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Ụkwara

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Cough
Pronunciation
Ịkụ ụkwara
Nkpọpụta
  • pronunciationiLatin: tussis
Ihe pụrụ iche Ọrịa akpa ume, otorhinolaryngology

Ụkwara bụ ikuku a kwapụrụ na mberede site na nnukwu oghere iku ume nke nwere ike inyere ha aka iwepụ mmiri, ihe na-aghasa ahụ, ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ banye n'ahụ yana ụmụ irighiri nje. Dị ka ihe nchebe a na-adịghị ejikwa mgbe o ji eme, ụkwara nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-emeghachi ugboro ugboro na mgbaso cough reflex nke a na-eso usoro atọ: iku ume, ikupu ume e mere n'ike megide glottis mechiri emechi, na ikuku siri ike sitere na akpa ume na-esochi mmeghe nke glottis, nke ụda pụrụ iche na-esokarị.[1] Ịkwanye ụkwara n'ikpere aka mmadụ ma ọ bụ n'ala - kama ịkwapụ ya n'ikuku dịka onye ahụ na-eku ume - nwere ike belata mgbasa nke irighiri mmiri ya na-efe efe na ikuku.[2]

Ịkwa ụkwara ugboro ugboro na-egosipụtakarị ọnụnọ nke ọrịa. Ọtụtụ nje na nje bacteria na-erite uru, site n'echiche evolushọn, site n"ime ka onye bu ya bụ nje na-akwa ụkwara, nke na-enye aka ịgbasa ọrịa ahụ nye ndị ga-ebute ya ọhụrụ. Ịkwa ụkwara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na-abụkarị ọrịa na-emetụta usoro iku ume na-akpata ya mana ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpali ya bụ iku ume elu elu, ịṅụ sịga, Mmetọ ikuku, [1] ụkwara ume ọkụ, Ọrịa gastroesophageal reflux, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nasal_drip" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Post-nasal drip" class="cx-link" data-linkid="80">ịṅụ</a> drip mgbe mmadụ mụchara nwa, bronchitis siri ike, akpụ akpa ume, nkụchi obi na ọnọdụ ahụike na-adịghị mma ndị dịka angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) na beta blockers. [3]

Ọgwụgwọ ya kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na ihe na-kpata ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ịkwụsị ịṅụ sịga ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị ihe mgbochi ACE. Ọgwụ mbịatu ụkwara dịka codeine ma ọ bụ dextromethorphan, ka a na-edekarịrị ndị mmadụ ka ha na-anụ mana anaghị akpọtụ ya maka ụmụaka. Nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ilekwasị anya na ọzịza nke ụzọ ikuku ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịkwalite mmepụta abụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe nchebe sitere n'okike, igbochi ụkwara nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-emebi ihe, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ụkwara ahụ na-apụta ihe (na-emepụta phlegm). [4]

Ngosipụta Ya

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Vidiyo Shadowgraph na-egosi ka ikuku si ekupụta ma a na-akwa ụkwara, na-eji ịkwa ụkwara na-ekpuchighị ọnụ n'ụdị ọbụla atụnyere otu ndị ọzọ e si ekpuchi ọnụ na imi: ịkwanye ụkwara n'ime aka ekpuchiri ekpuchi, aka e mere ka ọ dị ka iko, ịkwanye ya n'ime akwụkwọ mposi, igwe "njideụkwara", ihe mkpuchi ihu ịwa ahụ, na ihe mkpuchi ihu N95

Nsogbu

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Enwere ike ịkewapụta nsogbu nke ụkwara dị ka nke siri ike ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị ala ala. Nsogbu ya ndị siri ike na-agụnye ụkwara mgbu (ikubi ume n'ike n'ihi mbelata ọbara na-aga n'ụbụrụ mgbe ụkwara na-adịte aka ma na-agwụ ike), ehighị ụra nke ọma, ịgbọ agbọ nke ụkwara na-akpata, ọbara ọgbụgba subconjunctival ma ọ bụ "anya ịcha uhie uhie", ,iba nsi ma a na-akwa ụkwara n'ụmụ nwanyị nwere akpa nwa dara ada, ịnyụ mamịri ma a na-akwa ụkwara. Nsogbu ya ndị na-adịghị ala ala bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-agụnye hernias nke afọ ma ọ bụ pelvic, ike ọgwụgwụ na-agbaji ọgịrịga ala yana costochondritis. Ịkwa ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ nke a na-eji ike akwa nwere ike imebi ala pelvic yana cystocele nwere ike ime.[5]

