Akụkọ banyere okike nke Jenesis

   

Akụkọ okike nke Jenesis bụ akụkọ ifo nke Okpukpe ndị Juu na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, [1] nke a kọrọ n'akwụkwọ Jenesis isi nke 1 na 2.[a] Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịnala ndị Juu na nke Ndị Kraịst bụ na akụkọ ahụ bụ otu akụkọ zuru oke, [2] ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a nke Nkatọ Bible na-akọwa akụkọ ahụ dị ka ọrụ dị iche iche [4] nke nwere akụkọ abụọ dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche.[3][b]

Akụkọ mbụ, na Jenesis 1:1-2:3, sitere n'ihe ndị ọkà mmụta na-akpọ isi iyi ndị ụkọchukwu (P), nke e dere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na narị afọ nke isii BCE.[5] N'akụkọ a, Elohim (okwu Hibru maka "chi") na-eke eluigwe na ụwa n'ime ụbọchị isii, wee dabere, gọzie, ma doo nke asaa nsọ (ya bụ, Ụbọchị Izu Ike nke Bible). Akụkọ nke abụọ, nke na-ewe ihe ndị ọzọ dị na Jenesis 2, sitere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na isi iyi Jahwist (J), nke a na-edekarị na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE.[6][7][5] N'akụkọ a, Chineke (nke a na-akpọ ugbu a Yahweh) kere Adam, nwoke mbụ, site na uzuzu ma tinye ya n'Ogige Iden. N'ebe ahụ, e nyere ya ikike ịchịkwa ụmụ anụmanụ. E kere Iv, nwanyị mbụ, site n'akụkụ Adam dị ka enyi ya.

A na-eche na e dere akwụkwọ mbụ zuru oke nke Pentateuch[c] na ngwụcha narị afọ nke asaa ma ọ bụ nke isii BCE (isi iyi J) ma mesịa bụrụ nke ndị edemede ndị ọzọ (isi iyi P) gbasaa n'ime ọrụ yiri Jenesis dị ka a maara taa.[8] Ndị dere ihe odide ahụ nwere mmetụta nke Akụkọ ifo Mesopotemia na cosmology oge ochie dị nso n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ma gbaziri ọtụtụ isiokwu site na ha, na-eme ka ha kwekọọ ma na-ejikọta ha na nkwenye ha pụrụ iche na otu Chineke. [9][10][d] Akụkọ a jikọtara ọnụ bụ nkatọ nke Nkà mmụta okpukpe Mesopotemia nke okike: Jenesis na-akwado otu chi ma na-agọnahụ ọtụtụ chi.[11]

Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya

Ụdị

Ihe odide ndị ọkà mmụta na-ezo aka na Jenesis ugboro ugboro dị ka Akụkọ ifo, ụdị akụkọ ọdịnala nke mejupụtara akụkọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. Maka ndị ọkà mmụta, nke a dị iche na ojiji a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "akụkọ ifo," nke na-ezo aka na nkwenye na-abụghị eziokwu. Kama nke ahụ, eziokwu nke akụkọ ifo abụghị ụkpụrụ na-akọwa.[12][e]

Onye dere ya na mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst nke Ọtọdọks na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ Mozis dere akwụkwọ Jenesis, a na-ajụ onye dere Mozis ajụjụ kemgbe narị afọ nke 11 ma jụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ kemgbe narị afọ nke 17. Ndị nkatọ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ kwubiri na Jenesis, tinyere akwụkwọ anọ ndị na-esonụ (nke gụnyere Torah ma ọ bụ Pentateuch), bụ "ọrụ mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere ọtụtụ aka na oge."

Akụkọ okike nwere akụkọ abụọ dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche. Ihe ndekọ nke mbụ (Jenesis 1:1-2:3) sitere n’isi iyi nke Onye Nchụàjà (P), nke e dere na narị afọ nke isii TOA. Ihe ndekọ nke abụọ (Jenesis 2) tọrọ ma bụrụ nke sitere na isi iyi Jahwist (J), nke e dekọrọ na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ 9th TOA.

]Ejikọtara akaụntụ abụọ ahụ, mana enweghị nkwenye ndị ọkà mmụta ugbu a na mgbe akụkọ ahụ ruru ụdị ikpeazụ ya. Echiche a na-ahụkarị n’etiti ndị ọkà mmụta Akwụkwọ Nsọ taa bụ na Pentateuch mere ihe ikpeazụ ya na narị afọ nke asaa ma ọ bụ nke isii TOA. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị ọkà mmụta kweere na isi iri na otu mbụ nke Jenesis, nke a makwaara dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge ochie, nwere ike ịdịruo n’ihe dị ka narị afọ nke atọ TOA, dabere n’ịkwụsị ihe dị n’akụkụ a na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru. Echiche ndị ọkà mmụta 1. * Ọtụtụ echiche *: Ihe mejupụtara Pentateuch ikpeazụ na narị afọ nke asaa ma ọ bụ nke isii TOA. 2. * Echiche nke pere mpe*: Akụkọ ihe mere eme (Jenesis 1-11) enwere ike mebere ya na narị afọ nke atọ TOA. Mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu Kpọmkwem oge na nhazi nke ederede Akwụkwọ Nsọ ka bụ isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka na arụmụka nke ndị ọkà mmụta na-aga n'ihu.

