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The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (nke egosi The Golden Bigh: A Study on Magic and Religion na akara ya nke abụọ) bụ ọkụ sara mbara, nke ikpe ifo na Okpukpe, nke onye na- achọpụta mmadụ nke Scotland bụ Sir James George Frazer dere.  E àgwà Golden Bough na so abụọ na 1890;  na mpeka atɔ na 1900;  na akara iri na nke akara atọ, nke e ndidi na 1906-1915.  E bipụtakwala ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta iche iche nke otu ụdị.  Ụbọchị ahụ bụ maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntĩlị akwụkwọ na dị ka a kọrọ na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Thomas Bulfinch's The Age of Fable, ma ọ bụ Stories of Gods and Heroes (1855).  egwu nke The Golden Bough na akwụkwọ na echiche nke oge a na Europe abụwo ihe dị ukwuu.[1]

Nchịkọta

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Frazer na-akpa ihe ndị a na-ekerịta nke nsogbu na-eche echiche, na- ndị na-eme ememe, ụmụaka n'àjà, chi na-anwụ anwụ, onye a na-egbu egbu, na ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekiri ndị na-alụ ọgụ na-ejedebe afọ nke 20.[1]  Thesis ya bụ na ndị agha ndị kasị ochie bụ ofufe nke na-agba ofufe na àjà oge nke eze dị nsso dịka usoro nke oge si dị.  Frazer faịlụ aro na ụmụ mmadụ, ụwa okike na-aga n'ihu site na ebe saịtị na mkpa gaa n'iche echiche.[2]

Ihe osise J. M. W. Turner nke 1834 nke ihe mere na Golden Bough na Aeneid

[3] E edemede Frazer n'ihe gbasara ihe mere na Virgil's Aeneid, ebe Aeneas na Sibyl nyere onye na-elekọta ọnụ ụzọ ámá Hades ela edo e si n'aka dị nsso were iji ike.  Ihe omume ahụ site na ihe osise J. M. W. Turner nke 1834 The Golden Bough .  Frazer kwuru n'ụzọ na-ụlọ ezi na ihe osise ahụ na-egosi ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ na Nri, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ Lake Avernus n'ezie.[1]  Ɔdɔ mmirika Nemi, nke a dị ka "Diana's Mirror", bụ ebe a na-eme emume agha na "mmezu nke nkwa" nke ndị ozi na ndị eze.

Frazer fa na thesis ya na onye-eze Rex Nemorensis, onye ụkọcha Diana na Lake Nemi, onye onyechiri ya gburugburu.  Eze ahụ bụ anụ ahụ nke chi na-anwụ anwụ ma na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ, chi ndị nke ọmụmụ di na ọkụ dị omimi na chi nchọpụta nke ụwa, ọnwụ n'oge owuwe ihe ubi wee nwetaghachi onwe ya n'oge opupu ihe ubi.  Frazer na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ ifo a nke ọkpara ọzọ bụ isi ihe nke nta ka ọ na-eme ifo niile nke ụwa..

Frazer dere n'okwu nke akara nke atọ nke The Golden Bough na ọ bụ ebe na ọ gụghị Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, enyi ya James Ward, na onye ọkà ihe J. M. E.Taggart, tụụrụ ya aro na Hegel echiche echiche ya "okike na ihe mere eme nke emu nke na-enye ihe".  Frazer ụgbọ ahụ dị ka na "ịhụ na n'ime ike nke uche nke ihe a ngosi oge ngosi bu oge nke usoro, nakwa na ndu n'etiti TV na ụmụ bụ na, ebe mgbasa ozi okike n'onwe ya, arịa LED ya n'ụzọ na-enweghị ìhè site n'aka onye dị ike ụmụaka nke mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyere aka na enyemaka".  Frazer asị ihe sitere na Hegel' akwụkwọ Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1832). [4]

Mmeghachi omume

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The Golden Bough wụrụ nsogbu na eze Britain akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe mbụ e edi ya, ebe ọ na-eme ndị nchọpụta ndị nchọpụta mbilite n'àmà na ọkụ ya.  Ndị nkatọ chere na otu a ma ama ka a Nwa-nkiri nke Chineke dị ka ihe nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ.  Maka akara nke atọ, Frazer achọpụta nsogbu ya mgbada Crucifixion na ihe mgbakwunye na-akọ nkwu, ebe ewepụrụ okpukpe ụka Iso ụzọ na-ahụta e ọkpụkpọ nke otu otu esi. [5][6]

