Ụzọ Nri

Na sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ụzọ nri bụ omenala, mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na omume akụ na ụba metụtara mmepụta na oriri nri. Ụzọ nri na-ezokarị aka na njikọta nke nri na omenala, ọdịnala na akụkọ ihe mere eme.^[1]

Etymology na akụkọ ihe mere eme

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary na-akọwa ụzọ nri dị ka "omume iri nri na omume nri nke ndị mmadụ, mpaghara, ma ọ bụ oge akụkọ ihe mere eme".^[2]

Okwu 'foodways' yiri ka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum atọ nke Chicago, John W. Bennett, Harvey L. Smith na Herbert Passin chepụtara na 1942.[1] N'afọ ndị 1920 na 1930, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbasara ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, nke na-abụkarị n'okpuru nkwado nke Ngalaba Agriculture nke United States, emeela nchọpụta dị iche iche banyere àgwà nri nke ndị ogbenye ime obodo, n'ebumnobi imeziwanye ha. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ bilitere, mgbalị ndị a mụbara. A gbara ndị nwere ozi ịkọrọ gbasara ụdị nri dị iche iche ka ha kpọtụrụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmadụ gbasara ọdịbendị omenala Margaret Mead na National Research Council.

Ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ndị a ka John W. Bennett na ndị ibe ya gara mụọ ndị Anglo-America, German-Americans na African-American n'ime ala ndị na-eme nri mana ọtụtụ mgbe idei mmiri na-ejupụta na ala ndịda Illinois n'akụkụ mmiri nke Osimiri Mississippi. Ihe niile dabere na achịcha ọcha, anụ ezi, na poteto. N'anya ndị nyocha, omume ndị a, ọkachasị nhụsianya nke ọtụtụ nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka azụ, yiri ihe na-enweghị isi. Ha rụrụ ụka "The nro nke 'aku na uba mmadụ,' na-achọ ndị kasị odoro anya nri nri si na-achọghị Nature na echiche nchụso nke zuru ezu imezu nke ya mkpa, ga-enye ụzọ ka echiche nke nwoke conditioned site mmasị na ajọ mbunobi nke ndị agbata obi ya, na-ahọpụta naanị ndị nri sanctioned site 'omenala na okwu nke presumably nri' ha[1] ihe analọgwo. folkways. Nke a enwetala ego na United States site na nkuchi ya site n'aka Prọfesọ Yale na onye ọsụ ụzọ ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze William Graham Sumner.[2] Ebe ọ bụ na e ji ojiji e hiwere ụzọ folkways, ọ bụghị ihe kpatara ya, ha na-eguzogide mgbanwe na ntinye aka gọọmentị anaghị agbanwe ngwa ngwa. N'otu aka ahụ, Bennett et al. kwubiri, ụzọ nri agaghị agbanwe naanị n'ihi na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị tụrụ aro na ụzọ ọhụrụ nwere uru akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ nri.

A naghị eji okwu nri eme ihe ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970 na mmụba nke nyocha ndụ ọdịnala, gụnyere nguzobe nke Smithsonian Folklife Festival na 1967. Ka ngalaba Foodways na-etolite, ndị ọkà mmụta na-enye nkọwa nke ha:

Sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ, ndị na-ahụ Maka ọdịnala, ndị na'ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ndị ọkà mmụta nri na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ ụzọ nri akọwa ọmụmụ ihe mere anyị ji eri ihe anyị na-eri na ihe ọ pụtara. Ya mere, okwu ahụ na-ele anya na nri oriri n'ụzọ miri emi karịa ọkwa simenti ma na-agụnye, ma na-agafe, ihe oriri, ntụziaka, na / ma ọ bụ ụtọ. Dị ka Harris, Lyon na McLaughlin si kwuo: "...ihe niile gbasara iri nri gụnyere ihe anyị na-eri, otu anyị si enweta ya, onye na-akwadebe ya na onye nọ na tebụl - bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu bara ọgaranya. Àgwà anyị, omume anyị na ememe anyị gbasara nri bụ windo na nkwenkwe anyị kachasị mkpa banyere ụwa na anyị. " ^[3] Dị ka otu ìgwè nyocha si kwuo ya,

Anyị niile na-eri, ma na-ejikọta ọkwa dị iche iche nke ọdịbendị na nri anyị na-eri. Nnyocha nke nri, mgbe ahụ, nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị mfe ịbanye n'ime ụwa dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya.^[4]