"Echiche nke "Persian Empire hypothesis" adọtala nlebara anya na esemokwu. Ọ tụrụ aro na mgbe ndị Peshia meriri Babịlọn na 538 TOA, ndị Peshia nyere Jeruselem ikike dị ukwuu n'ime alaeze ukwu ahụ. Agbanyeghị, nnwere onwe a bịara na ihe achọrọ ka ndị ọchịchị obodo wepụta koodu iwu jikọtara ọnụ nke obodo niile ga-anabata. Akụkụ bụ isi 1. *Inwere Onwe na Ịdị n'Otu*: Ndị Peshia nyere Jerusalem ogo nke ọchịchị onwe ya, mana ha chọrọ ka e nwee usoro iwu jikọtara ọnụ. 2. *Otù ndị nwere mmetụta*: Otu abụọ a ma ama dị n'ime obodo: - * Ezinụlọ Ndị Nchụ-aja*: Na-achịkwa ụlọ nsọ na ihe omume ya. - * Ezinụlọ (Ndị Okenye): Ọtụtụ mgbe na-arụrịta ụka n'etiti ezinụlọ ndị nchụàjà n'ihe dị iche iche. 3. * Akụkọ dị iche iche *: Otu ọ bụla nwere akụkọ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ "akụkọ ihe mere eme." 4. * Ihe mkpali maka Otu Ederede *: Nkwa nke ịba ụba nnwere onwe obodo n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Peshia nyere mkpali siri ike maka otu ndị a ịgbakọ ọnụ wee guzobe otu ederede nwere ikike. Mmetụta Echiche a na-enye nkọwa nwere ike ime maka nchịkọta na mwegharị nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru, karịsịa Pentateuch, n'oge oge Peasia. Ọ na-eme ka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbagwojuru anya dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ike kpaliteworị ihe odide ndị a.

Akụkọ abụọ

Akụkọ okike ahụ nwere akụkọ abụọ, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isi abụọ mbụ nke akwụkwọ Jenesis (enweghị nkewa isi na ederede Hibru mbụ; lee isi na amaokwu nke Bible).[16][b][17]

N'akụkọ nke mbụ, a na-akpọ chi Okike "Elohim" (okwu Hibru maka "chi"), ebe n'akụkọ ya nke abụọ, a na'aha Chineke; "Onyenwe anyị". Ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịnala ndị Juu na ndị na-ekwusa ozi ọma dị ka Collins na-akọwa nke a dị ka ọdịiche dị n'otu onye edemede iji, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mesie ike ịdị n'otu na ịdị elu nke "Chineke", onye kere eluigwe na Ụwa n'onwe ya, na akụkọ mbụ.[18] Ndị ọkà mmụta nkatọ dị ka Richard Elliot Friedman, n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe akaebe nke ọtụtụ ndị edemede. Friedman na-ekwu na isi iyi J na mbụ jiri naanị aha "Onyenwe anyị" (Yahweh), mana onye nchịkọta akụkọ mechara tinye "Chineke" iji mepụta aha ahụ: "Ya mere o yiri ka ọ bụ mgbalị nke onye edemede (R) iji mee ka mgbanwe ahụ dị nro site na okike P, nke na-eji naanị 'Chineke' (ugboro iri atọ na ise), gaa na akụkọ J na-abịanụ, nke na na-eji nanị aha YHWH".[19]

Akụkọ mbụ <sup class="mw-ref referen" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-25","html":"<a about=\"#mwt113\" class=\"external text\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bibleverse&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Bibleverse&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Genesis&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1:1–2:3&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" href=\"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201:1–2:3&amp;version=nrsv\" id=\"mwB2M\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\">Genesis 1:1–2:3</a>"}}' id="cite_ref-25" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Genesis_creation_narrative#cite_note-25 [1]] na-eji usoro ugboro ugboro nke iwu Chineke na mmezu, mgbe ahụ nkwupụta "Na e nwere mgbede na e nwere ụtụtụ, ụbọchị [n^th], maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ụbọchị isii nke okike. N'ime ụbọchị atọ mbụ, e nwere omume nkewa: ụbọchị nke mbụ na-ekewa ọchịchịrị na ìhè, ụbọchị nke abụọ "mmiri dị n'elu" na "mmiri ndị dị n'okpuru," na ụbọchị nke atọ oké osimiri site n'ala. N'ime ụbọchị atọ sochirinụ, a na-ejupụta nkewa ndị a: ụbọchị nke anọ na-ejikọta ọchịchịrị na ìhè na anyanwụ, ọnwa, na kpakpando; ụbọchị nke ise na-ejikarị azụ na nnụnụ eme ihe n'oké osimiri na mbara igwe; na n'ikpeazụ, ihe ndị dị n'ala na ụmụ mmadụ jupụtara n'ala.[21]

N'akụkọ nke abụọ, Yahweh kere Adam, nwoke mbụ, site na uzuzu ma tinye ya n'Ogige Iden. N'ebe ahụ, e nyere ya ikike ịchịkwa ụmụ anụmanụ. E kere Iv, nwanyị mbụ, site na ọgịrịga Adam dị ka enyi ya.

A literary bridge joins the primary accounts in each chapter in Genesis 2:4, reading, "These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created." This echoes the first line of Genesis 1, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth", and is reversed in the next phrase, "...in the day that the Templeeti:LORD God made the earth and the heavens". This verse is one of ten "generations" (Templeeti:Langx Templeeti:Transl) phrases used throughout Genesis, which provide a literary structure to the book. They normally function as headings to what comes after, but the position of this, the first of the series, has been the subject of much debate.

A na-elekarị akụkọ ndị na-agbakọta nke Jenesis 1 na 2 anya dị ka ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha ma na-agbanyekwa, na nke mbụ (akụkọ P) metụtara okike nke cosmos dum ebe nke abụọ (akụkọ J) na-elekwasị anya na mmadụ dị ka onye na-eme omume ọma na onye na-azụlite gburugburu ya.[b][f][17][g]

Mmetụta Mesopotemia

Marduk, chi Babilọn, na-ebibi Tiamat, dragọn nke ọgba aghara oge ochie

Akụkọ ifo na-enye akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị ọdịbendị maka Akụkọ ifo ndị Juu. Akụkọ ifo Mesopotemia, na-agbaziri ọtụtụ isiokwu site na ha ma na-eme ka ha kwekọọ n'Okpukpe ndị Izrel ma na-eguzobe otu ihe okike na-emegide akụkọ ifo nke ndị agbata obi Israel oge ochie.[25][9][26][10][d][27][28]   [10][h]

