Achola Pala
Acola Pala bụ ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ, ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara amụma ụmụ nwanyị. A mụrụ n'obere obodo dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, Pala gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum East Africa na Harvard. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha na Mahadum Nairobi wee bụrụ onye isi nyocha sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology. Na-eche banyere ike ụmụ nwanyị na mmetụta nke amụma ọha na eze n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ngalaba nke United Nations gụnyere UNESCO, UNICEF, Mahadum United Nations, na World Food Council, tupu ọ ghọọ onye isi nke Ngalaba Africa nke UNIFEM. O sonyekwara n'ọtụtụ ogbako gbasara ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere 1980, 1985, na 1995 Nzukọ mba ụwa gbasara ụmụ nwanyị. Ya na Esther Jonathan Wandeka rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nweta nkwado gọọmentị maka ogbako 1985 e mere na Nairobi ma nyere aka n'iwebata ọkụ udo na ogbako Beijing 1995.
Pala bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị bụ ndị tọrọ ntọala Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) na 1977 iji kwalite ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha banyere ụmụ nwanyị Africa site na ụmụ nwanyị Africa. Ọ bụkwa onye ntọala ntọala nke Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), nke emebere na 1984 iji kwalite nkwado n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na South South dum. Nwanyị nwere ọgụgụ isi nke Kenya, a maara ya maka ịgba ume agụmakwụkwọ Africa. Nnyocha ya enyochala mmetụta ọjọọ atumatu ọha nwere n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ ma kwusie ike na ọ dị mkpa ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị chepụta usoro iwu dabere na ihe ndị dị mkpa na omenala omenala ha. N'oge ya dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba Africa UNIFEM, ọ nwere ike mejuputa atumatu nke chọrọ na n'ụlọ ọrụ Kenya nke nzukọ ahụ, mmemme niile bụ ndị inyom Africa na-eduzi.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Achola Pala na Kisumu County Kenya, nke Agnes (née Bolo) na Hosea Pala. Nne na nna ya gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Jeanes na Kabete, agbata obi nke Nairobi. Nna ya bụ onye nkuzi na nne ya na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme mmepe. Ha abụọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ma nwee mmasị ịmepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ na inye nkà na ụzụ ọzụzụ iji melite obodo ha.[1] Nne na nna ya gbara ụmụ ha niile ume, gụnyere ụmụ agbọghọ, ka ha nweta agụmakwụkwọ. Otu n'ime ụmụnne itoolu, nwanne Pala nke okenye bụ Francis Otieno Pala, onye guzobere National Library Service of Kenya . [1][2] Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Diemo School, mana mgbe afọ abụọ gachara na Butere, ebe nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Patricia Anyango, Oloo bụ onye nkuzi. Patricia zụrụ ya n'ụlọ ruo afọ abụọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ laghachiri Diemo iji mezue agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya [1] Ezinụlọ ahụ bi na Seme Constituency nke Kisumu County, Kenya. [2] N'afọ ndị 1960, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Butere Girls High School n'ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ nwetara nkewa mbụ na Cambridge School Examination. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ule A-Level na Limuru Girls' High School [1] tupu a họrọ ya ịga Mahadum nke East Africa (nke bụzi Mahadum Dar es Salaam). [2] [3][4] N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngwụcha afọ 1960 dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ maka mmemme mmepe ụmụaka nke Kenya.[3]
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1970, [1] Pala gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, nweta nzere masta na agụmakọta na Mahadum Harvard. [2] [5][6] Ọ laghachiri Kenya n'afọ 1973 wee were ọkwa dị ka onye nchọpụta na Institute of Development Studies na Mahadum Nairobi Nweta onyinye Rockefeller Foundation, ọ laghachiri Harvard, nweta PhD na anthropology.[1][2] E dechara akwụkwọ edemede ya bụ Changes in Economy and Ideology: A Study of Joluo of Kenya, with Special Reference to Women na 1977. Ọ tụlere otú mgbanwe ala nke chọrọ ndebanye aha ihe onwunwe nke onye ọ bụla si belata ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ime mkpebi ihe nketa n'elu ehi na ala.[7] Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta Wanjiku Mukabi Kabira, Elizabeth Auma, na Brender Akoth si kwuo, Pala bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ "ụmụ nwanyị Kenya nwere ọgụgụ isi".[8] N'afọ 1977, ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD), otu e guzobere iji kwalite Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha gbasara ụmụ nwanyị Africa site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Africa.[4] O webatara echiche nke nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ime mkparịta ụka gbasara inye ụmụ nwanyị ike na ịchọ ịha nhata site na iji usoro mmekọrịta na ihe ọmụma nke Afrịka, kama iji oghere Eurocentric.[8] N'otu oge ahụ, ọ lụrụ onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ, Michael G. Okeyo, onye so na ndị nnọchi anya Kenya na United Nations. [3][9][10]
Ọrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e were Pala n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta maka Nzukọ Ụwa na United Nations Decade for Women na n'afọ ndị 1980 ọ na-ekwu okwu maka ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị na New York City.[11] Ọ gara 1980 World Conference on Women na Copenhagen, Denmark, ya na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'Afrịka webatara echiche Afrocentric banyere ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi.[12] Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) na United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Dị ka onye nchọpụta, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Kansụl Ndị Mmadụ, atụmatụ ahụike maka Mahadum United Nations's Center for Policy Studies nke na-elekwasị anya na ahụike ọmụmụ, HIV / AIDS, na nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na-eche ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka, na ndị ogbenye ihu. [3][13] Ọ bụ onye otu ndị ọkachamara nwere onwe ha, nke dụrụ World Food Council ọdụ maka ibelata nsogbu nri na agụụ.[3] Mgbe ọ laghachiri Kenya, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya dị ka onye nyocha na Mahadum Nairobi na mpaghara iwu mmepe.[3][12]
