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Abelmoschus esculentus

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Abelmoschus esculentus

Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus, nke a maara n'ụfọdụ mba ndị na-asụ Bekee dị ka mkpịsị aka nwanyị. [1] bụ Osisi na-agbasa okooko n'Ezinụlọ mallow nke sitere n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. [2]N'ịbụ nke azụlitere na mpaghara okpomọkụ, ebe okpomọkụ na ebe okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ gburugburu ụwa maka mkpụrụ osisi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ a na-eri, a na-eji okra na nri nke ọtụtụ mba.[3]

Nkọwa

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Ụdị a bụ nke na-adịru afọ, nke a na-akọkarị dị ka kwa afọ na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, na-etolitekarị ihe dịka mita 2 (6ft 7 in) ogologo. Dị ka onye òtù nke Malvaceae, ọ na-emetụta ụdị dị ka owu, koko, na hibiscus. Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ dị 10–20 centimita (4-8 in) ogologo na obosara, nwere akụkụ aka ya nwere lobes 5–7. Okooko osisi ndị ahụ dị  4–8 cm (1+5⁄8–3+1⁄8 in) na dayameta, nwere petals ise na-acha ọcha ruo edo edo, na-enwekarị ntụpọ ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ odo odo na ala. Mkpụrụ osisi pollen dị okirikiri yana ihe dịka 188 microns na dayameta. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ capsule ruru 18 cm (7 in) ogologo nwere akụkụ obe pentagon, nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ.

Okwu mmalite

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A maara Okra dị ka bhindi (nke a na-akpọ [pɪɳ́. 16:1ː]; Punjabi: ਭਿੰਡੀ/بھنڈی/پنڈی:__wol____wol____wol__) (nke a Na-akpọ [bɦɪn__) na Pakistan, ebe ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri mba.[4]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA/data' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA/data' not found.

Mmalite na nkesa

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Osisi zuru oke nwere okooko osisi na ogwe osisi na-eto eto

Okra bụ allopolyploid nke nne na nna na-ejighị n'aka. Agbanyeghị, ndị nne na nna chọrọ gụnyere Abelmoschus ficulneus, A. tuberculatus na ụdị diploid nke okra akọpụtara.[5] N'ezie, a maghị ndị bi n'ime ọhịa (dị ka ndị sitere n'okike) nke ọma, a kọwawokwa ụdị dị iche iche nke West Africa dị ka òtù nzuzo.[6]

Okra malitere n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na Etiopia, Eritrea na ọwụwa anyanwụ Sudan.[2][7] Site na Arebia, osisi ahụ gbasara gburugburu ụsọ Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.[7] Okra malitere na Europe site na Mmeri ndị Umayyad meriri Hispania.  [citation needed]Otu n'ime akụkọ ndị mbụ bụ nke Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, onye gara Ijipt Ayyubid na 1216 wee kọwaa osisi ahụ ndị obodo ahụ na-akụ na-eri obere pods na nri.[8]

E webatara osisi ahụ na Amerịka site na ụgbọ mmiri na-azụ ahịa ohu Atlantic [9] site na 1658, mgbe edere ọnụnọ ya na Brazil. E dekwara ya ọzọ na Suriname na 1686. O nwere ike ịbụ na e webatara Okra na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ North America site na Africa na mmalite narị afọ nke 18. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1748, a na-akụ ya ruo n'ebe ugwu dị ka Philadelphia.[10] Thomas Jefferson kwuru na e guzobere ya nke ọma na Virginia site na 1781. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Southern United States site na 1800, na nke mbụ a kpọtụrụ aha ụdị dị iche iche bụ na 1806. [2]