A na-enyocha isiokwu ndị dị ka itinye aka na nchụpụ ọha na eze, ike, na imepụta ihe n'okpuru okwu nche anwụ nri. Nke a pụtara ìhè karịsịa na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-eji okwu ndị dị ka "latte liberal" ma ọ bụ "Joe Six Pack" iji gosipụta echiche nke klas na obodo. Nhazi dị otú ahụ dabere na usoro oriri na mmasị nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị na-akwado ha. Ihe oriri / ike a dị ọbụna n'ime ọnọdụ nke onye bụbu gọọmentị Trump n'ihe gbasara nri ngwa ngwa, ọkachasị mgbe Trump nyere ndị ọbịa hamburger n'ụzọ doro anya maka ihe White House weere dị ka "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nri America".^[5] Ọzọkwa, ụzọ nri na-akpụzi ma bụrụ nke nzukọ ọha na eze na-akụzi dị mkpa maka nyocha nke ụzọ nri. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ewulite iri nri na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, a na-etinyekwa ọmụmụ ọdịbendị na okwu ahụ. ^{[citation needed]}

Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Mary Douglas, na-akọwa, sị: "Ndụ dị ala nke ihe oriri dị iche na ojiji nke ihe onwunwe anyị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ojiji nke nri. Olee otu anyị ga-esi nwee ike ikwu ihe niile anyị chọrọ ikwu, ọbụlagodi naanị ndị ezinụlọ anyị, banyere ụdị ihe omume na oge dị iche iche na ohere ma ọ bụrụ na anyị emeghị ihe dị iche n'etiti nri ụtụtụ na nri ehihie na nri abalị ma ọ bụrụha enweghị ihe dị iche iche n'ime Sọnde na ngwụsị izu, ma ọ bụrụkwa na anyị enwetụbeghị ụdị nri dị iche iche iche iche ka a ga-eri Krismas si bịa, ma ọ bụ na ndị enyi anyị jiri otu ụdị ahụ mee ememe ememe ya mee ememe Krismas ^[6]

N'ebe dị ka nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ, mmepụta, ịzụ ahịa, nkwadebe, ngosi, na iri nri ka a na-ahụta mgbe niile dị ka isi n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara omenala[1] iji okwu a na-eri nri na omenala ndị a ma ama ka a na-eji dị ka ụzọ gbadoro anya ilele omume nri. N'echiche a, okwu ahụ bụ nkwupụta omenala ndị ahịa nke gụnyere, n'ụdị a na-aghọta nke ọma na nke a na-arụrịta ụka, omume mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke oge a metụtara nri yana akụkụ nri na nri nri.

Akụkụ mpaghara

Enwere ike iji okwu nri mee ihe mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na "ụzọ nri" nke mpaghara ma ọ bụ ebe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ:

Ngalaba Foodways nke American Folklore Society na Ngalaba nke Ọdịbendị na-ewu ewu na Mahadum Bowling Green State na-ewepụta akwụkwọ kwa afọ a na-akpọ Digest: An Interdisciplinary Study of Food and Foodways. Na mgbakwunye na isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta, nchịkọta a na-enye akụkọ nke ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na ụzọ nri. Ihe ndị a gụnyere edemede foto, syllabi ọmụmụ, na ọkwa. A na-ahụkwa ebe a nyocha nke akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, nzukọ, ihe ngosi, ememme, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, na ihe nkiri.^[7]
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Michigan Foodways raara onwe ya nye "ihe ngosi na mmemme ọha na eze lekwasịrị anya na onyinye pụrụ iche nke Michigan na tapestry nri mba".^[8]
The Mystic Seaport Museum na Connecticut bipụtara akwụkwọ Saltwater Foodways, na-elekwasị anya na nri nke ndị New England. Ọ na-enyocha omume ndị mmadụ dị ka ndị na-eme njem n'oké osimiri na mgbe ha nọ n'ụsọ osimiri.^[9]
Colonial Williamsburg nwere ndị ọrụ nri raara onwe ha nye ịmụ na imezigharị ụzọ nri na omume nke ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu nke Williamsburg. "Ndị otu nri na-akwadebe efere a na-enye ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu n'ihi na enwere ọtụtụ ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere ndụ nri ha, ka Frank Clark, onye nlekọta nri na onye njem mbụ nke Colonial Williamsburg kwuru. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme maara obere ihe banyere omume nri nke ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mana akwụkwọ nri, akwụkwọ, ndepụta kichin, na nyocha ihe ochie na-enye foto zuru ezu banyere otu gọvanọ na ndị mmadụ si eri nri. "^[10]
Southern Foodways Alliance na-enyocha ụzọ nri nke South America site na ọrụ Akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe nkiri, ịkekọrịta ntụziaka, na ịkwalite nkuzi nke nri na ọdịbendị nke mpaghara ahụ. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha na-ejikọkwa na nke Mahadum Mississippi.^[11]

A na-egosipụtakwa ụzọ nri ndị si mba ọzọ na America. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Mahadum Massachusetts Dartmouth, nke dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Massachusetts - nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị si Cape Verde - na-akọwa Cape Verdean Foodways site na ibipụta usoro nri sitere na agwaetiti ndị a dị n'ebe ndịda Atlantic.^[12]