Nke a bụ ntụgharị asụsụ: Jenesis 1 na-ekerịta myirịta na ndịiche pụtara ìhè na akụkọ ifo okike Babilọn, Enuma Elaịsh. Akụkọ ifo ahụ na-amalite site na ihe abụọ mbụ: Apsu, chi nke mmiri ọhụrụ, na Tiamat, chi nwanyị nke mmiri nnu. A mụrụ chi mbụ site na mmekọahụ ha, na chi ndị na-eto eto na-emesị gbuo Apsu na mgbe e mesịrị Tiamat. Marduk, onye ndú nke chi, na-ewu ụwa site na ahụ Tiamat, na-ekewa ya abụọ. Site na otu ọkara, ọ na-emepụta mbara igwe dị ka dome iji gbochie mmiri elu nke Tiamat, na site na ọkara nke ọzọ, ọ na-emepụta ala kpọrọ nkụ iji gbochie mmiri dị ala. Marduk na-ahazi ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe ma na-ekenye chi dị iche iche ọrụ iji kwado usoro mbara igwe. Mgbe chi ndị ahụ na-eme mkpesa banyere ọrụ ha na-arụ, Marduk na-eke ụmụ mmadụ site n'ọbara nke chi Kingu. Chi ndị ahụ nwere obi ekele wuoro Marduk ụlọ nsọ na Babịlọn, nke yiri usoro Bel, bụ́ ebe Baal chi ndị Kenan ji ụbọchị asaa wuo ụlọ nsọ ya

Na ma Jenesis 1 na Enuma Elaịsh, ihe e kere eke na-agụnye itinye usoro na ọgba aghara. Tupu e kee ihe, ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ ma primordial mmiri. N'oge okike, a na-etinye mbara igwe (dome) iji kewaa mmiri ma mee ka ụwa bụrụ ebe obibi. Ihe ndekọ abụọ ahụ mechiri n’ihe e kere eke mmadụ (nke a na-akpọ “mmadụ”) na nguzobe nke ebe obibi nke Chineke (na Jenesis 1, ụwa nile na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi). N'adịghị ka Enuma Elish, Jenesis 1 bụ monotheistic, enweghị a theogony (akụkọ banyere mmalite nke chi), na-egosikwa na ọ dịghị iguzogide mbelata nke ọgba aghara (nke a maara dị ka theomachy na Greek, nke pụtara "chi-alụ ọgụ"), nke a nile bụ ụdị nke Mesopotamian e kere ihe ndekọ. A kọwara chi ndị dị na Enuma Elaịsh dị ka ndị nwere ntụpọ na oke, na-eke mmadụ ijere ha ozi. N’ụzọ dị iche, Chineke dị na Jenesis 1 bụ ike nile, kee mmadụ n’onyinyo Ya, na-eche maka ọdịmma ha, ma nyekwa ha ikike ịchị ihe nile dị ndụ.

Enuma Elish hapụkwara akara na Jenesis 2. Ha abụọ na-amalite site na usoro nkwupụta nke ihe na-adịghị adị n'oge okike malitere; Enuma Elish nwere isi iyi (n'oké osimiri) dị ka ebe okike malitere, na-agbakọta isi iyi (na ala; Genesis 2:6 bụ ihe a ma ama maka ịbụ akụkọ okike "akọrọ") na Jenesis 2:6 nke "na-enye mmiri n'ihu ala dum"; n'akụkọ ifo abụọ ahụ, Yahweh / chi mepụtara mmadụ iji jeere ya ozi mbụ, mgbe ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ na ahịhịa. N'otu oge ahụ, dịka ọ dị na Genesis 4:1, nsụgharị ndị Juu agbanweela n'ụzọ dị egwu ihe nlereanya Babilọn ya: Iv, dịka ọmụmaatụ, yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke chi nwanyị nne mgbe, na Jenesis 4:1, ọ na-ekwu na ya "mepụtara nwoke na Yahweh", mana ọ bụghị chi dị ka onye ibe ya nke Babilọn.[35]

Jenesis 2 nwere ihe yiri ya na akụkọ ifo nke abụọ nke Mesopotamian, Atra-Hasis epic - ihe yiri ya nke, n'ezie, gbasaa na Jenesis 2-11, site na Okike ruo Iju Mmiri na ihe si na ya pụta. Ha abụọ na-ekerịta ọtụtụ nkọwa (dịka, ogige nsọ na ọrụ nke nwoke mbụ n'ogige ahụ, okike nke mmadụ site na ngwakọta nke ụwa na ihe dị nsọ, ohere nke anwụghị anwụ, wdg), ma nwee isiokwu yiri nke ahụ: iji nwayọọ nwayọọ mee ka mmekọrịta mmadụ na Chineke na ụmụ anụmanụ doo anya.[36]

Ọdịdị mbara igwe

Jenesis 1-2 na-egosipụta echiche oge ochie banyere sayensị: n'okwu nke E.A. Speiser, "n'ihe gbasara ọdịnala okike nke Bible jikọtara onwe ya na ụkpụrụ ọdịnala nke sayensị Babilọn. "Okwu mmalite nke Jenesis 1, "Na mbido Chineke kere eluigwe na ụwa", chịkọtara nkwenye nke onye dere ya na Yahweh, Chineke nke Israel, bụ naanị ya kpatara okike ma ọ nweghị onye na-asọmpi.[37][38] Ndị na-eche echiche ndị Juu, na-anabata echiche sitere na Nkà ihe ọmụma ndị Gris, kwubiri na Amamihe, Okwu na Mmụọ Chineke banyere n'ihe niile ma nye ha ịdị n'otu.[39] Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, n'aka nke ya, nabatara echiche ndị a ma jiri okwu okike kọwaa Jizọs: "Na mbido bụ Okwu ahụ, Okwu ahụ na Chineke, Okwu ahụ bụ Chineke" (Jọn 1:1). [40] Mgbe ndị Juu zutere echiche ndị Gris, e nwere nnukwu nkọwa nke cosmology nke akụkọ Jenesis. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ Bible chepụtara cosmos dị ka ụwa dị larịị n'etiti, ụwa dị n'okpuru maka ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'okpuru, na eluigwe n'elu.[41] N'okpuru ụwa bụ "mmiri nke ọgba aghara", oké osimiri dị na mbara igwe, ebe obibi nke anụ ọhịa ndị Chineke meriri ma gbuo; na Ọpụpụ 20:4, Chineke dọrọ aka ná ntị megide ime ihe oyiyi "nke ihe ọ bụla dị na mmiri n'okpuru ụwa".[38] E nwekwara mmiri n'elu ụwa, ya mere, raqia (firmament), efere siri ike, dị mkpa iji gbochie ha ka ha ghara iju ụwa. N'Oge ndị Gris, a gbanwere nke a site na ihe nlereanya "sayensị" dịka ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Gris chere, nke ụwa bụ okirikiri dị n'etiti mkpokoro okirikiri nke okirikiri eluigwe nwere Anyanwụ, Ọnwa, kpakpando, na mbara ala.[41]

