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Ụkwara Nta

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Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
ụkwara nta
type of disease
Obere ụdị nkeprimary bacterial infectious disease, mycobacterium infectious disease, endemic disease, emerging communicable disease, notifiable disease Dezie
Ihe kpatara yaMycobacterium tuberculosis Dezie
Nwere mmetụtaPott disease, pulmonary toxicity Dezie
Mụrụ yaphthisiology Dezie
Ahụike ọpụrụicheinfectious diseases, pulmonology, phthisiology Dezie
Ọgwụgwọ enwere ikeantituberculous drug Dezie
Usoro nnyefe ọrịaairborne transmission Dezie
HashtagTuberculosis Dezie
Ebipụtara naAnnals of Internal Medicine Dezie
Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicatorTarget 3.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals Dezie
ICPC 2 IDA70 Dezie
 

Ụkwara Nta (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; TB), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "ọnwụ ọcha", maọbụ oriri,[1] dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke na-abụkarị Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bụ Nje Bacterịa[2] na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta akpa nkuume, mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.[3] Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo.[2] Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.[3] Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu ụkwara nke ya na ọrịa ịgbọ ọbara, ahụ ọkụ, ọsụsọ n'abalị, ya na ịta ahụ na-eso.[3] Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.[4]

Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ site na ikuku mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ ize uzere.[3][2] Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.[3] Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.[3] E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), nnyocha tuberculin skin test, ya na nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). [3] [5][6]

Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)[7] [8][9] Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.[8] Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.[3]

A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.[10] N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.[3]

Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.[11] N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka oriri, ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.[12] Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.[13] Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. [3][14]

Video summary (script)

 

Akụkọ Mmalite

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A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na Ọbanka Britain- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.

Ọrịa ụkwara nta (RP:/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.[15] Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.[16] Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.[17]

Mmata Ya

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Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, [18] n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.[19] N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.[20] J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: Tuberkulose) na mbụ na 1832. [21][22]

N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.[23] John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868.

Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.

Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.[24][25] N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine maka nchọpụta a.[26]

Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya

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Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.[12] Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.[27][28] Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.[29]

N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe Ọgba Mammoth na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.[30]

Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.[31] Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke ọrịa ndị na-efe efe na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.[31] N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). [31]

Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "tuberculin". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. [32] A na-eme emume Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.[33]

Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, [34] mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. [35]

N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro pneumothorax", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.[36]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.[37][38]

Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ

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Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na mmalite (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021

Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). [39]

N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). [39] Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.[40][41]

Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.[42][43]

Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro drug susceptibility testing (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.[44] Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, Xpert MTB/RIF, iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.[45][46] DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.[47]

Rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.[48] Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).[49][44] Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.[50] E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,[51] mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,[50][52] mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.[53]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.[52] N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.[52]

Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.[54] Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.[51] Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.[55]

Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.[56][57]

Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà

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A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, [58] na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.
Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe

E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka ịkwa ụkwara.[59] Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). [4] Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.[4]

Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,oyi, ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.[4]

Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ụkwara nta zoro ezo.[2] Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.[60]

Ọrịa akpa ume

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).[11][61] Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. [11] [62] N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ Rasmussen aneurysm, na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. [4][63]

Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.[64][65]

Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.[66] Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). [67] Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke nsogbu iku ume, na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.[68]

Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.[69] A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.[70] Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.[70] Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.[4] Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.[71]

Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.[72] Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.[73]

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mycobacteria

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta M. tuberculosis

Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .[4] Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.[74] Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.[75][76] Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.[77] MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.[78] N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite M. ụkwara nta na n'ụlọ nnyocha.[79]

Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị Mycobacterium nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canettii, na M. microti.[80] M. bovis na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.[81][82] M. africanum adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. [83][84] M. canettii dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. [85][86] M. microti yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. [87][88]

E nwere mycobacteria ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. M. avium complex bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.[89][90] A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.[91] A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". [92]

Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.

 

Ọgwụgwọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934
Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891)

A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g nguzogide otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.[93] Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.[93] 

