na-awụfu mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri. Ọgba mmiri bụ ebe dị jụụ iji pụọ na anyanwụ Ịtali, mana ha ghọkwara ihe na-ewu ewu na mmiri ozuzo dị jụụ nke Île-de-France. Na Kuskovo Estate, e nwere Grotto Pavilion, nke e wuru n'etiti 1755 na 1761.

Ọgba nwekwara ike ịbụ ebe ịsa ahụ; ihe atụ nke a bụ na Palazzo del Te, na 'Casino della Grotta', ebe a na-etinye obere ọnụ ụlọ dị nso gburugburu ọgba na loggetta (balcony kpuchiri). Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ ikpe na-asa ahụ n'otu oge na obere cascade nke na-awụfu nkume na mkpokoro ndị dị n'ala na mgbidi.

Ọgba ndị ahụ arụwokwa ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ekpere, ma ọ bụ na Villa Farnese na Caprarola, obere ihe nkiri e mere n'ụzọ ọgba. A na-ejikọkarị ha na isi iyi na-asọ asọ n'ogige Renaissance.

Ọgba nke Bernard Palissy mere maka ụlọ Catherine de 'Medici na Paris, Tuileries, bụ nke a ma ama. E nwekwara ọgba n'ogige ndị André Le Nôtre mere maka Versailles. N'England, e wuru ọgba n'ogige mbụ na Wilton House n'afọ 1630, ma eleghị anya site n'aka Isaac de Caus.

Ọgba ndị ahụ dịkwa mma maka ogige ndị na-adịchaghị mma. Pope's Grotto, nke Alexander Popu mepụtara, bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị ndụ n'otu n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mbụ dị na England, na Twickenham. Popu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mgbe ọ hụrụ ọgba n'Ịtali n'oge nleta n'ebe ahụ. A na-eme mgbalị iji weghachite ọgba ya. E nwere ọgba n'ogige ntụrụndụ nke Painshill Park, Stowe, Clandon Park, na Stourhead. Scott's Grotto bụ usoro nke ọnụ ụlọ jikọtara ọnụ, na-agbasa 67 ft (20 mita) n'ime ugwu dị na mpụga Ware, Hertfordshire. E wuru ya na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a na-eji mkpokoro, nkume, na iberibe ugegbe na-acha odo odo kpuchie ọnụ ụlọ na ọwa mmiri.^[4] Ọgbọ ndị njem nleta nke ịhụnanya nwere ike ọ gaghị eleta Ọgba Fingal, n'àgwàetiti Staffa dịpụrụ adịpụ na Scottish Hebrides, mana ha anụla banyere ya mgbe niile, ikekwe site na "Hebrides Overture" nke Felix Mendelssohn, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "Ọgba Fingal", nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya. Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, mgbe obere Matterhorns na ogige nkume ghọrọ ihe na-ewu ewu, a na-ahụkarị ọgba, dịka na Ascott House. Na Bavaria, Linderhof nke Ludwig nwere ihe omimi nke ọgba dị n'okpuru Venusberg, nke e gosipụtara na Tannhäuser nke Wagner.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọgba ndị ahụ adaala n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ejiji kemgbe British Picturesque movement, ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-anwa mgbe ụfọdụ ịkọwa ọgba ahụ n'ọrụ imewe nke oge a. Ihe atụ ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere Frederick Kiesler's Grotto of Meditation for New Harmony (1964), ^[5] ARM's post-modern Storey Hall (1995), Aranda/Lasch's Groto Concept, (2005), DSDHA's Potters Field Park Pavilions (2008) ^[6], Callum Moreton's Grotte pavilion (2010), na Antonino Cardillo's Grottes series (2013-2023).^[7]

Ọgba okpukpe

Taa, a na-azụta ọgba ndị aka mere ma wuo ya maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma na ofufe. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe dị ka ebe nsọ ebe a na-etinye ihe oyiyi nke ndị senti, ọkachasị Virgin Mary, n'ogige ndị dị n'èzí.

Ọtụtụ Ndị Roman Katọlik gara n'ọgba ebe Bernadette Soubirous hụrụ ọhụụ nke Our Lady of Lourdes. A na-emepụta ọtụtụ ogige nsọ dị iche iche dịka onyinyo ndị a. A na-ahụkarị ha n'ogige na ụlọ ụka, n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ (lee Ọgba Lourdes).

E kwenyere na ọgba kachasị ukwuu bụ Ọgba nke Mgbapụta na West Bend, Iowa.

Ihe ngosi

Grotto in an iceberg with the Terra Nova ship in the background (1911) during the 'British Antarctic Expedition' by Herbert G. Ponting
Grotto of the Buttes-Chaumont in Paris
Grotto pavilion in Kuskovo, Moscow (1775)
Anapat Grotto, Lastiver, Armenia
Shell Grotto, Wales
The Grotto in Bruce Peninsula National Park, Canada

Hụkwa

Ọgba
Ihe owuwu nke katidral na nnukwu ụlọ ụka
Blue Grotto, ebe a na-echekwa mmanya n'okpuru ala n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Brooklyn, n'akụkụ Manhattan
Ọgba Hercules
Grotto-heavens, ojiji okpukpe ndị China metụtara okpukpe Daoist
Karst
Ọgba Shell
Okporo ụzọ n'omenala a ma ama

Ihe edeturu

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

↑ Switzerland's ingenious cooling caves (en). BBC Travel (2022-03-30). Retrieved on 2022-06-07.
↑ Grotto culture in Italian Switzerland (it). Living Traditions of Switzerland. Swiss Confederation (2018). Retrieved on 2022-06-07.
↑ (1999) "Im Vorgarten zum Paradies". Schweiz. Vallemaggia 2 (1). DOI:10.33926/gp.2019.1.5. ISSN 1421-8909.
↑ What is Scott's Grotto (13 May 2005). Archived from the original on 13 May 2005. Retrieved on 18 October 2005.
↑ Alderslade, Jessica. "An Introduction to the Grotto and Its Place within Contemporary Design", Reinterpreting the Grotto in Contemporary Design, 2014.
↑ "ArtNotes", Art Monthly, April 2008, pp. 15.
↑ Cardillo (October 12, 2023). Grottoes (en). www.antoninocardillo.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved on June 8, 2024.

[1] Switzerland's ingenious cooling caves (en). BBC Travel (2022-03-30). Retrieved on 2022-06-07.

[2] Grotto culture in Italian Switzerland (it). Living Traditions of Switzerland. Swiss Confederation (2018). Retrieved on 2022-06-07.

[schweiz-3] (1999) "Im Vorgarten zum Paradies". Schweiz. Vallemaggia 2 (1). DOI:10.33926/gp.2019.1.5. ISSN 1421-8909.

[4] What is Scott's Grotto (13 May 2005). Archived from the original on 13 May 2005. Retrieved on 18 October 2005.

[5] Alderslade, Jessica. "An Introduction to the Grotto and Its Place within Contemporary Design", Reinterpreting the Grotto in Contemporary Design, 2014.

[6] "ArtNotes", Art Monthly, April 2008, pp. 15.

[7] Cardillo (October 12, 2023). Grottoes (en). www.antoninocardillo.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved on June 8, 2024.

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