Echiche ahụ bụ na Chineke kere ụwa n'ie ọ bụla (creatio ex nihilo) aghọwo ihe dị mkpa taa na Islam, Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, na okpukpe ndị Juu - n'ezie, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma ndị Juu nke oge ochie Maimonides chere na ọ bụ naanị echiche nke okpukpe atọ ahụ kerịtara - ma a hụghị ya kpọmkwem na Jenesis, ma ọ bụ na Bible Hibru dum. [43][44] Dị ka Walton si kwuo, ndị edemede ndị ụkọchukwu nke Jenesis 1 echegbughị onwe ha maka mmalite nke ihe (ihe Chineke guzobere n'ime cosmos a na-ebi ebi), kama na ịnye ọrụ ka cosmos wee rụọ ọrụ.[45] Otú ọ dị, John Day na-ewere na Jenesis 1 na-enye akụkọ doro anya banyere okike nke eluigwe na ala.[46] N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a mebeghịziwanye ozizi ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ AD, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọkà mmụta Ndị Kraịst oge ochie amalitela ịhụ esemokwu dị n'etiti echiche nke ọzụzụ ụwa na ike niile nke Chineke; site na mmalite narịafọ nke atọ, e doziri esemokwu a, e meriri ọzụzụ ụwa, na okike ex nihilo aghọwo ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke nkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst.[47]

Akụkọ ndị ọzọ e dere na Baịbụl

Akụkọ Jenesis abụghị naanị akụkọ okike nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Bible na-echekwa ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke okike. Nke mbụ bụ "logos" (okwu), ebe Chineke kachasị elu "na-ekwu" ihe na-adịghị adị n'ime ịdị adị. Jenesis 1 bụ ihe atụ nke ihe okike site n'okwu.[48]

Nke abụọ bụ "aghụghọ" (ọgụ ma ọ bụ ọgụ), nke ọ bụ mmeri Chineke n'agon n'elu anụ ọhịa nke oké osimiri na-egosi ọbụbụeze na ike ya.[49] Enweghị akụkọ ifo zuru oke nke agha echekwara na Bible. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe ndị na-ezo aka na akụkọ ifo dị otú ahụ na Aịsaịa 27:1, Aịsaịa 51:9-10, Job 26:12-13. Amaokwu ndị a na-akọwa otú Chineke si merie ike nke ọgba aghara. A na-eme ka ike ndị a bụrụ anụ ọhịa mmiri. A na-akpọ anụ ọhịa ndị a Yam (Oké Osimiri), Nahar (River), Leviathan (Coiled One), Rahaba (Proud One), na Tannin (Dragon). [50]

Abụ Ọma nke 74 na Aịsaịa nke 51 na-echeta akụkọ ifo nke ndị Kenan nke Chineke kere ụwa site na imeri chi mmiri: "Teta, teta! ... Ọ bụ gị ka gburu Rehaab, nke gbagọrọ Dragọn! Ọ bụ gị mere ka Oké Osimiri, mmiri nke nnukwu omimi, nke mere ka omimi nke Oké Osimiri bụrụ ụzọ ndị a gbapụtara nwere ike ịga ije... " [51]

Akụkọ mbụ: Jenesis 1:1-2:3

The Ancient of Days nke William Blake dere (Copy D, 1794)

A na-ekewa akụkọ okike mbụ n'ime ụbọchị asaa nke Chineke na-eke ìhè (ụbọchị 1); eluigwe (ụbọchị 2); ụwa, oké osimiri, na ahịhịa (ụbọchị 3); anyanwụ na ọnwa (ụbọchị 4); anụmanụ nke ikuku na oké osimiri (ụbọchị 5); na anụmanụ ala na ụmụ mmadụ (ụbọchị 6). Chineke zuru ike n'ọrụ ya n'ụbọchị nke asaa nke okike, Ụbọchị Izu Ike.[52]

Ojiji nke nọmba n'ihe odide oge ochie na-abụkarị nke ọnụọgụ kama ịbụ eziokwu - ya bụ, a na-eji nọmba mee ihe n'ihi na ha nwere uru ụfọdụ maka onye edemede.[53] Nọmba asaa, nke na-egosi mmezu nke Chineke, na-emetụta Jenesis 1: amaokwu 1: nwere okwu asaa, amaokwu 1: 2 nwere iri na anọ, na 2:1-3 nwere okwu 35 (5 × 7); A kpọtụrụ Elohim aha ugboro 35, "eluigwe / ike" na "ụwa" ugboro 21 nke ọ bụla, na ahịrịokwu "na ọ bụ otú ahụ" na "Chineke hụrụ na ọ dị mma" na-apụta ugboro 7 nke ọ bụla.[54]

Cosmos e kere na Jenesis 1 yiri nnọọ Ụlọikwuu ahụ dị na Ọpụpụ 35-40, nke bụ ihe nlereanya nke Ụlọ nsọ dị na Jeruselem na ebe ofufe ndị ụkọchukwu nke Yahweh na-elekwasị anya; n'ihi nke a, na n'ihi na akụkọ okike ndị ọzọ dị n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa na-ejikwa iwu ụlọ nsọ / ụlọ maka chi okike, Jenesis 1 nwere ike ịkọwa dị ka nkọwa nke iwu Cosmos dị ka ụlọ Chineke, nke Ụlọ Nsọ na Jerusalem jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya ụwa.[55]

Tupu okike (Jenesis 1:1-2)

1 Na mbido Chineke [Elohim][i] kere eluigwe na ụwa.

2 Ụwa enweghị ọdịdị, ọ ghọkwara ihe efu; ọchịchịrị dịkwa n'elu ala. Mmụọ [ruach] nke Chineke wee gaa n'ihu mmiri.

