Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China

Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China na-agụnye akụkọ ọdịnala nke China, ma gụnye egwu, uri, egwu egwu, nwa nkịta, na akụkọ. Ọ na-akọkarị akụkọ gbasara ọdịdị mmadụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo, ịhụnanya, na ihe karịrị mmadụ. Akụkọ ndị ahụ na-akọwakarị ihe ndị sitere n'okike na akara ngosi pụrụ iche.[1] Tinyere akụkọ ifo ndị China, ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na okpukpe ndị China.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Akụkọ ọdịnala

Isi mmetụta na akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China bụ Taoism, Confucianism na okpukpe Buddha. Ụfọdụ akụkọ ifo nwere ike isi na Jamanị bịa mgbe ụmụnna Grimm nyere onyinye ụfọdụ maka akụkọ ifo gbasara ndụ obodo ndị bi na Jamanị kemgbe afọ 1840;[1] ndị ọzọ enweghị ndị ogbo ọdịda anyanwụ ama ama, mana a na-agbasa ebe niile na East Asia. Akụkọ ifo ndị China na-agụnye ụdị dị iche iche dị ka akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ifo, wdg. Ọtụtụ nchịkọta akụkọ ifo ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka Pu Songling's Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, ka na-ewu ewu ugbu a.

Akụkọ ọdịnala ọ bụla nke China na-agụnye ihe nnọchianya nke ihe na anụmanụ dị iche iche ma jiri ozi ihe atụ site na ihe odide ya ma na-agbasi mbọ ike ịkọwa ozi nke na-eme ka onye na-agụ ya nwee ụdị nghọta dị mma. Ozi ndị a dị mkpa maka ọdịbendị ndị China ma site na akụkọ ọdịnala ndị a, a ga-enyefe ha n'ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu ka ha mụta ihe.

Anụmanụ

Nnukwu agbụrụ bụ akụkọ ọdịnala nke na-akọwa okike nke kalenda Zodiac nke China nke gụnyere ụmụ anụmanụ iri na abụọ nke ọ bụla na-anọchite anya otu afọ n'ime afọ iri na abụọ.

Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ ọdịnala maka ihe na anụmanụ dị n'ime akụkọ ifo. Otu ihe atụ nke a bụ ihe atụ pụtara n'azụ frogs na toads. A na-akpọ Toads Ch'an Chu (蟾蜍) na Chinese, akụkọ ifo gbasara Ch'an Chu na-egosi toad na-ebubata ihe gbasara ndụ ebighi ebi na ebighi ebi. Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China na-ekpughe akụkọ banyere Ch'an Chu (toad) nke Liu Hai zọpụtara, onye bụ onye ọka ikpe n'oge China oge ochie. Maka nkwụghachi ekele nke Liu Hai, Ch'an Chu na-ekpughe ihe nzuzo nke ndụ ebighi ebi na ịbụ anwụ anwụ nye Liu Hai. Ma nke a bụ mmalite Ch'an Chu dị ka akara ebighi ebi na omenala akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China.^[1]

N'akụkọ ifo ndị China nke Chi nwanyị ọnwa, Chang'e", frog na frog bụ ihe nnọchianya nke akụ na ụba na ọganihu yana ihe nnọchi anya ọmụmụ, mmelite, yin, na anwụghị anwụ. A na-ekwu na e nwere anyanwụ iri na-ekpughe ụwa n'oge ochie. Hou Yi onye bụ onye na-agba ụta yana di Chang'e, o ji ụta na ụta ya si n'eluigwe gbaa anyanwụ itoolu. Maka igosipụta ekele, chi nyere ya ọgwụgwọ nke bụ ọgwụ na-adịghị anwụ anwụ. N'ime nsụgharị ụfọdụ nke akụkọ a, Chang'e weere ọgwụ ahụ n'anya wee gbanwee ghọọ Ch'an Chu nwere ụkwụ atọ ma mesịa felie gaa n'ọnwa. Hou Yi hụrụ nwunye ya n'anya nke ukwuu nke na Chineke kwere ka ya na Chang'e na-e zukọta kwa afọ n'oge ọnwa zuru ezu na 15th nke August na kalenda ọnwa nke China, nke bụ ememe nke Mid-Autumn Festival. Site mgbe ahụ gaa n'ihu, ọnwa na Chang'e na-emetụta awọ ahụ gụnyere ihe ebighi ebi na nnọkọ.^[2]