Nnyocha dị iche iche

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Ịkwa ụkwara n'ime ụmụaka nwere ike ịbụ omume nzaghachi nke ahụ ha nye nje ma ọ bụ n'ihi ihe ga-akpata ya.[6] N'ime ụmụaka nwere ahụike, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mma ma ọ bụrụ na ha enweghị ọrịa ọ bụla ịkwa ụkwara ugboro iri n'ụbọchị.[6] Ihe kachasị akpata ụkwara siri ike ma ọ bụ ụkwara dị nta bụ ọrịa na-emetụta usoro iku ume.[6] Onye toro eto ahụ dị na-akwakwa ụkwara ugboro iri na asatọ na uma isii n'ụbọchị na nkezi, mana n'etiti ndị nwere Ọrịa iku ume, ọnụọgụ nke ha bụ ugboro narị abụọ na iri asaa na ise n'ụbọchị.[7] N'ime ndị okenye nwere ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala, ya bụ ụkwara nọrọ karịa izu asatọ, ihe karịrị pasent iri itoolu nke ndi nwe ya bụ n'ihi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nasal_drip" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Post-nasal drip" class="cx-link" data-linkid="80">ịṅụ</a> drip mgbe mmadụ mụchara nwa, ụkwara ume ọkụ, Eosinophilic bronchitis, na Ọrịa gastroesophageal reflux.[6] Ihe na-akpata ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala yiri onwe ha n'ime ụmụaka na mgbakwunye nke bacterial bronchitis..[6]

Ka O si Ekesa

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Ịkwa ụkwara nwere ike ịbụ nsonaazụ nke ọrịa na-emetụta usoro iku ume dịka oyi ọmụma, COVID-19, bronchitis siri ikeụkwara ume ọkụ, oyi ịba n'ahụ, pertussis, ma ọ bụ ụkwara nta. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ụkwara na-adịteghị aka, ya bụ ụkwara dị mkpirikpi karịa izu atọ, na-abụ n'ihi oyi a na-ahụkarị.[8] N'ime ndị nwere X-ray nke obi, ụkwara nta bụ nchọpụta a na-adịghị ahụkebe. A na-aghọtawanye na Pertussis dị ka ihe na-akpata ụkwara na-enye nsogbu n'ime ndị okenye.

Mgbe ọrịa iku ume kwụsịrị, onye ahụ nwere ike ịnwezi ụkwara postinfectious. Nke a na-abụkarị ụkwara kpọrọ nkụ, nke na-adịghị akwapụta ihe ọbụla nke na-enweghị phlegm. Mgbaàmà ya nwere ike ịgụnye nkwụsi ike n'obi, na ikọ ọkọ n'akpịrị. Ụkwara ahụ nwere ike ịdịgide ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe ọrịa gasịrị. Ihe na-akpata ụkwara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ọzịza yiri nke a na-ahụ na nsogbu nrụgide na-akpata ugboro ugboro dị ka ọrịa carpal tunnel. Ikwatụzi ụkwara ugboro ugboro na-eme ka ọzịza nke na-akpata ahụ erughị ala dị, nke na-emezi ka ụkwara dịkwuo.[9] Ụkwara postinfectious anaghị azaghachịkarị nye ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nkịtị. Ọgwụ eji agwọ ụkwara postinfectious nwere ike ịgụnye ipratropium [9] iji gwọọ ọzịza ahụ, yana ọgwụ ndị na-abịatu ụkwara iji belata ugboro ole ụkwara ahụ na-eme ruo mgbe ọzịza ga-apụ. [10] Ọzịza nwere ike ime ka nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị pụta ihe a dị ka allergies, na ọgwụgwọ nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata ụkwara (dị ka iji ihe na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha ma ọ bụ ọgwụ allergy) nwere ike inye aka mee ka mgbake dịngwa ngwa.[11]

Ọrịa ikuku na-emeghachi omume

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Mgbe ụkwara bụ naanị mkpesa nke onye na-emezu ụkpụrụ maka ụkwara ume ọkụ (mmetụta ụkwara ume na reversibility), a na-akpọ nke a ụkwara ume ụkwara. Ọkụ ụkwara na Eosinophilic bronchitis bụ ọnọdụ ndị yiri ya. Atopic ụkwara na-eme n'ime ndị nwere Akụkọ ezinụlọ nke atopy (ọnọdụ na-adịghị anabata), ọtụtụ eosinophils na sputum, mana na-arụ ọrụ ikuku na mmeghachi omume. Eosinophilic bronchitis bụ eosinophils na sputum na bronchoalveolar lavage fluid na-enweghị ikuku hyperresponsiveness ma ọ bụ ndabere atopic.[12] Ọnọdụ a na-emeghachi omume na ọgwụgwọ corticosteroids. Ịkụ ụkwara nwekwara ike ịka njọ n'ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-emetụta akpa ume.

