Ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-oge agboro ọhụrụ Europe

Mbido Europe nke oge a oge nti n'ime ụwa. Mahadum maka ndị mgbasa na-aghọwanye ihe a na-ahụ na-ahụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe chọrọ.[1] N'oge a, mahadum ole na ole akara ụmụ dị ka ndị na-amụ nwa, mana okwu ụmụnna ndị na- ọrịa na- .[2][1] akwụkwọ alụlụ na ọgwụ ndị na-egosi na apụ nke iri na atọ, oge nke oge a mere ka a jụrụ oku maka iju ihe na-achọ maka ndị na-amụ nwa..^[1]

Otú ọ dị, n'ime ezinụlọ, ụmụ nwanyị nọgidere na-agwọ ọrịa, dị ka a hụrụ n'akwụkwọ ntụziaka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị debere ma nyefee site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọzọ. ^[2] A zụlitere ụmụ nwanyị ka ha mara otu esi eme ọgwụ na otu esi eji ha. " Mgbọrọgwụ ọgwụ n'ime Europe sitere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ọmụma ha. ^[3]

A na-akwụ ndị dọkịta nwanyị ụgwọ ma na-akwụghị ụgwọ. Ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ma a kwụrụ ha ụgwọ ma ọ bụ na a kwụghị ha ụgwọ, mana o siri ike ike ikewapụ ha n'ime ngalaba dịka ndị na-eme ka ụmụ nwoke na-agbake, n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị enweghị òtù ndị ọrụ. Nke a emeela ka e nwee mgbagwoju anya banyere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị bụ n'ezie mgbe ọ bịara na ọgwụ. ^[4]

Ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ

Ndị na-amụ nwa

Obodo na-enyere nwanyị aka ịmụ nwa na onyinye

Ọpụpụ nke midwifery bụ nke na-adịbeghị anya na ụkpụrụ ahụike nke ọrụ.^[5] Na narị afọ nke iri na isii, ọzụzụ mahadum ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị dọkịta nwoke na nchegbu na-arịwanye elu malitere ịba ụba na Europe niile gbasara ndị na-amụ nwa na ọzụzụ ha.^[6] Ụmụ nwoke emeghị ka ndị na-amụ nwa na-asọ mpi n'ilekọta ụmụ ruo mgbe a jụrụ ọzụzụ ndị na- ịmụ nwa. Ọ ga-ewe narị afọ anọ ka ụmụ nwoke bụrụ ndị ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ịmụ nwa.^[7]

Ndị na-akwado ndị na-amụ nwa na-enye echiche kwuru na ndị na-egosi nwa nwa ike ọrụ ipi nwa site na ebu na-egosi.[1] Ọzọkwa, a na-ebo ndị na-amụ nwa ebubo mgbe niile na ha na-eme amoosu.[2] Na Europe niile, ikike nwa na amoosu njikọ siri ike. Ihe ndị njikọ njikọ ahụ ojiji ndị na-amụ nwa na-eji empiricism.[3] Nke a, ojiji ojiji ha na-eji mgbaka na-adi, ajụjụ belladonna na-egbu egbu, mere ka ha bụrụ ndị iro na-achọ ma na-ekwu na ha bụ ndị amoosu.[4] Ụmụ anụmanụ maara na ergot nyere aka n'ịmụ nwa nakwa na ụfọdụ dịka pennyroyal ma ọ bụ savin "na-amanye ọkụ", ma ọ bụ n'okwu dị mfe, agba ite ime.[5] Enweghị ike obi na-etolite n'ebe ndị na-amụ nwa n'anyụnyụ, n'etiti ndị n'azụ dị n'etiti na ndị n'azụ dị elu.