Frazer n'onwe ya kwetara na echiche ya bụ ịkọ nkọ nakwa na njikọ ndị o mere bụ ihe na-enweghị isi ma na-adabere naanị na myirịta. O dere, sị: "Akwụkwọ dị ka nke m, naanị ịkọ nkọ, ga-anọchi anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị (n'oge na'oge ka mma maka eziokwu) site na ntinye aka ka mma dabere na ihe ọmụma zuru oke. " N'afọ 1922, na mwepụta nke Frazer Lectureship na Anthropology, o kwuru, sị: 'Ọ bụ ọchịchọ m siri ike na a ga-eji nkuzi mee ihe naanị maka ịchụso eziokwu na-enweghị mmasị, ọ bụghị maka mgbasa na mgbasa nke echiche ọ bụla ma ọ bụ echiche nke onwe ya, ọ bụ ọbụna n'oge ndụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta Frazer nwere mmetụta nke onwe ya karịa nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ọ bụla, ọ bụla, "Goldenzer nwere ike karịa"[7]

Robert Ackerman dere na, maka ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ na ibe ya na Britain, Frazer ka bụ "ihe ihere" maka ịbụ "onye a ma ama n'ime ha niile" nsụgharị na ngalaba ahụ ụmụaka ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya ugbu a.  Ọ bụ ebe na The Golden Bough "ọkpụkpọ òkù" dị ukwuu ma nwee ike "na-ama atụ" "n'ọtụtụ [nke ike apụta nke abụọ] ndị edemede okike", echiche Frazer "maka dị nta" n'ihe mere eme nke nkà ndị mmadụ na ibe ya.  Lienhardt n'onwe ya ụmụaka Frazer ndị na-oge ochie dị ka "ihe ụmụaka ihe ezi uche dị na ya nke [Frazer] n'onwe ha", ebe Ludwig Wittgenstein, na Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough (nke e fim na 1967), dere, sị: "Frazer bụ onye obi ọtụtụ ndịeme n'ime 'ndị na-eme obi eme ihe na-eme ka [ebe na-eme obi eme ihe na ya]  Kọl.[8]

Na ịdị, mpe akwụkwọ ahụ na nkuzi na-akọwa na Anthropology zuru ebe niile.  Onye Poland na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Bronisław Malinowski kwuru amụma nnukwu ọrụ a, m mikpuru onwe m na ya Otú ma mee ya ohu. Achọpụtara m mgbe ahụ na anthropology, dị ka Sir James Frazer, bụ nnukwu ihe, nke ihe dị ka onye ya mkpa na ọkụ ihe ọrụ ezi ma agbụ m na onye ọrụ nke anthropology.  echiche Frazerlarị ịbụ nke oge gara aga": dị ka Godfrey Lienhardt si kwuo:   Edmund Leach, "otu n'ime ndị na- ndidi na-akatọ Frazer na akwụkwọ ya maka dị egwu", katọrọ ihe ọ pụtara dị ka ikike nka nke Frazer akwụkwọ na The Golden Bough: "Frazer jiri ihe ethnographic ya, nke o si ebe a, n'ebe ahụ oyi na ebe niile, iji kpatara ndị na-abịarutere tupu oge eruo site na ihe na-akpata ọrụ,ahụ, na ihe na-akpata oge eruo site mana, na ihe na-akpata nke oge eruo site mana.  mgbe ọ akụkọ [1]ghị!"

René Girard, onye France na-akọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akọrọ akwụkwọ, na onye ọkà ihe nke ndị enyemaka ndị na ibe ya, "n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya" toro Frazer maka ihe àjà eze dị ka "ememe mbụ dị mkpa", mana ọ hardware ya nke ememe ahụ dị ka "nnukwu ikpe na- ike ezi na ethnology".  [1] Nkatọ nke Girard ebubo The Golden Bough dị ọtụtụ, ndị maka ịchọ Frazer bụ naanị nna nke ozi ifo mbụ-ememe na-ememe ka ihe ndị nke Gosphalite" nke Gosphaters "ihe" nke chi dị mkpa" nke Gospel nke Gosphetor" bụ "ihe nke chi dị ka ndụ" nke Gornals na-eme" nke Ginger..[9][10]