Ụkwara ume ọkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala n'etiti ndị okenye na ụmụaka. Ịkwa ụkwara nwere ike ịbụ naanị mgbaàmà onye ahụ nwere site na ụkwara ume ọkụ ya, ma ọ bụ mgbaàmà ụkwara ume nwere ike ịgụnye ịfụ ụfụfụ, iku ume elu elu, na mmetụta siri ike n'obi ha. Dabere n'otú ụkwara ume ọkụ ahụ si sie ike, enwere ike iji bronchodilators (ọgwụ nke na-eme ka ụzọ ikuku meghee) gwọọ ya ma ọ bụ steroid a na-ekuru n'ume. Ọgwụgwọ nke ụkwara ume ọkụ kwesịrị ime ka ụkwara kwụsị.

A na-akọwa ọrịa bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara na-adịgide adịgide nke na-emepụta asọ mmiri (phlegm) na abụ, ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa atọ n'ime afọ abụọ n'usoro. Ọrịa bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala na-abụkarị ihe na-akpata "ụkwara ndị na-ese sịga". Anwụrụ ọkụ si na sịga ahụ na-akpata ọzịza, imepụta abụ n'ime ụzọ ikuku, na ihe isi ike iwepụ abụ ndị ahụ n'ime ụzọ ikuku. Ịkwa ụkwara na-enye aka iwepụ ihe ndị ahụ. Enwere ike ịgwọ ya site n'ịkwụsị ise siga. Ọ pụkwara ịbụ ọrịa oyi ịba n'ahụ (pneumoconiosis) na ikuru anwụrụ ọkụ ogologo oge na-akpata ya.

Mmetọ ikuku

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Mmetọ ikuku nwere ike ibute ịkwa ụkwara gụnyere anwụrụ ọkụ tobacco, ihe na-akpasu ụkwara, gas na-akparaghị ókè, na ụlọ ịdị mmiri mmiri.[6] Mmetụta ahụike mmadụ nke ikuku na-adịghị mma na-eru n'ebe dị anya, mana ọ na-emetụta usoro iku ume nke ahụ na usoro obi. Mmeghachi omume nke onye ọ bụla nye mmetọ ikuku na-adabere na ụdị mmetọ onye ahụ na-ahụ, ogo ọ na-ekpughe onwe ya nye mmetọ ahụ, ọnọdụ ahụike nke onye ahụ na ihe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ndị na-emega ahụ n'èzí n'ụbọchị ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, ndị dị anwụrụ ọkụ anwụrụ ọkụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eme ka mmetọ ha dịkwuo ukwuu na ikuku.

Ihe Mbata Ndị ọzọ

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Enwere ike ịtụle ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ bata mgbe ụfọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ma ọ bụrụ na ụkwara malitere na mberede mgbe onye ọrịa na-eri nri. Nke na-adịghị emekarị, ebe ndị a kwara akwa n'ime alaka ikuku nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara. Ịkpọ nkụ sitere na iku ume n'ọnụ nwere ike ịkpali ụkwara ma ọ bụ nri ịbanye ugboro ugboro n'ime ụzọ ikuku n'akpịrị n'ime ndị nwere nsogbu ilo ihe.[13][14]

Ụkwara nke Ịṅụ ọgwụ na-akpata

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Ọgwụ ndị a e ji agwọ ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ụkwara, dị ka ACE inhibitors nke a na-ejikarị agwọ ọbara mgbali elu, nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka mmetụta na-adịghị mma, nke ịkwụsị ịṅụ ha ga-akwụsị ụkwara.[15] Beta blockers n'otu aka ahụ na-akpata ụkwara dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma.[3]

Ịkwa ụkwara Dịka Akparamagwa

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Ụkwara dịka akparamagwa bụ nke na-emeghachi omume na ọgwụgwọ omume ma ọ bụ nke isi mgbaka mgbe ewepụchara ihe ndị na-akpata ya. Enweghị ụkwara n'oge ụra bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mana ọ bụghị nke a ga-emere nchọpụta. A na-eche na ụkwara tic na-adịkarị n'ime ụmụaka karịa ndị okenye.[16]

Ụkwara Nsogbu Akwara na-akpata

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Enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ ọrịa ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala dịka nsogbu akwara. [17] Ọgwụgwọ maka ụkwara akwara nwere ike ịgụnye iji ọgwụ ụfọdụ na-emetụta akwara akụrụ. Ịkwa ụkwara nwere ike ime na nsogbu tic dị ka Tourette syndrome, ọ bụ ezie na a ga-ekewa ya site na nkwacha olu na nsogbu a.

