Gaa na ọdịnaya

Ụmụ nwanyị na Iwu na Mmepe n'Africa

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Women in Law & Development in Africa / Femmes, Droit et Développement
AbbreviationWiLDAF
Formation1990[1]
TypeNon-profit, NGO
HeadquartersHarare, Zimbabwe
Official language
English, French, Portuguese, Regional languages
AffiliationsCrossroads International

Union européenne OXFAM International Land Coalition Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)
WebsiteWiLDAF of West Africa

WiLDAF of Ghana

WiLDAF of Zambia

Women in Law & Development in Africa (WiLDAF) bụ òtù maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị Africa n'ụwa niile gbaa gburugburu nke na-abụghị maka inweta uru na nke na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nwe (NGO) ma nwee òtù 500, mmadụ 1200 ma gbasaa karịa mba 27. [1] [2][3] Ọ bụ ezie na WiLDAF na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nzukọ dị iche iche / transnational, ọ na-elebara anya nke ọma na ọdịiche akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'etiti steeti na mba.[4]

Nzukọ a sitere na mmegharị "ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ikike mmadụ", dị ka nkwupụta siri ike maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị karịa okwu gara aga nke "mkpa". [4]

WiLDAF na-elekwasị anya n'ụkpụrụ na ịha nhata na ike dị mkpa maka ọha mmadụ nwere ahụike, ha na-elekwa mbọ ha na mmepe na iwu n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị iji kwado ma kụziere ndị mmadụ.[5] Ha kwenyere na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na agụmakwụkwọ, ọmụmụ ihe, nkwukọrịta na mgbasa ozi gbasara mmepe na iwu bara ezigbo uru.[4] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ha na-arụ ọrụ na ọkwa mba na mpaghara iji kwalite atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ, mmepe na iwulite njikọ mba ụwa maka nkwado ọzọ. Òtù ahụ na-enyekwa aka n'ihe banyere mmebi nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị site n'inye Usoro Nzaghachi Mberede na ịkwado ebe maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-emegbu n'uche, n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'omume (na n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịchekwa nwanyị ahụ ma nyere ya aka ime ihe iwu) [2]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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E guzobere Women in Law & Development in Africa na Febụwarị 1990 n'oge nzukọ mpaghara na Harare, Zimbabwe (nke nwere isiokwu nke "Ndị inyom, ikike na mmepe: netwọk maka ike n'Africa") [6] n'ihi ụmụ nwanyị 6 na-agbakọta ọnụ na echiche maka nzukọ pan-Africa mgbe ha gara Nzukọ Ụmụ nwanyị Ụwa nke emere na Nairobi, 1985 . [7] Nzukọ a nyekwara aka n'ịmepụta WiLDAF n'ihi na okwu gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ isiokwu arụmụka maka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-ekere òkè na nzukọ ahụ.

Nzukọ Ụmụ nwanyị Ụwa bụ ebe echiche gbasara "ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ikike mmadụ" ghọrọ isiokwu nke arụmụka.[4]

Isi ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama na mmalite nke WiLDAF bụ ebe òtù enyemaka mmadụ gbara mbọ maka nnabata nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'oge United Nations World Conference on Human Rights, nke emere na Vienna 1993 .[4]

Ogbako ọzọ nke kwalitere mmegharị "ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ikike mmadụ" bụ Nzukọ Ụwa nke Anọ na Ụmụ nwanyị, nke emere na Beijing na 1995, ebe akọwapụtara mmegharị a .[4] Tinyere inye isiokwu nke arụmụka gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ikike mmadụ, nzukọ ahụ mekwara ka arụmụka banyere inye ikike site na iwu.[8]

Nzukọ atọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ nke "Women in Law and Development" kwadoro site na ụlọ ọrụ US na-enye onyinye a na-akpọ OEF International.[4]OEF International kwadoro uto nke netwọkụ mpaghara nke òtù dị iche iche iji jikọta mbọ ha ma rụọ ọrụ na ọkwa mpaghara iji gbasaa agụmakwụkwọ na ozi gbasara ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị .[4] Na mgbakwunye na WiLDAF, OEF International kwadoro nguzobe nke Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD) yana Comité de América Latina y El Caribe para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer (CLADEM) na Latin America na Caribbean.[4]