A na-asụgharị ahịrịokwu mmalite nke Jenesis 1:1 n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka "na mbido Chineke kere".[57] Nsụgharị a na-atụ aro creatio ex nihilo ('ihe okike site na ihe ọ bụla'). [58] Otú ọ dị, Hibru bụ ihe na-edoghị anya ma nwee ike ịsụgharị ya n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ.[59] NRSV sụgharịrị amaokwu 1 na 2 dị ka, "Na mbido mgbe Chineke kere eluigwe na ụwa, ụwa bụ ihe efu na-enweghị ọdịdị ..." Nsụgharị a na-egosi na ụwa, n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, adịlarị mgbe Chineke malitere ọrụ okike ya.[60] 

Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible bụ John Day na David Toshio Tsumura na-ekwu na Jenesis 1:1 na-akọwa okike mbụ nke eluigwe na ala, nke mbụ na-ede: "Ebe ọ bụ na ụwa na eluigwe n'echiche nke ikuku / ifufe adịlarị na Jenesis 1:2, ọ bụ ihe dị otú o kwesịrị iche na Jenesis 1: 1 na-ezo aka n'omume okike Chineke n'ime ha. " Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ dị ka R. N. Whybray, Christine Hayes, Michael Coogan, Cynthia Chapman, na John H. Walton na-ekwu maka ihe okike 1: na-ekwu ihe okike nke Jenesis 1: [61][62][63][64][65][66]

Okwu "e kere" sụgharịrị bara nke Hibru, okwu a na-eji naanị maka ọrụ okike nke Chineke; ndị mmadụ anaghị etinye aka na bara'.[67] bara'bara'-ve-ignore="true" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" id="mwAn8" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>Walton na-ekwu na bara' anaghị ezo aka na okike nke ihe. N'oge ochie Near East, "ịmepụta" pụtara ịnye ọrụ na ọrụ. bara' nke Chineke na-eme na Jenesis 1 na-emetụta iwebata "eluigwe na ụwa" site na ọgba aghara n'ime ịdị adị a haziri ahazi.[68] Day na-arụ ụka na nkọwa ọrụ Walton nke akụkọ okike. Day na-ekwu na ihe okike bụ "naanị ụzọ okike nke iwere ederede" nakwa na nkọwa a bụ naanị maka ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.[46]

Most interpreters consider the phrase "heaven and earth" to be a merism meaning the entire cosmos. Genesis 1:2 describes the earth as "formless and void". This phrase is a translation of the Hebrew Templeeti:Transl (תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ). Tohu by itself means "emptiness, futility". It is used to describe the desert wilderness. Bohu has no known meaning, although it appears to be related to the Arabic word bahiya ("to be empty"), and was apparently coined to rhyme with and reinforce tohu. The phrase appears also in Jeremiah 4:23 where the prophet warns Israel that rebellion against God will lead to the return of darkness and chaos, "as if the earth had been 'uncreated'".

Amaokwu nke abụọ gara n'ihu, "Ọchịchịrị dị n'elu ihu omimi emi". Okwu ahụ bụ deep na-asụgharị asụsụ Hibru (תְהוֹם), Oké osimiri mbụ. Ọchịchịrị na Ọnọdụ bụ ihe abụọ ọzọ nke ọgba aghara na mgbakwunye na tohu wa-bohu. Na Enuma Elish, a na-egosipụta omimi mmiri dị ka chi nwanyị Tiamat, onye iro Marduk. Otú ọ dị, na Jenesis, ọ dịghị onye dị otú ahụ. A naghị ele ihe ndị dị na ọgba aghara anya dị ka ihe ọjọọ kama dị ka ihe na-egosi na Chineke amalitebeghị ọrụ okike ya.[74]

Ndị ntụgharị ndị ọzọ na-arụ ụka maka ịsụgharị ruach dị ka "ikuku". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, NRSV na-asụgharị ya "ikuku sitere na Chineke".[66] N'otu aka ahụ, okwu elohim nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka adjective dị elu (dị ka "ike" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu"). N'ihi ya, okwu ahụ bụ ruach elohim nwere ike ịpụta "oké ifufe". A na-ahụkwa njikọ dị n'etiti ifufe na ọgba aghara mmiri na akụkọ Jenesis, ebe Chineke jiri ifufe mee ka mmiri daa na Jenesis 8:1.[77][78]

Ụbọchị Isii nke Okike (1:3-2:3)

Ụbọchị mbụ nke okike, nke Jean Colombe si na Heures de Louis de Laval [fr] (lee Louis de Lavel)

Okike na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime ụbọchị isii. A na-ahazi ihe okike ka ụbọchị atọ mbụ wee guzobe gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ihe okike nke ụbọchị atọ gara aga iji nwee ọganihu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Chineke na-emepụta ìhè n'ụbọchị mbụ na ihe ndị dị n'eluigwe na-emepụta ọkụ n'ụbọchị nke anọ.[64]

Ụbọchị Okike [64]

Ụbọchị 1	ìhè	Ụbọchị nke 4	ihe ndị dị n'eluigwe
Ụbọchị nke Abụọ	oké osimiri na mbara igwe	Ụbọchị nke 5	nnụnụ na azụ
Ụbọchị nke 3	ala na osisi	Ụbọchị 6	anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ

Ụbọchị ọ bụla na-agbaso usoro edemede yiri nke ahụ: [80]

1. Okwu mbido: "Chineke kwuru"
2. Iwu: "Ka e nwee"
3. Akụkọ: "Ọ bụkwa otú ahụ"
4. Nnyocha: "Chineke hụkwara na ọ dị mma"
5. Usoro oge: "Na e nwere mgbede, na e nwere ụtụtụ"

Amaokwu 31 chịkọtara ihe niile e kere eke, sị, "Chineke hụrụ ihe ọ bụla O mere, n'ezie, ọ dị ezigbo mma". Dị ka ọkà mmụta Bible R. N. Whybray si kwuo, "Nke a bụ nyocha nke onye omenkà ahụ banyere ọrụ nke ya ... Ọ bụghị na ọ nwere echiche omume ọma: ọ bụghị mmadụ ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ 'ezi', kama ọrụ Chineke dị ka onye omenkọta".[67] 