Mmetụta e dere n'akwụkwọ

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N'agbanyeghị nke ọrụ ahụ, na-egosi ya n'etiti ndị ọkà njide ndị ọzọ, The Golden Bough kaadị ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ okike nke oge ahụ.  Onye na-ede uri Robert Graves echiche echiche Frazer eze na-anwụ anwụ nke a chụrụ n'àjà maka ụdị nke ahụ na echiche nke ikike nke onye na-ede abụ maka Muse-Goddess ya, dị ka egosiri n' akwụkwọ ya gbasara uri, emee, na-eme ifo, The White Goddess (1948).  William Butler Yeats na-ezo aka na thesis Frazer na uri ya "Sailing to Byzantium".  Ụlọ Golden ahụ, [1] na Lovecraft kwuru akwụkwọ ahụ na obere faịlụ ya "The Call of Cthulhu".  [2] T. S. Eliot akwụkwọ na o ji Frazer nke n'akwụkwọ ozi mbụ ya na uri ya The Waste Land.  William Carlos Williams na-ezo aka na The Golden Bough na Book Two, nke abụọ, nke Paterson.[3]  Frazer ọkụ na ndị edemede James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, William Gaddis na D. H. Lawrence. [11][11]

Onye na-akọ asụsụ ifo bụ Joseph Campbell enwe The Golden Bough na The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), ebe ọ nabatara echiche Frazer na-eme ifo bụ mbụ iji ngwaọrụ ụwa nke okike, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-enwe ya naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ziri ezi nke mere.[1]  Campbell mechara ọrụ Frazer dị ka "ihe ngosi".[2]  Onye na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Weston La Barre kaadị Frazer dị ka "onye ikpeazụ n'ime ndị na-akpọ oku" na The Human Animal (1955).  [3] A chị achị achị nke onye ọkà ihe ndị Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Golden Bough dị ka Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough, nke Rush Rhees dezi rarraba, nke e na 1967 (mbipụta Bekee sochiri na 1979).  [4] Robert Ackerman, na The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists (1991), na-etinye Frazer n'ozi sara mbara nke ihe mere eme nke echiche.  Ozi ifo na ụlọ akwụkwọ emee ndị ọrụ Ozi Jane Harrison, Gilbert Murray, F. M. Cornford, na A.B.  Cook, ndị na- nkwado ọhụrụ nke add ifo na anthropology na akwụkwọ akụkọ na njedebe nke ọnwụ nke 19, na-emetụta akwụkwọ Modernist.    The Golden Bough ọrụ Sigmund Freud Totem na Taboo (1913), yana ọrụ nwa akwụkwọ Freud bụ Carl Jung. [12][13]

.Onye nkatọ Camille Paglia akaraala The Golden Bough dị ka otu n'ime izi mkpa n' akwụkwọ ya Sexual Personae (1990).  [1] Na Sexual Personae, Paglia akwụkwọ "izizi mma" Frazer na The Golden Bough dị ka "ihe yiri njikọ na chi ndị na-anwụ anwụ", ọ bụ ebe na o kwuru na ọ "bụ nke na-eme ka ọ mba nna".[2]  Na Salon, ọ ndị ọrụ ahụ dị ka "ihe ihe nke ọma na-echeta nke ncheta ya na echiche efu."  Paglia ihe na "ọtụtụ dị na Frazer agbaghaala ma ọ bụ mkpa anya ya", mana o kwenyesiri ike na ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Frazer nke Cambridge nke anthropology oge ochie "ga- osisi na- . . . maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ịgbanahụ ọnọdụ na- ike isi nke taa".  Paglia ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, na mkpirisi nke The Golden Bough bụ "dị nro" kwesịrị "na[14][11]

Akụkọ mbipụta

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Mbipụta

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  • Mbipụta mbụ, 2 mpịakọta., 1890. (M nke Mbụ, Nke Abụọ)
  • Mbipụta nke Abụọ, mpịakọta atọ., 1900. (M nke Mbụ, Nke Abụọ, Nke Atọ)
  • Mbipụta nke Atọ, 12 mpịakọta., 1906–15.
    • Mpịakọta 1 (1911) : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi 1)
    • Mpịakọta nke 2 (1911) : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi nke 2)
    • Mpịakọta nke 3 (1911) : Taboo na Ihe ize ndụ nke Mkpụrụ ObiTaboo na Ihe Iche nke Mkpụrụ Obi
    • Mpịakọta nke 4 (1911) : The Dying GodChineke Na-anwụ Anwụ
    • Mpịakọta 5 (1914): Adonis, Attis, Osiris (Nkebi 1) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907
    • Mpịakọta nke 6 (1914) : Adonis, Attis, Osiris (Nkebi nke 2) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907
    • Mpịakọta nke 7 (1912) : Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa (Nkebi nke 1)
    • Mpịakọta nke 8 (1912) : Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa (Nkebi nke 2)
    • Mpịakọta nke 9 (1913) : The ScapegoatOnye Scapegoat
    • Mpịakọta 10 (1913): Balder the Beautiful (Nkebi 1)
    • Mpịakọta 11 (1913): Balder the Beautiful (Nkebi nke 2)
    • Mpịakọta 12 (1915): Bibliography na General Index