N'agbanyeghị omume na-ahụ, ndị na-amụ nwa arụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime obodo.[1] Mba ndị dị ka Spain, Ịtali, na Holland meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị na-amụ nwa. Mana ihe ndị a na-ekwu ike ike maka ọtụtụ ụmụ, ya mere ewere na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa.[1] Na France, Eze Louis nke Iri na Ise, na- ike onwe ya ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ akwụkwọ ya na ọnwụ nke ndị agha na Agha Afọ asaa, nyere Angélique du Coudray ọrụ ịga ịga nke ọma na mba ahụ dum ma zọọ ma ụmụ nwoke ma ụmụ anụmanụ n'ihi ihe kwesịrị na ike nwa na ike apụ nke iri na .[2] Onye ọzọ dị mkpa na-amụ nwa na France bụ Marie Anne Victoire Gillain Boivin, onye ọkpụkpọ maka ike nwa, na mgbakwunye, "mepụtara pelvimeter ọhụrụ na speculum nke ihe ahụ ma bụrụ onye mbụ n'ezie n'obi nwa ọhụrụ site na iji stethoscope. " N'England, mbọbọ ndị na-amụ ụmụ dị iche.[3] Enweghị akwụkwọ e dere aha aha ahụ na ọrụ ndị a na-enweta na Bekee ka a na-amakarị ma nwee echiche na-adịghị mma.[4] Ọ bụghị ruo na 1671 ka amụ na-amụ nwa, Jane Sharp, dere akwụkwọ nchọpụta nwa, nke ikiri The Midwives Book.[5] N'ime ya, ọ gbara ụmụ anụmanụ ka ha gaa n'ihu bụrụ ndị na-amụ nwa, dịka ha dị na edi ndị ọzọ, nke bụ nzaghachi maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka ikiri nwa na-abanye n'ime.

Mmetụta na-arịwanye elu na-etinye ndị na-amụ nwa na ndị na-agbachitere ha, na-emekwa ka ndị na- ịmụ nwa nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ. Otu akwụkwọ kọwara ha dị ka "ndị ihere na ndị na-eme ihere", ndị mpako, ndị nwere nkwenkwe ụgha, nakwa na ha na-agba ndị nne ọsọ n'ịmụ nwa.

Ndị na-agwọ ọrịa

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Europe, a kụziiri ụmụ nwanyị ihe ọmụma banyere ọgwụgwọ, ọtụtụ mgbe site na nwata. Mgbe ọgwụ dị ka ọrụ na narị afọ nke 13 na Europe, a malitere ịchụpụ ndị na-agwọ ọrịa nwanyị. [nkọwa dị mkpa] A malitere ịchọ ikikere iji rụọ ọrụ ọgwụ, mana n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na-eme nke a naanị maka ụfọdụ ndị ahịa. ^[8] Ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị dọkịta a zụrụ azụ na-ekerịta ndị ahịa bụ ndị a na-elekwasị anya na nyocha ndị a.^[9]

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-elekwasịkarị ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ihi enweghị akwụkwọ ikike, ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye bụ ndị kachasị mfe ebubo amoosu, n'ihi ntụkwasị obi ụmụ nwanyị, ndị a na-akpọkwa "ndị dibịa afa", nwere na ikike ha ịgwọ ọrịa. Chọọchị ahụ enweghị mmasị na ndị na-agwọ ọrịa nwanyị dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nghọta ha nakwa na ha tụkwasịrị obi na a ga-achọpụta ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ.^[8]

Ọgwụgwọ ndị ahụ gụnyere ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ dị iche iche. Ha lere ahịhịa na osisi anya maka ikike ọgwụgwọ ha nakwa maka ihe nnọchianya. Osisi dị iche iche nwere nkọwa dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, violet na-anọchi anya ịdị umeala n'obi na columbine na-anọchite anya nnọgidesi ike na nkwụsi ike. E nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị alchemists. Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị dị otú ahụ, dị ka Lady Anne Clifford dere, bụ nne ya bụ onye "na-ahụ n'anya maka ọmụmụ ọgwụ na omume Alchimy. Ọ kwadebere ezigbo ọgwụ nke mere ọtụtụ ihe. " Anne ga-aga n'ihu na-eji otu ọgwụ ndị a eme ihe n'ezinụlọ ya.^[10] Ọ bụghị naanị ya bụ nwanyị na-eme alchemy. Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ga-akwadebe ma mụọ ọgwụ ma kwadebe ya n'ụzọ ka ukwuu.^[11]

Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-agwọ ọrịa n'ime ụlọ.^[12] A na-ahụ ọgwụgwọ dị ka "nkwado site na nlekọta ụlọ".^[12] Tinyere ọgwụgwọ ịbụ ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ, otú ahụ ka ihe ọmụma nke osisi na ahịhịa na-agwọ ọrịa.^[13] Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-enyefe ihe ọmụma a n'ime obodo site n'okwu ọnụ nakwa n'etiti ọgbọ.^[13]

