Ụmụ nwanyị niile bụ ndị ọcha, ndị isi ojii niile bụ ụmụ nwoke, mana ụfọdụ n'ime anyị nwere obi ike
Womenmụ nwanyị niile na-acha ọcha, ndị ojii niile bụ ụmụ nwoke, mana ụfọdụ n'ime anyị nwere obi ike (1982) bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ebipụtara n'ọtụtụ mbipụta, nke Akasha Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott na Barbara deziri. Smith.[1]
Onyinye
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hull nwetara onyinye nturu ugo umunwanyi nke agba nke mba maka ntinye aka ya na akwukwo a. Ntụnye aka ya na "agụmakwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama dọtara uche gaa na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii yana, yana ọtụtụ akụkọ o dere mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nyere aka dozie mmesi ike n'ime ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị banyere ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na n'ime ọmụmụ ojii na ụmụ nwoke ojii"..[2]
Ihe gbara ya gburugburu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmasị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii nọ na-arị elu na 1970s, site n'ihe odide nke Mary Helen Washington, Audre Lorde, Alice Walker, na ndị ọzọ.: 87
N'afọ 1981, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ a kpọrọ This Bridge Called My Back, nke Cherríe Moraga na Gloria E. Anzaldúa dezigharịrị, ma bipụta But Some of Us Are Brave n'afọ sochirinụ. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ ahụ, a na-ekwusi ike na njikọ dị n'etiti agbụrụ na okike. Ndị nyere aka kwuru na ebili mmiri ndị inyom gara aga lekwasịrị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Ha chọrọ ịmekọrịta nnukwu ohere maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara. Dị ka Teresa de Lauretis si kwuo, Àkwà Mmiri a kpọrọ My Back na But Some of Us Are Brave kpughere "mmetụta, nyocha, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke agba, na nkatọ ha banyere ndị ọcha ma ọ bụ ndị inyom" ma mepụta "mgbanwe n'ịmara ụmụ nwanyị. "[3]: 221
Mmetụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na mbipụta nke afọ 2000 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ha, ndị nchịkọta akụkọ Hull, Bell-Scott, na Smith kọwara otu ndị isi ojii si mee ka "azịza mba dị ịrịba ama" - African American Women in Defense of Ourselves - na esemokwu ahụ [4]: : xvi Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">nhọpụta Clarence Thomas gburugburu na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States megide ebubo nke prọfesọ iwu Anita Hill, banyere nsogbu mmekọahụ nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke ikpe nkwenye Thomas[5][6]
Onye ọkà mmụta iwu Kimberlé Crenshaw kwuru Mana Ụfọdụ n'ime Anyị nwere obi ike na mbido akwụkwọ ya dị mkpa na 1989, "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics", ebe ọ webatara echiche nke Intersectionality. A maara Crenshaw maka iwebata na ịzụlite echiche intersectional na femism.[7] Crenshaw kwuru na ọ bụ otu n'ime "akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ole na ole". O jiri utu aha All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us are Brave, dị ka "ebe ọpụpụ" ya iji "mepụta nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii".[8]: 139
Barbara Y. Welke bipụtara edemede ya nke akpọrọ "Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị niile bụ ndị ọcha, na ndị isi ojii niile bụ ndị ikom: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1855-1914", na-ezo aka na Hull et al., na 1995 na Law and History Review. Welke dere otú Crenshaw si dee, na-ezo aka na But Some of Us Are Brave, kwuru na aha ahụ "na-eweta nsogbu nke omume ịgwọ agbụrụ na okike dị ka ụdị ahụmịhe na nyocha dị iche iche. [8]: 139 [9][10]: 139 : 139
Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-agụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back: Ihe odide nke Radical Women of Color (1981), nke Cherríe Moraga na Gloria E. Anzaldúa dezigharịrị
Ndị nyere aka (ndị edemede)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ (1982) in Hull: All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies. Old Westbury, New York: Feminist Press, 401. ISBN 0912670959. OCLC 8165060.
- ↑ Masters (January 29, 2004). Word Warrior: Local poet helped forge links between feminism, black power, and new literature. Monterey County Weekly. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013..
- ↑ de Lauretis, Teresa, "The Technology of Gender" in Rakow (1987). Feminist Communication Theory: Selections in Context.
- ↑ (2000) in Hull: But Some Of Us Are Brave: All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men: Black Women's Studies. Feminist Press at CUNY.
- ↑ "Excerpt from Nina Totenberg's breaking National Public Radio report on Anita Hill's accusation of sexual harassment by Clarence Thomas.", NPR, October 6, 1991. Retrieved on October 5, 2008.
- ↑ "The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Senate's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination", The New York Times, October 12, 1991. Retrieved on October 6, 2018.
- ↑ Adewunmi (April 2, 2014). Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'. New Statesman. Retrieved on March 10, 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Crenshaw (1989). "Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics". University of Chicago Legal Forum: 139–168. Retrieved on October 7, 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Crenshaw 1989" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Welke (1995). "When All the Women Were White, and All the Blacks Were Men: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1855–1914". Law and History Review 13: 261–316. DOI:10.2307/743861.
- ↑ Crenshaw (2009). "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: a Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics". Feminist Legal Studies.