Na ngwụcha ụbọchị nke isii, mgbe ihe okike zuru ezu, ụwa bụ ụlọ nsọ eluigwe na ala ebe ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ bụ ofufe Chineke. Nke a yiri Enuma Elish ma gosipụta Job 38, ebe Chineke na-echeta otú kpakpando, "ụmụ Chineke", si bụrụ abụ mgbe a tọrọ ntọala nke okike.[81]   Usoro okike na-egosi ọbụbụeze na ike niile nke Chineke. Chineke na-eke site na fiat; ihe na-abịa site na iwu Chineke.[83] Dị ka eze, Chineke ga-ekwu naanị maka ihe ga-eme.[84] N'ụbọchị mbụ, Chineke na-emepụta ìhè ma kewaa ìhè na ọchịchịrị. Mgbe ahụ ọ na-akpọ ha aha.[66] Ya mere Chineke na-eke oge.[85]

A naghị ahụ ihe e kere eke site n'okwu n'akụkọ ifo Mesopotamian, mana ọ dị na ụfọdụ Akụkọ ifo ndị Ijipt oge ochie.[86] Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ akụkọ ndị Ijipt nwere chi na-eke ụwa site na ịsụ ude ma ọ bụ ịpị onwe gị, Nkà mmụta okpukpe Memphite nwere Ptah okike site n'okwu.[87] Na Jenesis, omume okike na-amalite site n'okwu ma mechie site na aha. Nke a nwere ihe yiri ya na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa. Na Memphite Theology, chi okike na-akpọ ihe niile aha. N'otu aka ahụ, Enuma Elish na-amalite mgbe eluigwe, ụwa, na chi ndị ahụ na-akpọghị aha. Walton na-ede, "N'ụzọ echiche a, ihe adịghị adị ọ gwụla ma a gụrụ ha aha. " Dị ka ọkà mmụta Bible Nahum Sarna si kwuo, myirịta a bụ "ihe na-enweghị isi" n'ihi na n'akụkọ oge ochie ndị ọzọ, ihe e kere site n'okwu gụnyere anwansi: [86][88]  

Ụbọchị nke Abụọ (1:6-8)

Ndị Izrel oge ochie na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa ghọtara na mmiri gbara ụwa gburugburu. Mmiri ndị dị n'elu nwere okpokoro siri ike ma ọ bụ mbara igwe (eluigwe). Ugwu kwadoro ogidi ahụ.[89]

  N'ụbọchị nke abụọ, Chineke kere (rāqîa), nke a na-akpọ šamayim ('eluigwe' ma ọ bụ 'eluigwe'), iji kewaa mmiri.[91] Mmiri bụ "ike kachasị elu" n'akụkọ ifo ndị ọgọ mmụọ. Otú ọ dị, na Jenesis, oké osimiri mbụ enweghị ike ọ bụla ma bụrụ kpamkpam n'okpuru iwu Chineke.[92]

Rāqîa sitere na rāqa', ngwaa eji akụ ígwè n'ime efere dị nro.[93] Ndị oge ochie n'ụwa niile kwenyere na mbara igwe siri ike, a ghọtakwara mbara igwe dị na Jenesis 1 dị ka okpokoro siri ike.[94] N'oge ochie dị nso n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ụwa bụ diski dị larịị nke mmiri dị n'elu na mmiri dị n"okpuru gbara gburugburu. Eluigwe bụ okpokoro siri ike nke dị n'elu ugwu dị na nsọtụ ụwa. Ọ na-apụta ìhè, na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ịhụ anụnụ anụnụ nke mmiri dị n'elu na "windo" iji kwe ka mmiri ozuzo daa. Anyanwụ, ọnwa na kpakpando dị n'okpuru mbara igwe. N'ime ime ụwa bụ ụwa n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ Sheol. A na-akwado ụwa site na ogidi ndị mikpuru n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru.[95]

Mmiri ndị dị n'elu bụ isi iyi nke mmiri ozuzo, yabụ ọrụ nke rāqîa bụ ịchịkwa ma ọ bụ ịchịkwa ihu igwe.[96] N'akụkọ idei mmiri nke Jenesis, "isi iyi niile nke nnukwu mmiri ahụ gbawara" site na mmiri dị n'okpuru ụwa na "windo" nke eluigwe.[97]

Ụbọchị nke Atọ (1:9-13)

  N'ime ụbọchị atọ mbụ, Chineke setịpụrụ oge, ihu igwe, na ahịhịa, ihe niile dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke cosmos. Maka ndị oge ochie bi n'obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo, ọdachi ihu igwe ma ọ bụ nke ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya zuru oke site na ụnwụ nri. Ka o sina dị, Jenesis 1 kọwara ihe okike mbụ nke Chineke dị ka "ezi" - ụwa okike abụghị ihe iyi egwu maka ndụ mmadụ.[101]

A na-anọchi anya ọkwa atọ nke cosmos n'otu usoro ahụ e kere ha - eluigwe, oké osimiri, ụwa.