Ọdịdị ya

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Isi ụlọ ọrụ WiLDAF dị na Harare, Zimbabwe . [9] Dị ka nzukọ mba ụwa, WiLDAF nwere ọfịs mba yana ọfịs mpaghara na mpaghara ụfọdụ; na mpaghara ụfọdụ, Kọmitii ndụmọdụ WiLDAf na ndị nnọchiteanya na-arụ ọrụ kama ọfịs obodo ebe ọ dịghị.[9] A na-ewu nzukọ WiLDAF, atụmatụ na mkpebi na nkà ihe ọmụma "site na ala" gburugburu usoro nke na-amalite na mpaghara ma na-aga n'ihu ruo na nnukwu ụlọ gụnyere mba, mpaghara na mba ụwa.[4] Ndị otu n'otu na òtù dị iche iche na-etinye aka n'ọtụtụ usoro nke mkpebi na nzukọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nyocha na akụkọ na-abụkarị akụkụ nke nzukọ (lee n'okpuru "Nyocha"). WiLDAF na-eme Mgbakọ General ha kwa afọ ole na ole iji mee atụmatụ ma bute ụzọ maka ọdịnihu, kwughachi ma gbakwunye na ebumnuche ha yana ime ememe ihe ha rụzuru .[4]

Ebumnuche na ihe mgbaru ọsọ

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WiLDAF sitere n'òtù a na-akpọ "ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ikike mmadụ", nke na-emesi ike na enwere ike ịmanye ikike, mee ka ọ dị irè ma nyochaa ya karịa asụsụ nke "mkpa". Ọ na-apụkwa na manifestos na ihe achọrọ dị na okwu ụmụ nwanyị gara aga.[10] Ọzọkwa, ikike mmadụ anaghị ewere ọkọlọtọ dị ka ikike nke "ụmụ nwoke", yabụ òtù dị iche iche nwere ike idozi mkpa ịmụ nwa, ịmụ nwa, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ nke ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ. Òtù a kwadoro ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkụ niile, gụnyere ịkwalite ihe gbasara onwe ha ka ọ bụrụ n'okpuru nlebara anya iwu kwadoro (dị ka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ) na mpaghara ndị na-ekewapụ ngalaba nkeonwe na nke ọha na eze na n'ihi ya na-akpọ oku maka mgbanwe "Iwu ezinụlọ".[4] A na-eme ọdịiche dị n'etiti "nzuzo" na "ọha" ebe a dị ka iwu "nzuzo" na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị karịsịa n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-agbagha ebe ahụ site na atụmanya ọha mmadụ. [11] Onye nwe onwe ya bụkwa omenala (ma ọ bụ n'ọdịbendị, mpaghara ma ọ bụ n"okpukpe) ebe steeti na-adịghị agbasa, ya mere na-enye ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi maka omume nkwado.[10] "Inuche ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ikike mmadụ" bụ òtù na-azọrọ ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na agụmakwụkwọ na njikọ nke mpaghara na ụwa. [4] Otu akụkụ nke "ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ikike mmadụ" nke na-anọgide na ebumnuche nke WiLDAF bụ njikọta dị n'etiti mbọ mpaghara na nke ụwa iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike site na iwu na mmepe dị ka a tụlere n'okpuru [4] Nkwurịta okwu n'etiti akụkụ niile nke WiLDAF yana mpaghara site na nkwukọrịta mba ụwa bụ isi ebumnuche nke nzukọ ahụ dịka ha kwenyere na nkwukọrịta doro anya na-enye ohere ka ndị otu nche anwụ na ndị otu WiLDAF mụta ihe site na ahụmịhe ndị ọzọ .[9]

Ọganihu

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N'okpuru ebumnuche mmepe ha, WiLDAF na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ịchọ ihe ọmụma na ikike site na ịbawanye na ohere ịnweta akụrụngwa (dị ka akụ na ụba, ahụike, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya) . [4] A na-eme nke a site n'ọtụtụ ihe omume dịka ọzụzụ na ogbako a tụlere n'okpuru ebe a. A na-emesi njikọ ike mgbe niile.