Akwụkwọ nri

^[14] Akwụkwọ nri eme ihe iji ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndị a (nke a na-akpọkwa akwụkwọ nnata) bụ " akwụkwọ ụlọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, nke e ji aka dee nke ajụjụ nke usoro nri, , na edemede. " [1] A na-enyefe akwụkwọ a mgbe ụfọdụ site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọzọ ma na- ike ya. [2] Akwụkwọ nri ndị a, n'oge etiti oge ma na-eduga na nke oge a, edere ya na ndabere nke ụnwụ nri na owuwe ihe ubi dara ada. Ka ihe ngwá ọrụ ugbo na-etolite, akwụkwọ sochiri ya site na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ nri "na-akwụkwọ ndụ" dịka karọt ndị na-azụ.[3] ụzọ n'ụzọ dị iche iche, vidiyo onwe onye na m ike. Mana ọtụtụ mgbe usoro nri ndị sitere n'aka ndị agbata obi na ndị ọzọ nọ n'obodo.[2] Oria ndị ọkà okwu kwubiri na usoro ụmụ na- kpàkpàkpàkpà nke ihe.[4] N'ezie, herbals, nke bụ akwụkwọ nwere ihe ndị na-egosi, nwere obere ihe akwụkwọ botanical agụ akwụkwọ ndị a.[5] Anna n'onwe ha gbasoro ọgwụ ọdịnala Galenic, nke dabere na ọchị anọ: bile ojii, bile odo, phlegm, na ígwè. [6] Ọ bụ ebe na a maara ụmụ dị ka ndị isi na-edebe akwụkwọ ndị a, ndị ikom ngosi nwoke so aka. N'akwụkwọ nri nke Sir Hans Sloane, e nyere ya ọtụtụ akụ site n'aka nne ya na nne nne ya.

Nchịkọta nri

Kpọọ mmiri ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ị Bud. 'akwụkwọ', nke dị n'ime

ọ ga-abanye n'ime afọ ndụ; ọ ga-emebi

Ihe odide

↑ Minkowski (1992). "Women Healers of the Middle Ages: Selected Aspects of Their History". American Journal of Public Health 2 (82): 289.
↑ Broomhead. A Book of Choice Receipts in Preserving, Consearving, and Candying, etc: Receipts in Cookery and Physick, and Other Things. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on October 13, 2020.
↑ Kowalchuk (2017). Preserving on Paper: Seventeenth-Century Englishwomen's Receipt Books. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 27.
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
↑ Marland (1993). The Art of Midwifery: Early Modern Midwives in Europe. London: Routledge, 3.
↑ (1872) English Midwives, Their History and Prospects. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1.
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
1 2 Ehrenreich (2010). Witches, Midwives, & Nurses (Second Edition): A History of Women Healers. New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY, 29. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
↑ Hurd-Mead (1938). A History of Women in Medicine: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century. Haddam: The Haddam Press, 343.
↑ Lindemann (2010). Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 122–123.
1 2 Fissell (2008). "Introduction: Women, Health, and Healing in Early Modern Europe". Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82 (1): 1–17. DOI:10.1353/bhm.2008.0024. PMID 18344583.
1 2 Stannard (2013). "Medieval Herbalism and Post-Medieval Folk Medicine". Pharmacy in History 55 (2/3): 47–54. PMID 25654900.
↑ Sloane. Medical Recipe Book 1750. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on November 10, 2020.

[1] Minkowski (1992). "Women Healers of the Middle Ages: Selected Aspects of Their History". American Journal of Public Health 2 (82): 289.

[:1-2] Broomhead. A Book of Choice Receipts in Preserving, Consearving, and Candying, etc: Receipts in Cookery and Physick, and Other Things. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on October 13, 2020.

[3] Kowalchuk (2017). Preserving on Paper: Seventeenth-Century Englishwomen's Receipt Books. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 27.

[:7-4] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7

[5] Marland (1993). The Art of Midwifery: Early Modern Midwives in Europe. London: Routledge, 3.

[6] (1872) English Midwives, Their History and Prospects. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1.

[:8-7] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8

[:9-8] 1 2 Ehrenreich (2010). Witches, Midwives, & Nurses (Second Edition): A History of Women Healers. New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY, 29. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content

[:4-9] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4

[10] Hurd-Mead (1938). A History of Women in Medicine: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century. Haddam: The Haddam Press, 343.

[Lindemann_2010_122–123-11] Lindemann (2010). Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 122–123.

[:5-12] 1 2 Fissell (2008). "Introduction: Women, Health, and Healing in Early Modern Europe". Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82 (1): 1–17. DOI:10.1353/bhm.2008.0024. PMID 18344583.

[:6-13] 1 2 Stannard (2013). "Medieval Herbalism and Post-Medieval Folk Medicine". Pharmacy in History 55 (2/3): 47–54. PMID 25654900.

[14] Sloane. Medical Recipe Book 1750. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on November 10, 2020.

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