Ịkọ ugbo

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A na-akụ Abelmoschus esculentus n'ebe okpomọkụ na mpaghara okpomọkụ nke ụwa maka mkpụrụ osisi ya ma ọ bụ pods nwere mkpụrụ dị gburugburu, ọcha. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị akwụkwọ nri kachasị anabata okpomọkụ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'ụwa ma na-anabata ala nwere ụrọ dị arọ na mmiri na-adịghị mma, mana oyi nwere ike imebi pods. N'ịkọ ihe, a na-etinye mkpụrụ n'ime mmiri n'otu abalị tupu a kụọ ya na omimi nke 1-2 - in). ":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Fraction/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":""},"2":{"wt":"cm"},"3":{"wt":"in"},"abbr":{"wt":"on"},"frac":{"wt":"16"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw1g" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> Ọ na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ ala nke dịkarịa ala 20 °C (68 °F) maka ntolite, nke na-eme n'etiti ụbọchị isii (mkpụrụ mmiri) na izu atọ. Dị ka osisi na-ekpo ọkụ, ọ chọkwara ọtụtụ ìhè anyanwụ, a ga-akụkwa ya n'ala nwere pH n'etiti 5.8 na 7, nke kachasị mma n'akụkụ acid.[11] Ụmụ mkpụrụ chọrọ mmiri zuru oke. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-aghọ ngwa ngwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma, iji bụrụ ihe a na-eri dị ka akwụkwọ nri, a ghaghị iwepụta ya mgbe ọ na-etozubeghị, ọ na-abụkarị n'ime otu izu nke mmịpụta.[12] Owuwe ihe ubi mbụ ga-adị njikere ihe dị ka ọnwa 2 mgbe a kụrụ ya, na pods ga-adị ihe dị ka 2-3 sentimita (51-76 n'ogologo.[11]

Ọrịa a na-ahụkarị na-emetụta osisi okra bụ verticillium wilt, na-akpatakarị odo odo na ịcha akwụkwọ. Ọrịa ndị ọzọ gụnyere ntụ ntụ na mpaghara okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, ntụpọ akwụkwọ, Mosaic na-acha odo odo na nematodes na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ. A na-ebufe ikike ịlụso nje virus mosaic na-acha odo odo ọgụ site na obe na Abelmoschus manihot ma mepụta ụdị ọhụrụ a na-akpọ Parbhani kranti.[13]

Na US, a na-akụ ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-enweta na Florida, ọkachasị gburugburu Dade na ndịda Florida. [14][15] A na-akụ Okra na steeti ahụ dum ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, yabụ okra dị ọnwa iri n'afọ.[14] Mkpụrụ osisi na-adị site na ihe na-erughị pound 18,000 kwa acre (20,000 kg / hectare) ruo ihe karịrị pound 30,000 kwa acre (34,000 kg / hectares). [14] Ọnụahịa zuru oke nwere ike ịga elu dị ka $ 18 / bushel nke bụ $ 0.60 kwa pound ($ 1.3/kg). [14] Ebe IPM nke Ógbè ahụ na-enye atụmatụ nchịkwa ahụhụ maka iji ya mee ihe na steeti ahụ.[14]

Mmepụta Okra 2023, ọtụtụ nde tọn
2023, millions of tonnes
Templeeti:IND 7.16
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Templeeti:MLI 0.76
Templeeti:SDN 0.30
Templeeti:PAK 0.30
Ụwa 11.52
Source: FAOSTAT[16]

Mmepụta

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Na 2023, mmepụta ụwa nke okra bụ 11.5 nde tọn, nke India na-eduzi na 62% nke ngụkọta, na Naijiria na Mali dị ka ndị na-emepụta nke abụọ (tebụl).

Nri

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Okra na-enweghị isi bụ 90% mmiri, 7% carbohydrates, 2% protein, ma nwee abụba na-enweghị atụ (tebụl). N'ihe ruru 100 g (3.5 oz) , okra na-enweghị isi na-enye calorie 33, ọ bụkwa isi iyi bara ọgaranya (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke Daily Value, DV) nke vitamin C na vitamin K (tebụl). Ọ nwere ọdịnaya dị mma (10-19% DV) nke thiamine, folate, magnesium, na potassium (tebụl).