Ụzọ ndị ọkà mmụta

N'adịghị ka ọgwụgwọ anthropological nke nri, okwu nri na-achọ ụzọ dị elu maka nri na nri na-edozi ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ Food and Foodways, nke Taylor & Francis bipụtara, "na-etinye aka n'ibipụta isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị nke nri mmadụ. Site n'ịtụgharị uche na ọrụ nri na-arụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ a pụrụ iche na-enyocha ụzọ dị ike ma na-agbagwoju anya nke nri si kpụzie, ma kpụzie ndụ anyị na mmekọrịta mmadụ, akụ na ibe ya na ibe ya n'ụzọ, n'ụzọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nri, nri, na-edozi ahụ, na omume. "N'ihi na-edochi ihe na-edozịza, ọ bụ ihe omume na-edoze, ọ bụla enweghị ike ịbịaru ya nso. " ^[13] N'ụzọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na-emetụta ya nso.

Na nyocha ọdịbendị ndị na-azụ ahịa, ụzọ nri nke oge a na nke oge a bụ isiokwu na-adọrọ mmasị. N'otu isiokwu dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ Consumption Markets & Culture, site na mbipụta Taylor & Francis, Douglas Brownlie, Paul Hewer, na Suzanne Horne na-enyocha ihe oriri oriri site na ọmụmụ nke akwụkwọ nri nke oge a, na ntụziaka dị mma na-agbanwekarị n'ụzọ siri ike n'ụdị "gastroporn", na-emepụta "simulacrum nke ọchịchọ" yana "simulacrom nke afọ ojuju".^[14]

Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụzọ nri na-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ, na ndị ọkà mmụta aka ịghọta ọdịbendị gara aga.

Springer Publishing ewepụtala akwụkwọ ahụ, Pre-Columbian Foodways, nke John Staller na Michael Carrasco dere, bụ nke na-enyocha ma na-enyocha "mgbagwoju anya ihe atụ nke nri na nkwadebe ya, yana mkpa ọha na eze dị n'eri oriri na ọha mmadụ nke oge a na akụkọ ihe mere eme."

Hụkwa

Anthropology nke nri
Akụkọ banyere agbụrụ
Nnyocha nri

Edemsibia

↑ Darnton (12 December 2012). Foodways: When food meets culture and history. Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved on 5 March 2013.
↑ "foodways"..
↑ Harris (2005). The Meaning of Food. CT: The Globe Pequot Press, VIII-IX.
↑ Jarvis (2019). "Foodways and Folklife: Experiences from the Newfoundland and Labrador Intangible Cultural Heritage Office". Living Heritage Series Traditional Food Sharing Experiences from the Field: 83–99.
↑ Bock (2021). "Fast food and the white house: Performing foodways, class, and American identity". Western Folklore 80: 15–43.
↑ Douglas (1992). "Why Do People Want Goods?". Understanding the Enterprise Culture.
↑ Department of Popular Culture at Bowling Green State University (8 February 2021). Digest: An Interdisciplinary Study of Food and Foodways. American Folklore Society: Foodways Section.
↑ Michigan Foodways. MichiganFoodways.org.
↑ Mystic Seaport Museum. Saltwater Foodways.
↑ Food. History.org (Autumn 2004).
↑ Southern Foodways Alliance. SouthernFoodways.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
↑ Cape Verdean Recipes. University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth. Archived from the original on 2007-05-09. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
↑ Food and Foodways.
↑ Brownlie (March 2005). "Culinary Tourism: An Exploratory Reading of Contemporary Representations of Cooking". Consumption Markets & Culture 8: 7–26. DOI:10.1080/10253860500068937.

[1] Darnton (12 December 2012). Foodways: When food meets culture and history. Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved on 5 March 2013.

[2] "foodways"..

[3] Harris (2005). The Meaning of Food. CT: The Globe Pequot Press, VIII-IX.

[4] Jarvis (2019). "Foodways and Folklife: Experiences from the Newfoundland and Labrador Intangible Cultural Heritage Office". Living Heritage Series Traditional Food Sharing Experiences from the Field: 83–99.

[5] Bock (2021). "Fast food and the white house: Performing foodways, class, and American identity". Western Folklore 80: 15–43.

[6] Douglas (1992). "Why Do People Want Goods?". Understanding the Enterprise Culture.

[7] Department of Popular Culture at Bowling Green State University (8 February 2021). Digest: An Interdisciplinary Study of Food and Foodways. American Folklore Society: Foodways Section.

[8] Michigan Foodways. MichiganFoodways.org.

[9] Mystic Seaport Museum. Saltwater Foodways.

[10] Food. History.org (Autumn 2004).

[11] Southern Foodways Alliance. SouthernFoodways.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.

[12] Cape Verdean Recipes. University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth. Archived from the original on 2007-05-09. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.

[13] Food and Foodways.

[14] Brownlie (March 2005). "Culinary Tourism: An Exploratory Reading of Contemporary Representations of Cooking". Consumption Markets & Culture 8: 7–26. DOI:10.1080/10253860500068937.

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