Pala na di ya mụrụ ụmụ atọ tupu ha alaghachi New York na 1984 maka otu afọ, n'oge ahụ ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere ihe ịma aka ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.[3] Ọ gara nzukọ mmepe nke e mere n'afọ ahụ na Bangalore, India, nke hụrụ ntọala nke Development Alternatives na Women for a New Era (DAWN) na Pala dị ka otu n'ime ndị guzobere ya si Africa. Nzukọ a bụ netwọk maka ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe lekwasịrị anya na Global South.[14][15] Mgbe ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri Kenya na 1985, ya na ndị ọzọ na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị gbara gọọmentị ume, nke na-enweghị ozi iji dozie nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, ka ha mepụta ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị n'ime Ministry of Social Services.[12] Na-arụkọ ọrụ na Esther Jonathan Wandeka, onye a họpụtara ọhụrụ nke ngalaba ahụ, ha gbara gọọmentị ume ka ha kwado ịnabata Nzukọ Ụwa nke Atọ maka Ụmụ nwanyị na Nairobi. Ọ bụ ezie na ha chere mmegide ihu, ya na Johnson nwetara ikike maka nzukọ ahụ.[16] N'afọ 1986, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke nyocha sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology . [2][17] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo afọ ise iji jikọta nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji tinye echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, [2] tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba Africa nke United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). [18][19]
Pala etinyela aka n'òtù ndị na-ahụ maka udo kemgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-aga nzukọ udo na Sweden na 1976.[20] N'afọ ndị 1990 na ọgba aghara n'ọtụtụ mba Afrịka, ọ gwara onye nduzi UNIFEM ka ha nabata omenala ọdịnala Afrịka iji kwalite udo. N'oge nnwere onwe, nke afọ 1960, Julius Nyerere jiri ọkụ nnwere onwe si Dar es Salaam gaa Arusha. Njem na ọkụ ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya na-ejikọta ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ ya na ihe kpatara ya. N'otu aka ahụ, Pala kwalitere iji ọkụ na-egosi mkpebi ụmụ nwanyị maka udo. E webatara echiche a maka Nzukọ Ụwa nke 1995 maka Ụmụ nwanyị nke e mere na Beijing, China. Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, o nwere ike ime ka UNIFEM kwenye iguzobe ọfịs na Nairobi ma nabata iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ga-eduzi na Kenya.[21] Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na UNIFEM, Pala lekwasịrị anya n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị, nke lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike.[2]
Nnyocha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya nyochara mmetụta ọjọọ iwu ọha na eze nwere na ụmụ nwanyị. Otu nnyocha nyochara ma ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike iru eru maka enyemaka gọọmentị iji melite ojiji ha na ala ha. N'ihi na iwu dị na Nyanza Province chọrọ na 15 acres nke ala ga-abụ n'okpuru ugbo, ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere ike inweta enyemaka gọọmentị dịka ọtụtụ ndebanye aha bụ ndị ikom.[22] Ọzọkwa, n'ihi na usoro ndebanye aha na-akwado ndị di ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke, ọrụ ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè n'ikesa ala mebiri ma mee ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara inwe ọnọdụ ọha na eze.[23]
Emechara ọrụ metụtara ikike nke ndị inyom Africa ka ha guzobe ihe ndị ha na-ebute ụzọ dabere na omenala omenala ha.[24] N'ịkọwa na omenala ndị ahụ akwụsịghị, ebe ọ bụ na ọchịchị colonial kpụrụ ha,[25] Pala ghọtara na omenala nguzogide zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ime ọha ojii na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru ndị ọchịchị na-ejikarị eme ihe iji mebie obodo na ibibi usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba ha.[26]. Pala dọkwara aka ná ntị megide ịmepụta atumatu na ụkpụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Africa dabere na ahụmahụ mbịarambịa nke ndị a manyere ịkwaga Caribbean, Europe, North America, na South America.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo
Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Pala (1978). Women's Access to Land and Their Role in Agriculture and Decision-Making on the Farm: Experience of the Joluo of Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi. OCLC 5575159. [28]
- Pala (May–June 1980). "The Joluo Equation: Land Reform = Lower Status for Women". Ceres 1 (75): 37–92. ISSN 0009-0379. [7]
- Pala Okeyo (March 1981). "Reflections on Development Myths". Africa Report 26 (2): 7–10. ISSN 0001-9836.
- Prah (December 1989). "The Role of Social Science in Generating Technologies for the Farming Community in Africa". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 10 (6): 777–782. DOI:10.1017/S1742758400012534. ISSN 1742-7584.
- Pala (1995). Connecting Across Cultures and Continents: Black Women Speak Out on Identity, Race, and Development. New York, New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women. ISBN 978-0-912917-35-1.
- Pala (2005). "16. Definitions of Women and Development: An African Perspective", in Oyèwùmí: African Gender Studies: A Reader, 1st, New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 299–312. ISBN 978-1-4039-6282-9.