Ikpochapụ ụzọ ikuku

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  Ịkwa ụkwara, na ịfụ ụkwara bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji wepụ abụ dị ka sputum n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ dịka cystic fibrosis, na bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala .

Ọrịa na ahụike (Pathophysiology)

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A na-ele ụkwara anya dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze.

Ịkwa ụkwara bụ ihe nchebe a na-adịghị ejikwa mgbe o ji eme n'ime ndị nwere ahụike nke uche ndị metụtara uche na-Mmetụta.[6] Ụkwara na-amalite site na ịkpali ụdị akwara abụọ dị iche iche, ya bụ, ndị na-anabata ụkwara nwere myelin na-eme ngwa ngwa, na ndị C-fiber na-enweghị myelin njedebe ha dị na akpa ume.[18]

Ọgwụgwọ

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  Ọgwụgwọ nke ụkwara n'ime ụmụaka dabere na ihe kpatara ya. N'ime ụmụaka, ọkara nke ndị na-akwa ụkwara na-enwere onwe ha n'enweghị ọgwụgwọ n'ime ụbọchị iri, ebe pasnt iri itoolu na-abụ n'ime mkụrụ ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise. [19]

Dị ka American Academy of Pediatrics si kwuo, iji Ọgwụ ụkwara iji belata mgbaàmà ụkwara na-enweta nkwado obere ihe akaebe ma si otú a anaghị atụ aro maka iji ya agwọ mgbaàmà ụkwara n'ime ụmụaka.[6] E nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na iji mmanụ aṅụ dị mma karịa ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ diphenhydramine na mbelata ụkwara.[20] Ọ naghị ebelata ụkwara ruo n'ókè dextromethorphan ga-eme ya mana ọ na-eme ka oge ụkwara dị mkpirikpi karịa placebo na salbutamol.[20] Enwere ike ịnwale ọgwụ nje ma ọ bụ corticosteroids a na-ekuru n'ume n'ime ụmụaka nwere ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala na mgbalị ịgwọ ọrịa bronchitis diterela aka nke nje bacteria na-akpata ma ọ bụ ụkwara ume ọkụ.[6] Enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke iji tụọ aro ịgwọ ụmụaka nwere ụkwara nke na-emetụtaghị ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ na ọgwụ mgbochi iku ume.[21]

N'ihi na ụkwara nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa site na mmiri ozuzo aerosol na-efe efe, a na-atụ aro iji aka gị kpuchie ọnụ gị na imi gị, maọbụ n'ime ogwe aka, iji akwụkwọ mposi ma ọ bụ akwa aka mgbe ị na-akwa ụkwara.[22]

Maka enyemaka pụọ n'ụkwara, ndị okenye nwere ike ịṅụ ihe na-egbochi ụkwara dịka dextromethorphan.[23]

Ọgwụgwọ ụkwara ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị gụnyere expectorants, decongestants, na antihistamines.[24]

Ọrịa na-efe efe

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Ịkwa ụkwara bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ileta dọkịnta na United States. [6]

Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ

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Anụmanụ deer na-akwa ụkwara

Anụ ndị bi na mmiri na-enye nwa ara dị ka dolphin na whale enweghị ike ịkwa ụkwara.[25] Ụfọdụ Anụ ndị na-enweghị ọkpụkpụ azụ dịka ụmụ ahụhụ na ududo enweghị ike ịkwa ụkwara ma ọ bụ zee uzere. Agụ owuru nwere ike ịkwa ụkwara.[26] Anụmanụ ndị na-ebiị n'ụlọ na anụ ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ dịka nkịta na nwamba nwere ike ịkwa ịkwa ụkwara, n'ihi ọrịa, allergies, uzuzu ma ọ bụ nkubi ume n'ike.[27] Karịsịa, a maara nwamba maka ụkwara tupu ha asụpụta ntutu isi.[27]

N'ụmụ anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ, ịnyịnya nwere ike ịkwa ụkwara n'ihi ọrịa, ma ọ bụ n'ihi ikuku na-adịghị abatara ya nke ọma na uzuzu n'ime oghere ndị dị n'ime.[28] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennel_cough" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Kennel cough" class="cx-link" data-linkid="357">Ụkwara Kennel</a> na nkịta nwere ike ịpụta site na nje virus ma ọ bụ nje bacteria.