Ọmụmụ Ihe

Nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ nke ọdịnala ndị China malitere inweta ewu ewu na 1910s na New Culture Movement, nke kwadoro Vernacular Chinese dị ka asụsụ nke agụmakwụkwọ na akwụkwọ. N'ihi na e mepụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịnala n'asụsụ a na-asụ, mmegharị a mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta mara mmetụta nke akụkọ ọdịnala na akwụkwọ ọdịnala. Hu Shi nke Mahadum Peking, onye na-akwado asụsụ Chinese, kwubiri na mgbe ndị edemede China si n'akụkọ ọdịnala na abụ nweta mkpali ha, akwụkwọ ndị China nwere mmeghachi omume. Mgbe ndị edemede leghaara isi mmalite ndị a anya, ha na ndị obodo ahụ kwụsịrị inwe mmekọrịta. Nkwado na ọmụmụ nke akụkọ ọdịnala, Hu kwubiri, nwere ike ibute mmeghachi omume nke akwụkwọ. Mmetụta na-arịwanye elu nke njirimara mba mekwara ka mmasị ọhụrụ na akụkọ ọdịnala. Mbipụta mbụ nke Folk-Song Weekly, mbipụta nke Folk- Song Research Society wepụtara, kwuru na "Dị ka abụ ọdịnala, na ezi mmetụta nke mba ahụ, enwere ike ịmepụta ụdị uri mba ọhụrụ".

The Folksong Studies Movement ghọrọ isi ihe na-enye aka n'ịtọlite akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China dị ka usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke oge a. Ọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Hu Shi na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Mahadum Peking, dị ka Gu Jiegang, guzobere òtù a. Ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ngalaba ọmụmụ nke lekwasịrị anya n'akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ọdịnala ndị China ma gbalịa ime ka ọdịnala na ọdịbendị mbụ nke ọdịnala ndị Chine pụta ìhè iji weghachite mmụọ mba China.; May Fourth Movement na 1919 kpaliri ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkà mmụta na-ahụ mba n'anya ịnakọta ma dekọọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ime ime obodo na obodo ukwu. Nchịkọta akụkọ ọdịnala na May Fourth Movement nwere oke ala, gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị agbụrụ Han, ndị mejupụtara ọtụtụ, kamakwa mpaghara ndị ka nta.^[3] Mahadum Peking chịkọtara abụ ọdịnala otu afọ tupu May Fourth Movement, malitere na 1918. ^[4]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi n'akụkọ ọdịnala nwekwara olileanya imeziwanye ọnọdụ ndị China ma kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ịghọta echiche, nkwenkwe, na omenala ha. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ọkà mmụta Kọmunist na-anakọta abụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo, mgbe mgbe, na-emegharị ma na-akọwa ha iji mesie ike isiokwu ndị dị ka omume ọma nke onye nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọjọọ nke aristocracy, ebe ha hapụrụ akụkọ ndị gosipụtara otuto maka eze ukwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ ọdịnala Confucian site na nchịkọta ha. Akụkọ ndị a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe taa nwere ike ịbụ ndị a na ya. Ụfọdụ na-azọrọ na abụ ọdịnala keere òkè dị mkpa na njikọta nke ọdịbendị ọdịnala na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ nke China, yana ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ iji gosipụta mmụọ nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ọchịchị Kọmunist mgbe oge nnwere onwe gasịrị.^[5] Mgbe China si n'oge Maoist pụta na ngwụcha afọ 1970, steeti ahụ nabatara ọnọdụ na-anabata nyocha agụmakwụkwọ gbasara ọdịnala na ọdịnala China. Omenala na omume ndị a machibidoro iwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa ma nabata.

Abụ na Abụ

The Classic of Poetry, nchịkọta uri ndị China kachasị ochie, nwere abụ ọdịnala 160 na mgbakwunye na abụ na ukwe. Otu ọdịnala na-ekwu na Confucius n'onwe ya chịkọtara abụ ndị a, ebe onye ọzọ na-ekwu ete eze ukwu chịkọtara ha dị ka ụzọ isi tụọ ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ na ịdị irè nke ọchịchị ya.^[6]

Ekwenyere na Confucius gbara ndị na-eso ụzọ ya ume ịmụ abụ ndị dị na Classic of Poetry, na-enyere aka inweta ọnọdụ Classic of Poets n'etiti ise Classics. Mgbe echiche Confucian gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike na omenala ndị China (mgbe ihe dị ka 100 BCE gasịrị), nkwado Confucius mere ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta mụọ okwu nke Classic of Poetry ma kọwaa ha dị ka ihe atụ na nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.^[7]