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe Ndị edeturu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Edensibịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ (1998) The Chambers Dictionary.. New Delhi: Allied Chambers India Ltd.. ISBN 978-81-86062-25-8. 
  2. 1 2 3 4 About Tuberculosis (en-us). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025-02-27). Retrieved on 2025-03-14. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CDC-About-TB-2025" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet (en) (14 March 2025).
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (2010) Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases, 7th, Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-06839-3.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Adkinson-2010" defined multiple times with different content.
  5. ↑ Testing for Tuberculosis (en-us). Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (2024-06-17). Retrieved on 2025-03-14.
  6. ↑ WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved on 2026-05-17.
  7. ↑ (December 2014) "Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 78 (4): 650–71. DOI:10.1128/MMBR.00021-14. PMID 25428938. 
  8. 1 2 (2008) Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). ISBN 978-92-4-154667-6. Retrieved on 17 September 2017. 
  9. ↑ (2013) "Epidemiology of Tuberculosis", Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-8047-0. Retrieved on 17 September 2017. 
  10. ↑ 10 facts on tuberculosis (en). World Health Organization (29 October 2024). Retrieved on 2025-03-15.
  11. 1 2 3 (July 2011) "Tuberculosis". Lancet 378 (9785): 57–72. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3. PMID 21420161.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lawn-2011" defined multiple times with different content.
  12. 1 2 (1994) Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control. Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 978-1-55581-072-6. 
  13. ↑ (2010) Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 978-1-4587-6712-7. 
  14. ↑ Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies (en). London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (9 July 2024). Retrieved on 2025-03-15.
  15. ↑ Buzic (2020-04-30). "he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review" (in en). Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 61 (1 Suppl 1): E3–E8. DOI:10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379. PMID 32529097. 
  16. ↑ (January 2003) "Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41 (1): 359–67. DOI:10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003. PMID 12517873. 
  17. ↑ (December 2002) "Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (12): 4738–40. DOI:10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002. PMID 12454182. 
  18. ↑ (April 1970) "Richard Morton (1637–1698)". Medical History 14 (2): 166–74. DOI:10.1017/S0025727300015350. PMID 4914685. 
  19. ↑ (1720) A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs. London, England: T. Knaplock. Retrieved on 8 December 2020.  P. 51: "The Original and Essential Cause ... may possibly be some certain Species of Animalcula or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "
  20. ↑ (1819) De l'auscultation médiate ... (in fr). Paris, France: J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé. Retrieved on 6 December 2020.  From p. 20: "L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption." (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)
  21. ↑ (1832) Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie (in de). Würzburg, (Germany): C. Etlinger. Retrieved on 6 December 2020. 
  22. ↑ The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: (November 2018) "Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 22 (11): 1249–1257. DOI:10.5588/ijtld.18.0239. PMID 30355403.  See especially Appendix, p. iii.
  23. ↑ (1865) "Cause et nature de la tuberculose" (in fr). Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine 31: 211–216. Retrieved on 6 December 2020. 
  24. ↑ [1882] (2018) "Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)", Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte, Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum, 221–30. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4. ISBN 978-3-662-56454-7. Retrieved on 15 June 2021. 
  25. ↑ CDC (2025-02-19). History of World TB Day (en-us). World TB Day. Retrieved on 2025-12-26.
  26. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 (en-US). www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2006. Retrieved on 7 October 2006.
  27. ↑ History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague. Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021. Retrieved on 26 February 2021.
  28. ↑ (5 October 2016) "Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland". PLOS ONE 11 (10). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0162575. PMID 27706149. 
  29. ↑ Now (2018-01-31). Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900 (en-US). Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections. Retrieved on 2026-01-18.
  30. ↑ Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.. CNN (27 February 2004). Archived from the original on 13 August 2006. Retrieved on 8 October 2006.
  31. 1 2 3 (August 2001) "The key to the sanatoria". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94 (8): 413–17. DOI:10.1177/014107680109400813. PMID 11461990. Retrieved on 28 September 2011. 
  32. ↑ (January 2004) "To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939". Medical History 48 (1): 29–48. DOI:10.1017/S0025727300007043. PMID 14968644. 
  33. ↑ (2008) Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics. Amsterdam: IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-832-8. 
  34. ↑ (December 2005) "The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933". Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 36 (4): 696–721. DOI:10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003. PMID 16337557. 
  35. ↑ (September 1994) "The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research". Clinical Infectious Diseases 19 (3): 528–40. DOI:10.1093/clinids/19.3.528. PMID 7811874. 
  36. ↑ (2009) General thoracic surgery, 7th, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7982-1. 
  37. ↑ McKeown (1980-12-31). The Role of Medicine. Princeton University Press. DOI:10.1515/9781400854622. ISBN 978-1-4008-5462-2. 
  38. ↑ Barberis (March 2017). "The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus". Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 58 (1): E9–E12. ISSN 1121-2233. PMID 28515626. 
  39. 1 2 Keshavjee (2012-09-06). "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine" (in en). New England Journal of Medicine 367 (10): 931–936. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1205429. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 22931261.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Keshavjee-2012" defined multiple times with different content.
  40. ↑ (March 2022) "The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 26 (3): 186–189. DOI:10.5588/ijtld.21.0734. PMID 35197158. 
  41. ↑ Nakajima (July–August 1993). "Tuberculosis: a global emergency". World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization 46 (4). Retrieved on 26 December 2025. 
  42. ↑ Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (6 January 2025). Retrieved on 26 December 2025.
  43. ↑ O'Brien (June 1994). "Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention". Seminars in Respiratory Infections 9 (2): 104–112. ISSN 0882-0546. PMID 7973169. 
  44. 1 2 Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing. TB 101 for Health Care Workers. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (11 April 2024). Retrieved on 26 December 2025. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CDC-DST-2024" defined multiple times with different content.
  45. ↑ "WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care", Reuters, 8 December 2010.
  46. ↑ Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis (en-us). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024-04-29). Retrieved on 2025-04-15.
  47. ↑ Jang (2020-09-04). "Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" (in English). Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science 37 (4): 277–285. DOI:10.12701/yujm.2020.00626. ISSN 2384-0293. PMID 32883054. 
  48. ↑ Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) (en). World Health Organization (20 May 2024). Retrieved on 2025-06-11.
  49. ↑ Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) (en). World Health Organization (23 May 2024). Retrieved on 2025-06-11.
  50. 1 2 Cegielski (November 2012). "Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis". Emerging Infectious Diseases 18 (11): e2. DOI:10.3201/eid1811.120526. ISSN 1080-6059. PMID 23092736. 
  51. 1 2 Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment (en). World Health Organization (21 July 2023). Retrieved on 2025-06-11. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO-Global-2.4-2023" defined multiple times with different content.
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