Iwu

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Ebumnuche bụ isi nke WiLDAF n'okpuru iwu bụ inye ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ banyere iwu, otu esi eji iwu, iji kwado itinye aka na ya, ma gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ume iji mepụta obodo nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike nwere nkà na ntụkwasị obi iji ikike ha kwadoro .[4][7] Ebumnuche ndị metụtara ichebe na ịkwalite ikike iwu ụmụ nwanyị na-agba gburugburu ihe omume na ihe omume ndị a ga-akwado iji chebe nchekwa na ahụike ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị gbasara nsogbu metụtara ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, iyi egwu mmekọahụ, ikike ihe onwunwe, alụmdi na nwunye na ihe nketa.[4] E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị mejupụtara ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere ime ihe ike, ndina n'ike, ọnwụ nke ụtụ isi, igbu ọkpụkpụ akụkụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ịgba ohu mmekọahụ n'etiti ọtụtụ omume ndị ọzọ.[4]

Ịkpa ókè ọzọ akọwapụtara gụnyere ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe metụtara ọnọdụ ya, alụmdi na nwunye ya ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ dabere na ya (ụmụaka), yana ịnweta agụmakwụkwọ, ahụike na ikike ịmụ nwa.[4] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ụdị ịkpa ókè ọdịnala megide ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ na-ekwu na a ga-akpọchi ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ maka ọnwa 6 mgbe di ha nwụsịrị, a na-amachibido ha ịrụ ọrụ ndụ nkịtị dị ka ịkpata ego .[2] N'ọnọdụ ndị a, ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikarị ịda ogbenye na owu ọmụma na-enweghị nkwado enyere ha.[2] Ịkpa ókè nke uche dị ka omume di ya nwụrụ na-emekarị ka ndị mmadụ nọrọ n'okpuru ma mepụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-enye ohere ịkpa ókè nke ndị ahụ n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ.[12] N'ebe a, mkparịta ụka nke onwe / ọha na eze metụtara ngalaba nzuzo na-emegbu nwanyị site na mgbochi nke iwu .[13] Ya mere, ịkpa ókè nke uche, ọdịbendị, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ime ihe ike na-ejikọta ya n'ihi ọnọdụ nwanyị na-adịghị ike na ọha mmadụ, akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị .[4] A naghị akwado iwu n'ógbè ụfọdụ n'ihi ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegide ụmụ nwanyị na enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na ihe onwunwe dịnụ.

Ọrụ na mgbalị

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WiLDAF nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na mgbalị ọ na-eji dị ka ebumnuche ha si dị (ụfọdụ n'ime ha dị mkpirikpi n'elu)



Nkwado, ọmụmụ ihe na ọzụzụ

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Nkwado bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke WiLDAF, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-akwadokarị mmata, ọmụmụ ihe, nzukọ arụmụka na ịkwado mgbanwe iwu iji kwuo maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, mmetọ ụmụ nwanyị, mmegbu mmekọahụ, alụmdi na nwunye mmanye ma ọ bụ nke na-erubeghị afọ, agụmakwụkwọ HIV / AIDS na ọgwụgwọ nke ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ .[2] WiLDAF na-eji ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji kwado ihe kpatara ha, gụnyere ndị dị n'elu yana ịntanetị, akụkọ akụkọ (WiLDAF News), mbipụta, nyocha mba, ọrụ ahụike, enyemaka, usoro nzaghachi mberede, na mmekorita ya na òtù ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ụfọdụ maka mkpa mpaghara.[3] Na mgbakwunye, WiLDAF anọwo na-ebute ụzọ n'iche echiche na ijikọta ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ n'Africa na iwu nke ịmegharị nkwarụ maka ịbawanye nnabata, nnagide na ọrụ.[14]