Nri

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Okra bụ otu n'ime ihe atọ na-eme ka ọ dị arọ nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe na ofe gumbo sitere na Louisiana.[17] Okra a kwọrọ akwọ bụ nri sitere na Cuisine nke Southern United States. Na Cuba na Puerto Rico, a na-akpọ akwụkwọ nri ahụ quimbombó, a na'ejikwa ya na efere dịka quimbombú guisado (okra a na-esi esi), efere yiri gumbo.[18][19] A na-ejikwa ya na nri ọdịnala na Dominican Republic, ebe a na-akpọ ya Mollondrón . [20] Na Brazil, ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ nri mpaghara, dị ka caruru, nke e ji shrimp mee, na mpaghara Northeast, na frango com quiabo (anụ ọkụkọ na okra) na carne refogada com quiabe (anụ e siri na okra).

Na South Asia, a na-eji pods eme ihe n'ọtụtụ nri akwụkwọ nri na-esi ísì ụtọ yana iji anụ ehi, atụrụ, nwa atụrụ na ọkụkọ sie ya.[21][22]

Pods

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Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ mucilaginous, na-akpata "goo" ma ọ bụ slime mgbe a na-esi mkpụrụ osisi ahụ; mucilage nwere eriri a na-agbari agbari.[23] Otu ụzọ o nwere ike isi wepụ okra bụ iji nri acid, dị ka tomato, sie ya iji belata mucilage.[24] A na-esi nri, na-etinye ya n'ime ya, na-eri ya na-esighị ike, ma ọ bụ tinye ya na salad. Enwere ike iji Okra mee ihe na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe iji belata nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ ma belata enweghị nri.[23]

Akwụkwọ ya na mkpụrụ ya

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Enwere ike isi akwụkwọ okra na-eto eto n'ụzọ yiri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke beets ma ọ bụ dandelions, ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee salad. Enwere ike isi mkpụrụ Okra ma gwọọ ya iji mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-enweghị caffeine na-anọchi anya kọfị.[2] Mgbe Agha Obodo America mebiri mbubata kọfị na 1861, Austin State Gazette kwuru, "Onye okra ga-amị mkpụrụ zuru ezu iji nye kọfị kọfị n'ụzọ ọ bụla hà ka nke si Rio".

A na-eji mkpụrụ okra eme ihe na-acha odo odo na-eri nri; ọ nwere ụtọ na ísì dị mma, ma nwee nnukwu abụba na-enweghị ntụpọ dị ka oleic acid na linoleic acid.[25] Mmanụ dị n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke mkpụrụ ahụ bụ ihe dị ka 40%. Na kilogram 794 kwa hekta (708 lb / ), ihe a na-emepụta bụ naanị mmanụ sunflower n'otu nnwale.[26]

Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe

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Fiber dị nro site na ogwe osisi ahụ nwere ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịka reinforcement nke polymer composites.[27] Enwere ike iji mucilage nke osisi okra mepụtara maka iwepụ turbidity site na Mmiri mkpofu site na njirimara ya. N'inwe ihe yiri Ihe nkiri polysaccharide siri ike, okra mucilage na-emepe emepe dị ka nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri biodegradable, dị ka nke 2018. [28] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2009 chọpụtara na mmanụ okra dabara adaba maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka mmanụ.[29]


Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Okra. BBC Good Food. Retrieved on 2023-04-12.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Okra, or 'Gumbo,' from Africa. Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on March 4, 2005.
  3. ↑ National Research Council (2006-10-27). "Okra", Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10333-6. Retrieved on 2008-07-15. 
  4. ↑ Ahmad (2021-06-22). Okra: Pakistan's National Vegetable (en-US). NewsMakers-Daily Latest Urdu Breaking News Updates. Retrieved on 2025-01-19.
  5. ↑ Patel. "GENETIC ADVANCE UNDER SELECTION IN SEGREGATING POPULATION IN OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)". AGRES – an International E. Journal. 
  6. ↑ (2004) Vegetables. Wageningen, Netherlands: Backhuys. ISBN 9057821478. 
  7. 1 2 "Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)", pp. 216–224 in: Muimba-Kankolongo (2018). "Vegetable Production", Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa, 205–274. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-814383-4.00011-6. ISBN 978-0-12-814383-4. 
  8. ↑ Blench (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past (in en). Rowman Altamira, 237. ISBN 978-0-7591-0466-2. 
  9. ↑ Okra, Gumbo, & Rice. unesdoc.unesco.org.
  10. ↑ Colonial Food In Philadelphia - 1883 Words | Internet Public Library. www.ipl.org. Retrieved on 2021-11-09.
  11. 1 2 Almanac. Okra (en). Old Farmer's Almanac. Retrieved on 2021-04-29.
  12. ↑ Kurt Nolte. Okra seed. Yuma County Cooperative Extension. Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved on 2012-10-17.
  13. ↑ (2020) Plant breeding, Chapter 9.2. Strategies For Enhancement in Food Production. 
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Southern Florida 2005 Okra PMSP. Regional Integrated Pest Management Centers Database (2022-05-04). Retrieved on 2022-06-30.
  15. ↑ Aguiar (2011). Okra Production in California. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources (UCANR), 3. DOI:10.3733/ucanr.7210. 7210. ISBN 978-1-60107-002-9. 
  16. ↑ Okra production in 2023; Crops and livestock products/World regions/Production quantity/Year (from pick lists). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (2025). Retrieved on 2 May 2025.
  17. ↑ Gutierrez (1992). Cajun Foodways. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0-87805-563-0. 
  18. ↑ Julie Schwietert Collazo. Cuban Quimbombo (Afro-Cuban Okra). The Latin Kitchen. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved on 2020-10-21.
  19. ↑ Gloria Cabada-Leman (22 June 2008). QUIMBOMBÓ GUISADO. whats4eats. Retrieved on 2020-10-21.
  20. ↑ El intrépido molondrón (es). Diario Libre (15 August 2012). Retrieved on 2022-08-29.
  21. ↑ Willis (2014). Okra: a Savor the South cookbook.. University of North Carolina Press, 75–82. ISBN 978-1-4696-1442-7. Retrieved on 22 December 2021. 
  22. ↑ Taylor Sen (2004). Food culture in India. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 60,150. ISBN 0-313-32487-5. Retrieved on 22 December 2021. 
  23. 1 2 Gemede (2015). "Proximate, mineral, and antinutrient compositions of indigenous Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) pod accessions: Implications for mineral bioavailability". Food Science & Nutrition 4 (2): 223–33. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.282. PMID 27004112. 
  24. ↑ Jill Neimark (5 September 2018). Leave it to botanists to turn cooking into a science lesson. US National Public Radio. Retrieved on 26 June 2020.
  25. ↑ Martin, Franklin W. (1982). "Okra, Potential Multiple-Purpose Crop for the Temperate Zones and Tropics". Economic Botany 36 (3): 340–345. DOI:10.1007/BF02858558. 
  26. ↑ (1990) "Fuel production potential of several agricultural crops", in Janick: Advances in New Crops: Proceedings of the First National Symposium NEW CROPS, Research, Development, Economics, Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23-26, 1988. Timber Press, 260–263. ISBN 978-0-88192-166-3. 
  27. ↑ De Rosa, I.M. (2010). "Morphological, thermal and mechanical characterization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fibres as potential reinforcement in polymer composites". Composites Science and Technology 70 (1): 116–122. DOI:10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.09.013. 
  28. ↑ Araújo (October 2018). "Okra mucilage and corn starch bio-based film to be applied in food". Polymer Testing 71: 352–361. DOI:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.09.010. 
  29. ↑ Anwar (March 2010). "Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil for biodiesel production". Applied Energy 87 (3): 779–785. DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.020. 
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