Mgbakwunye

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  • 1936: Ihe si na ya pụta: Mgbakwunye na Golden Bough

Ihe ndị e bipụtaghachiri

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  • Mbipụta nke atọ dum, gụnyere Aftermath, ka Macmillan Press bipụtara na mpịakọta 13 na 1951, 1955, 1963, 1966, 1976 na 1980.  

Mbipụta ndị dị mkpirikpi

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  • Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, 1 mpịakọta., 1922. Mbipụta a ewepụghị ihe Frazer zoro aka na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.
    • 1995 Touchstone mbipụta,  
    • 2002 Dover re-ebipụta nke mbipụta 1922,  
  • Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi. 1925 bipụtara. Ụlọ ọrụ Macmillan. Enwere ya n'efu.
  • Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Theodor H. Gaster dezigharịrị, 1959, nke akpọrọ The New Golden Bough: A New Abridgment of the Classic Work.
  • Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Mary Douglas dezigharịrị na Sabine MacCormack belatara, 1978, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough.   ISBN 0-385-14515-2
  • Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, nke Robert Fraser dezigharịrị maka Oxford University Press, 1994. Ọ na-eweghachi ihe gbasara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst e kpochapụrụ na mkpirisi mbụ.   ISBN 0-19-282934-3
  • Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Robert K. G. Temple chịkọtara maka Simon & Schuster, 1996, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough; A Study in Magic and Religion. Ihe osise ọzọ e sere n'akwụkwọ.   ISBN 0-684-81850-7

Ihe odide n'efu n'ịntanetị

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Hụkwa

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  • Nkatọ edemede
  • The Golden Bough (akụkọ ifo)
  • Mas nke Saint-Sécaire
  • Ọkụ Ọkụ
  • Rex Nemorensis
  • Ịchụpụ ụmụ agbọghọ n'oge uto

Ihe odide

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Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

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  1. ↑ Karbiener, K. (2009). Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present. Infobase Publishing, 188–190. ISBN 9781438116891. 
  2. ↑ (1993) in Hamel, Frazer: The Golden Bough. London: Wordsworth. 
  3. ↑ Frazer, Sir James (1993). The Golden Bough. London: Wordsworth. 
  4. ↑ Frazer, James George (1976). The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion. Part 1: The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings. Vol. 1. London: The Macmillan Press, ix, 423. ISBN 0-333-01282-8. 
  5. ↑ Leach, Edmund R. (2011). "Kingship and divinity: The unpublished Frazer Lecture". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 1 (1): 279–298. DOI:10.14318/hau1.1.012. 
  6. ↑ Smith, Jonathan Z. (1973). "When the bough breaks". History of Religions 12 (4): 342–371. DOI:10.1086/462686. 
  7. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lienhardt
  8. ↑ Collingwood (1911). The Principles of Art. Clarendon Press. 
  9. ↑ Girard (1986). The Scapegoat. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-83315-1. 
  10. ↑ Girard (1978). Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World. Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-804-72215-5. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Paglia (10 March 1999). In defense of "The Golden Bough". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved on 28 April 2017. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Paglia Salon" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Clark, Ronald W. (1980). Freud: The Man and the Cause. London: Jonathan Cape and Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 
  13. ↑ Paglia, Camille (1993). Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017209-2. 
  14. ↑ Paglia (10 November 2009). Pelosi's victory for women. Salon.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved on 22 April 2015.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer na Cambridge Ritualists (Theorists of Myth) 2002.  Templeeti:ISBNISBN 0-415-93963-1. 
  • Bitting, Mary Margaret. The Golden Bough: Nhazi nke Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Boux in Play Form (Vantage Press, 1987).  Templeeti:ISBNISBN 0-533-07040-6
  • Csapo, Eric Theories of Mythology (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), peeji nke 36-43, 44-67.  Templeeti:ISBNISBN 978-0-631-23248-3. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument (Macmillan, 1990; e wepụtara Palgrave 2001).
  • Smith, Jonathan Z. "When the Bough Breaks," na Map abụghị ókèala, peeji nke 208-239 (The University of Chicago Press, 1978).

Njikọ mpụga

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