A na-ekewa abụ ọdịnala n'akụkụ atọ dị mkpa nke bụ shan' ge (abụ ugwu), xiaodiao (obere egwu), na chang'ge (abụ ogologo). Banyere shan'ge abụ ugwu na-enwe ntụgharị iji nọchite anya ọkwa mpaghara a kapịrị ọnụ, na-elekwasị anya n'ime ime obodo karịa mpaghara obodo. Enwere ike iwere Xiaodiao dị ka abụ ọdịnala kachasị n'etiti ụdị, nke a na-ewebata ọha na eze n'ụzọ maara nke ọma. A na-esonyere ya mgbe niile site na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị ọkachamara na-egosi ọha na eze. N'ihe gbasara chang'ge, abụ ogologo, nke bụ ụdị abụ akụkọ nke ndị mba pere mpe na-ejikarị eme ihe na ihe omume ụfọdụ pụrụ iche dị ka ụdị akụkọ n'ịbụ abụ.^[8]

Mmetụta nke akụkọ ọdịnala na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ

Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China enyewo ihe mkpali maka ihe oyiyi anya site n'aka ndị China na-akpa ákwà, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na'ahụ maka mmiri, na ndị na-ahụ maka okooko osisi. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ndị dị ịrịba ama bụ ọkọlọtọ olili ozu silk (ihe dị ka 168 BC) nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ sitere na China mbụ.

Ihe nkiri

Enwere ike ịchọta akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China n'ụwa niile nakwa n'akwụkwọ ndị China. Laurence Yep's The Magic Paintbrush, Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior, na Walt Disney Pictures' Mulan (dabere na Hua Mulan) niile gbaziri site na ọdịnala ọdịnala ndị China.

Akwụkwọ

Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị China enyela ndị odee na ndị na-ede uri China mkpali kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. Abụ ndị mmadụ, bụ́ ndị e ji agba egwú na ụdị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ na-esobu na-eso, nyere uri ọbụ abụ n'obí. Akụkọ ifo oge gboo malitere n'usoro ndị eze Han ma bụrụ nke e mere ya ka o si bụrụ omenala ọnụ, ebe egwuregwu ndị mmadụ na-emetụta egwuregwu Yuan na Ming.

Hụkwa

Akwụkwọ ndị China
Akụkọ ifo ndị China
Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị China
Egwú na China
Egwú nke China
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ China
Portal Society

Edemsibia

↑ Crump (2015). Eye of Newt and Toe of Frog, Adder's Fork and Lizard's Leg : The Lore and Mythology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press., 86–87. ISBN 9780226116143.
↑ Crump (2015). Eye of Newt and Toe of Frog, Adder's Fork and Lizard's Leg : The Lore and Mythology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press., 87–88. ISBN 9780226116143.
↑ Mair (2011-05-03). The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature. Columbia University Press, 13–14. ISBN 9780231526739.
↑ Knecht (1979). "Asian Folklore Studies". Asian Ethnology 26 (2): 5–6. DOI:10.2307/1177728. ISSN 0385-2342.
↑ Mackerras (April 1984). "Folksongs and Dances of China's Minority Nationalities: Policy, Tradition, and Professionalization". Modern China 10 (2): 194–195. DOI:10.1177/009770048401000202.
↑ Book of Songs. Archived from the original on 1998-01-15. Retrieved on 2009-02-12.
↑ Book of Songs. Archived from the original on 1998-01-15. Retrieved on 2009-02-12. /
↑ Mackerras (April 1984). "Folksongs and Dances of China's Minority Nationalities: Policy, Tradition, and Professionalization". Modern China 10 (2): 195–196. DOI:10.1177/009770048401000202.

[1] Crump (2015). Eye of Newt and Toe of Frog, Adder's Fork and Lizard's Leg : The Lore and Mythology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press., 86–87. ISBN 9780226116143.

[2] Crump (2015). Eye of Newt and Toe of Frog, Adder's Fork and Lizard's Leg : The Lore and Mythology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press., 87–88. ISBN 9780226116143.

[3] Mair (2011-05-03). The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature. Columbia University Press, 13–14. ISBN 9780231526739.

[4] Knecht (1979). "Asian Folklore Studies". Asian Ethnology 26 (2): 5–6. DOI:10.2307/1177728. ISSN 0385-2342.

[5] Mackerras (April 1984). "Folksongs and Dances of China's Minority Nationalities: Policy, Tradition, and Professionalization". Modern China 10 (2): 194–195. DOI:10.1177/009770048401000202.

[6] Book of Songs. Archived from the original on 1998-01-15. Retrieved on 2009-02-12.

[7] Book of Songs. Archived from the original on 1998-01-15. Retrieved on 2009-02-12. /

[8] Mackerras (April 1984). "Folksongs and Dances of China's Minority Nationalities: Policy, Tradition, and Professionalization". Modern China 10 (2): 195–196. DOI:10.1177/009770048401000202.

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