The Creation - Bible Historiale (ihe dị ka 1411)

  N'ụbọchị mbụ, Chineke na-eme ka ìhè (Hibru:'ôr). N'ụbọchị nke anọ, Chineke na-eme "ìhè" ma ọ bụ "ìhè ọkụ" (Hibru:mā'ôr) setịpụrụ na mbara igwe.[103] Nke a bụ otu okwu e ji mee ihe n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Pentateuch maka ebe a na-etinye oriọna ma ọ bụ menorah n'Ụlọikwuu ahụ, ebe ọzọ a na-ezo aka na cosmos bụ ụlọ nsọ.[104] N'ụzọ doro anya, Chineke na-emepụta "ìhè ka ukwuu", "ìhè dị ala", na kpakpando. Dị ka Victor Hamilton si kwuo, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na nhọrọ nke "ìhè ka ukwuu" na "ìhè dị ala", karịa "anyanwụ" na "ọnwa" doro anya, bụ okwu na-emegide akụkọ ifo nke e bu n'uche imegide nkwenkwe ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oge a na chi anyanwụ na ọnwa.[105] N'ezie, Rashi na-ekwu na akụkọ nke ụbọchị nke anọ na-ekpughe na anyanwụ na ọnwa na-arụ ọrụ naanị dịka uche Chineke si dị, ya mere na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe nzuzu ife ha ofufe.[106]   A na-eji okwu Hibru tannin (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka "ihe ndị e kere eke n'oké osimiri" ma ọ bụ "ihe ndị dị oké osimiri") mee ihe n'ebe ọzọ na Jenesis 1:21 na-ezo aka na ndị dị oké egwu aha ha bụ Rehaab na Leviathan (Abụ Ọma 74:13, Aịsaịa 27:1 na 51:9). N'akụkọ ifo ndị Ijipt na Mesopotamian (Ntuziaka nke Merikare na Enuma Elish), chi okike ga-alụ ọgụ na anụ ọhịa mmiri tupu ya emee eluigwe na ụwa. Otú ọ dị, na Jenesis, ọ dịghị ihe na-egosi ọgụ, tannin bụkwa ihe ndị Chineke kere. Ya mere, akụkọ Jenesis bụ arụmụka doro anya megide akụkọ ifo nke ụwa oge ochie.[110]

Ụbọchị nke isii (1:24-31)

Okike nke Anụmanụ (1506-1511), nke Grão Vasco dere

  N'ụbọchị nke isii, Chineke kere ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ. Dị ka anụmanụ nke oké osimiri na ikuku, a na-akpọ anụmanụ ala nepeš ḥayya ('ihe e kere eke dị ndụ'). A na-ekewa ha n'ụdị atọ: anụ ụlọ (behema), anụ ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka anụ oriri (remeś), na anụ ọhịa (ḥayya). Ụwa "na-amụpụta" ụmụ anụmanụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ o si mụọ ahịhịa n'ụbọchị nke atọ.[112]  .mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

Nkọwa

mosaic nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ nke akụkọ okike Jenesis na Cappella Palatina na Palermo, Ịtali.

Akwụkwọ Hexameral

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-coluparser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:low Akụkọ okike nke Jenesis kpaliri ụdị edemede ndị Juu na nke Ndị Kraịst nke a maara dị ka akwụkwọ Hexameral. Ụdị nke a bụ nke a raara nye nkọwa, ndị ikwu, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị metụtara akụkọ okike nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ n'oge ochie na nke ochie. Ihe atụ Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ gụnyere: Ọrụ ama ama 1. Basil nke Caesarea's Hexaemeron (narị afọ nke anọ) 2. Ọ bụ Augustine nke Hippo na-arụ ọrụ 3. Jekọb nke Serugh 4. Jekọb nke Edessa 5. Bonaventure Ihe ọ pụtara Akwụkwọ Hexameral na-egosi mmasị na-aga n'ihu na ịkọwa akụkọ okike nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ.,

Nkọwa usoro

Nkọwa usoro (nke a makwaara dị ka "usoro edemede", "echiche nke usoro", ma ọ bụ "echiche usoro") bụ nkọwa nke nhazi nke akụkọ okike mbụ (nke doro anya, Jenesis 1:1-2:4a). [160] Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible na ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe na-enye usoro ahụ dị ka ihe akaebe na akụkọ okike mbụ bụ ihe nnọchianya kama n'ụzọ nkịtị.

Atọ n'ime atọ na alaeze atọ

Ọmụmụ Kline kewara ụbọchị isii nke okike na Jenesis ụzọ abụọ nke atọ ("triads"). Okwu mmeghe (Jenesis 1:1-2) na-akọwa ọnọdụ mmalite nke eluigwe na ala: ọchịchịrị, miri “miri” na ụwa na-enweghị ụdị, nke Mmụọ nke Chineke na-efegharị n’elu ya. Triad Mbụ (Ụbọchị 1-3) 1. *Ụbọchị 1*: Okike nke ìhè na nkewapụ n'ọchịchịrị (Jenesis 1:3-5). 2. *Ụbọchị nke Abụọ*: Okike nke mbara igwe iji kewapụ mmiri na imepụta elu-igwe (Jenesis 1:6-8). 3. *Ụbọchị nke atọ*: Nkewa nke ala na oke osimiri, imepụta ahịhịa. Triad nke Abụọ (Ụbọchị 4-6) 1. *Ụbọchị nke anọ*: Okike anyanwụ, ọnwa na kpakpando maka ehihie na abalị (Jenesis 1:14-19). 2. *Ụbọchị nke ise*: Okike azụ na nnụnụ maka oke osimiri na elu-igwe (Jenesis 1:20-23). 3. *Ụbọchị nke isii*: okike nke anụmanụ na mmadụ (Jenesis 1:24-31).

Atọ n'Ime Otu Mbụ - Alaeze Okike		Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Abụọ - Ụdị Ihe E Kere Eke
Ụbọchị 1 (Ìhè)	Ka ìhè dị (1:3).	Ka e nwee ọkụ (1:14).	Ụbọchị nke 4 (Ndị Ìhè)
Ụbọchị nke Abụọ (Sky/Mmiri)	Ka e nwee mbara igwe n'etiti mmiri, ka ọ kewaa mmiri na mmiri (1:6).	Ka mmiri jupụta n'ihe e kere eke ma hapụ nnụnụ ka ha na-efe n'elu ụwa (1:20).	Ụbọchị 5 (Birds/Fish)
Ụbọchị nke 3 (Ala/Njem)	Ka ala kpọrọ nkụ pụta (1:9). Ka ala ahụ mepụta ahịhịa (1:11).	Ka ala ahụ mụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ (1:24). Ka anyị mee mmadụ (1:26). Ana m enye gị osisi ọ bụla na-amị mkpụrụ... na osisi ọ bụla nwere mkpụrụ osisi nwere mkpụrụ na ya... maka nri (1:29).	Ụbọchị 6 (Ala ụmụ anụmanụ/Ndị mmadụ)
Eze Okike
Ụbọchị nke 7 (Sabath)