Deer nwere ike ịkwa ụkwara n'ụzọ yiri nke ụmụ mmadụ n'ihi ọrịa iku ume, dị ka parasitic bronchitis nke ụdị Dictyocaulus na-akpata.[29]

Edensibịa

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  1. 1 2 (April 2008) "Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough". Lancet 371 (9621): 1364–1374. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60595-4. PMID 18424325. 
  2. ↑ Coughing downward reduces spread of respiratory droplets, study finds (en). ScienceDaily. Retrieved on 2025-05-22.
  3. 1 2 Guidelines (2021). Cough (in English). Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd. 
  4. ↑ (April 2008) "Management of chronic cough". Lancet 371 (9621): 1375–1384. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60596-6. PMID 18424326. 
  5. ↑ "Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) | NIDDK", National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved on 2017-12-02.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (March 2010) "Cough in the pediatric population". J. Pediatr. 156 (3): 352–358.e1. DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.004. PMID 20176183. 
  7. ↑ Nadia (2013). "Cough frequency in health and disease". European Respiratory Journal 41 (1): 241–243. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00089312. PMID 23277523. 
  8. ↑ (2009) "Acute cough: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge". Cough 5. DOI:10.1186/1745-9974-5-11. PMID 20015366. 
  9. 1 2 (January 2006) "Postinfectious cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest 129 (1 Suppl): 138S–146S. DOI:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.138S. PMID 16428703. 
  10. ↑ Cystic fibrosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic (en). mayoclinic.org. Retrieved on 2022-05-24.
  11. ↑ UpToDate. uptodate.com. Retrieved on 2022-05-24.
  12. ↑ Niimi (February 2011). "Cough and Asthma". Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 7 (1): 47–54. DOI:10.2174/157339811794109327. PMID 22081767. 
  13. ↑ Cough (en). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved on 2022-03-27.
  14. ↑ Why You Cough (en). WebMD. Retrieved on 2022-03-27.
  15. ↑ (January 2006) "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest 129 (1 Suppl): 169S–173S. DOI:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.169S. PMID 16428706. 
  16. ↑ (January 2006) "Habit cough, tic cough, and psychogenic cough in adult and pediatric populations: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest 129 (1 Suppl): 174S–179S. DOI:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.174S. PMID 16428707. 
  17. ↑ (August 2011) "Cough pharmacotherapy: current and future status". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12 (11): 1745–1755. DOI:10.1517/14656566.2011.576249. PMID 21524236. 
  18. ↑ Mazzone (2016-07-01). "Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease". Physiological Reviews 96 (3): 975–1024. DOI:10.1152/physrev.00039.2015. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 27279650. 
  19. ↑ Thompson (11 December 2013). "Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review". BMJ 347 (dec11 1). DOI:10.1136/bmj.f7027. PMID 24335668. 
  20. 1 2 Oduwole (10 April 2018). "Honey for acute cough in children.". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (12). DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub5. PMID 29633783. 
  21. ↑ Chang (2004). "Inhaled anti-cholinergics for prolonged non-specific cough in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003 (1). DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004358.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 14974067. 
  22. ↑ Coughing and Sneezing (en-us). US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020-04-24). Retrieved on 2020-09-14.
  23. ↑ How to Stop a Bad Cough, Day or Night (en). everydayHealth.com. Retrieved on 2025-10-31.
  24. ↑ No coughing matter (en). Harvard Health (2006-05-01). Retrieved on 2025-10-31.
  25. ↑ Woodard (29 August 2016). "Some Parasitic Diseases of Dolphins". Pathologia Veterinaria 6 (3): 257–272. DOI:10.1177/030098586900600307. PMID 5817449. 
  26. ↑ Crocodile 'cough' caught on camera in Florida Everglades (en-US). WFLA (2023-08-23). Archived from the original on 2023-10-03. Retrieved on 2024-06-13.
  27. 1 2 "Is It Normal for Cats To Cough?", Pet Health Network. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
  28. ↑ "Coughing in horses explained", Your Horse Magazine. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
  29. ↑ Pyziel (2017). "Interrelationships of Dictyocaulusspp. In Wild Ruminants with Morphological Description of Dictyocaulus cervin. Sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from Red Deer, Cervus elaphus". Journal of Parasitology 103 (5): 506–518. DOI:10.1645/16-75. PMID 28585897. 

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