Mgbasa ozi

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WiLDAF mepụtara ma kesaa mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi iji gbasaa mmata banyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị na mgbakwunye na ọzụzụ ha. N'okpuru mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ha, ha nwekwara ozi megide ime ihe ike n'ụlọ iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịna-ekwu ikike ha, chọọ iwu ma ghara ịgbachi nkịtị megide ndị na-emegbu ha.[4]

Nnyocha

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Otu ụzọ WiLDAF si na-elekwasị anya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa bụ site na ibipụta akụkọ, ma ọ bụ "akụkọ mba", na mpaghara gbasara isiokwu dị iche iche gụnyere iwu nkịtị na omenala .[4] Ha na-agụnye ihe akaebe anecdotal sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị lanarịrị ime ihe ike, gbalịa igosipụta ọnọdụ iwu dị ugbu a, gosipụta ihe ndị e kwuru na mpaghara ahụ .[9] Nke a emeela ka WiLDAF nyochaa ajụjụ gọọmentị, [4] na ịchọpụta echiche nke ajụjụ gọọmentịa nke òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa, nke e guzobere n'oge nnọkọ ahụ na Beijing.[9][10]

Ọtụtụ steeti Afrịka taa dị iche na iwu ha, ọtụtụ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche gụnyere iwu steeti, iwu omenala na nke okpukpe na mpaghara ndị Alakụba.[4] Otu n'ime ụzọ WiLDAF si eji akụkọ ndị a eme ihe bụ ịkọwapụta mpaghara nke iwu omenala / okpukpe nke na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị, ma gbaa steeti ume ka ha maa iwu ndị a n'ihi nkwekọrịta ndị ruuru mmadụ mba ụwa . Akụkọ ndị a nwere ike iwere ụdị akụkọ onyinyo iji mee ka akụkọ gọọmentị pụta ìhè ma kwado ya iji nye ozi ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ gosipụta mpaghara ndị akụkọ gọọmentụ nwere ike ọ gaghị akọ; ha nwekwara ike ịchọpụta otú e si jikọta mgbanwe na iwu ma tinye ya n'ọrụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.[4] Ha na-ebipụta akụkọ ndị a n'ọtụtụ ebe na mba ụwa nke na-akpọ anya mba ụwa maka ebumnuche mpaghara gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na itinye aka na iwu, na-agba mpaghara ume ka ha meziwanye iwu ndị ruuru mmadụ.

Usoro nzaghachi mberede

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A haziri usoro mmeghachi omume mberede nke WiLDAF na mgbalị inye enyemaka na nkwado ozugbo n'ihe omume nke nnukwu mmebi ikike mmadụ megide ụmụ nwanyị na mba ha na-anọchite anya.[4] A ga-akpọ ya mgbe mba ndị ahụ na ụmụ amaala ya na-eche na ha enweghị ike ịnagide ọnọdụ ahụ ma ọ bụ chọọ nkwado mba ụwa; Ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbụ atụmatụ maka iwu ndị megidere ikike mmadụ, imebi ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke steeti setịpụrụ iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ohere ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike na ụmụ nwanyị .[4] Na nkezi, a na-eji usoro nzaghachi mberede eme ihe otu ugboro n'afọ.Ihe omume a na-akwado ebumnuche WiLDAF inye enyemaka na nkwado n'ebe esemokwu na ọnọdụ esemokwu. [9]

Nkwado

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Lobbying bụ ọrụ dị mkpa nke WiLDAF nke e meziwanyere ma wusie ike site na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, otu n'ime ha bụ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), nke e mere na 1980.[4] CEDAW na-ele ikike anya, dịka WiLDAF na-eme, site n'echiche nwoke na nwanyị site n'ịgbasa ikike maka ụmụ nwanyị karịa naanị inye ndị nwoke nwere.[10] Site na nkwekọrịta ndị a na usoro iwu ha, òtù dị ka WiLDAF na ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ha nwere ike ịkwado mmejuputa iwu na mmezi nke iwu, yana nzaghachi akụkọ na CEDAW, site na ịmanye gọọmentị ime obodo .[4] Lobbying na-ewere ọnọdụ na gọọmentị nke otu mpaghara iji gbanwee iwu ndị dị ugbu a.[4] Nkwado maka ikike emeela ka o sie ike site na Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP's) n'ihi mmemme gọọmentị na-emeghe na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa; nke a emeela ka enweghị okwukwe na ụmụ amaala nke mpaghara ụfọdụ n'ihi na steeti na-ahapụ ọrụ ndị bụ isi ka a na-elekọta ha site n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ.[4]

Ụbọchị iri na isii nke ime ihe ike megide ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị

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16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence bụ ihe omume nke WiLDAF nabatara dị ka usoro ụbọchị 16 n'etiti International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women na November 25 na International Human Rights Day na December 10.[10] Ihe oru ngo a na-eme kwa afọ na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ihe omume dị ka ọrụ, mkpọsa, ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ ihe nke mpaghara ọ bụla nwere ike ịhazi onwe ya n'ihe gbasara mkpa mpaghara ha .[4] A na-eme ihe omume ndị a maka agụmakwụkwọ na ịkwalite mmata site na njikọ mpaghara nke ihe omume ndị ahụ.

Ghana

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Kemgbe afọ 2007, Women in Law and Development in Africa - ngalaba Ghana - anọwo na-arụkọ ọrụ na Crossroads International iji kụziere ma mee ka ndị ikom na ndị inyom mara banyere iwu na usoro ikpe ziri ezi.[15] Na mgbakwunye na nke a, ha na-enye nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị diri ime ihe ike na "Mmemme Nweta Ikpe Ziri Ezi" ha .[15]

Edensibịa

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Women in Law and Development - West Africa.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Courants de Femmes.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Women in Law and Development - West Africa, History. Women in Law and Development in Africa - History.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 Hodgson (Summer 2002). "Women's rights as human rights: Women in law and development in Africa (WiLDAF)". Africa Today 49 (2): 2–26. DOI:10.2979/AFT.2002.49.2.2. Retrieved on 20 March 2018.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dorothy" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Butegwa (1992). "Women in Law and Development in Africa (WILDAF)". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (14): 74–76. 
  6. ↑ Women in Law and Development in Africa.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Müller (2015-07-31). Local Knowledge and Gender in Ghana. Bielefeld. ISBN 9783839403785. 
  8. ↑ Manuh (July 2015). "'To Beijing and Back': Reflections on the Influence of the Beijing Conference on Popular Notions of Women's Empowerment in Ghana". IDS Bulletin 46 (4): 19–27. DOI:10.1111/1759-5436.12152. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Butegwa (1–4 August 1995). "The Human Rights of Women in Conflict Situations in Africa: A Key Concern for WiLDAF" (in en): 1–4. Retrieved on 20 March 2018. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Kelly (1 December 2005). "Inside Outsiders: Mainstreaming Violence Against Women into Human Right Discourse and Practice". International Feminist Journal of Politics 7 (4). DOI:10.1080/14616740500284391.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Liz" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Bentley (July 2005). "Are the Powers of Traditional Leaders in South Africa Compatible with Women's Equal Rights?: Three Conceptual Arguments". Human Rights Review 6 (4): 55–57. DOI:10.1007/s12142-005-1010-3. 
  12. ↑ Sossou (July 2002). "Widowhood practices in West Africa: the silent victims". International Journal of Social Welfare 11 (3): 201–209. DOI:10.1111/1468-2397.00217. 
  13. ↑ Higgins (April 1, 2006). "A Reflection on the Uses and Limits of Western Feminism in a Global Context". Thomas Jefferson Law Review 28 (3). 
  14. ↑ Abu-Habib (1 January 1997). Gender and Disability: Women's Experiences in the Middle East. Oxfam GB. ISBN 9780855983635. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Crossroads International, Speaking up and speaking out: Access to Justice for all.

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