E nwere ọdịiche n'ịkewa triads abụọ ahụ, mana nyocha Kline na-atụ aro: triad mbụ (ụbọchị 1-3) na-akọwa nguzobe nke alaeze okike, na triad nke abụọ (ụbọchị 4-6), mmepụta nke ụdị ihe e kere eke. Ọzọkwa, usoro a enweghị ihe ọ pụtara na nkà mmụta okpukpe, n'ihi na ala niile e kere eke na ndị na-achị ụbọchị isii ahụ bụ ndị nọ n'okpuru Chineke, ndị na-ezu ike n'oge ezumike nke eze dị ka Onye Okike n'ụbọchị nke asaa. Ya mere, ụbọchị nke asaa na-egosi njedebe nke izu okike.[161]

Ndị na-akwado ya na ndị nkatọ

Ndị ọkà mmụta dị iche iche na-akwado ụkpụrụ Framework Hypothesis, gụnyere evolushọn na ndị okike. Ụfọdụ sitere n'ihe odide nke Nna Chọọchị Augustine nke Hippo dere. Ndị na-akwado isi 1. *Arie Noordzij*: Nke mbụ tụpụtara ụkpụrụ Framework Hypothesis na 1924 na Mahadum Utrecht. 2. *Nicolaas Ridderbos*: Na-ewu ewu echiche na njedebe 1950s. 3. *Ndị nkwado ndị ọzọ ama ama*: 1. Meredith G. Kline 2. Henri Blocher 3. John H. Walton 4. Bruce Waltke 5. Gordon Wenham (ọkà mmụta Agba ochie na Pentateuch) Nnabata Echiche nke Framework enwetawo nnabata site n'ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta a, na-enye nkọwa a haziri ahazi nke Jenesis 1.

• Alter (1981). The Art of Biblical narrative. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00427-0. 
• Alter (2004). The Five Books of Moses. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-33393-0. 
• Andersen (1987). "On Reading Genesis 1–3", in O'Connor: Backgrounds for the Bible. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-30-0. 
• Arnold (1998). Encountering the Book of Genesis: A Study of Its Content and Issues, Encountering Biblical Studies. Grand Rapids, Michigan, US: Baker Academic. ISBN 9781585585397. 
• Aune (2003). "Cosmology", Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-21917-8. 
• Baden (2012). The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis, Anchor Yale Reference Library. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300152647. 
• Bandstra (2008). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 576. ISBN 978-0-495-39105-0. 
• Batten. Is Genesis poetry/figurative, a theological argument (polemic) and thus not history?. Creation Answers Book. Creation Book Publishers.
• Berry (2003). God's book of works: the nature and theology of nature. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. ISBN 0-567-08915-0. Templeeti:Page needed
• Blenkinsopp (2011). Creation, Un-Creation, Re-Creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1–11. T&T Clarke International. ISBN 978-0-567-37287-1. 
• Blocher (1984). In the Beginning: The Opening Chapters of Genesis. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-87784-325-2. 
• Bouteneff (2008). Beginnings: Ancient Christian Readings of the Biblical Creation Narrative. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-3233-2. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)
• Carr (1996). Reading the Fractures in Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22071-1. 
• Coats (1983). Genesis, with an Introduction to Narrative Literature. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 
• Collins (2006). Genesis 1—4 : a linguistic, literary, and theological commentary. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P&R Publishing Company. 
• Collins (2018). Introduction to the Hebrew Bible, 3rd, Minneapolis, US: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-5064-4598-4. 
• Coogan (2018). The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures, 4th, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190608651. 
• Cotter (2003). Genesis. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5040-0. 
• Cross (1973). "The Priestly Work", Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-09176-0. 
• Daryl Charles (2013). "Introduction", in Daryl Charles: Reading Genesis 1-2: An Evangelical Conversation. Hendrickson Publishers. 
• Davidson (1973). Genesis 1–11. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09760-4. 
• Davies (2001). "Introduction to the Pentateuch", in Barton: Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/acref/9780198755005.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6. 
• Day (2014). "The Meaning and Background of the Priestly Creation Story (Genesis 1.1-2.4a)", From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1-11. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-37030-3. 
• Day (2021). "Genesis 1.1-5: The First Day of Creation", From Creation to Abraham: Further Studies in Genesis 1-11. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-70311-8. 
• Deretic (2020). "Why are myths true: Plato on the veracity of myths". Philosophy and Conflict Studies 36 (3): 441–451. 
• Dolansky (2016). "The Multiple Truths of Myths". Biblical Archaeology Review 42: 18, 60. Retrieved on 22 January 2016. 
• Ehrman (2021). Two (Contradictory?) Accounts of Creation in Genesis?.
• Ehrman (2024). The Book of Genesis: Summary, Authorship, and Dating.
• Erickson (1998). Christian theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 407–8. ISBN 0-8010-2182-0. 
• Fishbane (2003). Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826733-9. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Friedman (2007). "Pentateuch", in Skolnik: Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd. ISBN 978-0-02-865943-5. OCLC 774684287. 
• Futato (Spring 1998). "Because it Had Rained: A Study of Genesis 2:5–7 With Implications for Genesis 2:4–25 and Genesis 1:1–2:3" (PDF). Westminster Theological Journal 60 (1): 1–21.  Reprinted in {{citation}}: Empty citation (help) and part 2.
• Galambush (2000). "Eve", in Freedman: Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 978-9-0535-6503-2. Retrieved on 10 March 2021. 
• Garr (2012). Coequal and Counterbalanced. Golden Key Press. ISBN 9780979451492. 
• Gmirkin (2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0567134394. 
• Grudem (2020). Systematic Theology, Second Edition. Zondervan Academic, 408. ISBN 978-0-310-51797-9. “In conclusion, while the 'framework' view does not deny the truthfulness of Scripture, it adopts an interpretation of Scripture which, upon closer inspection, seems very unlikely.” 
• Hamilton (1990). The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17, New International Commentary on the Old Testament (NICOT). Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 540. ISBN 0-8028-2521-4. 
• {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)
• Hastings (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 10. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-3682-3. 
• Hayes (2012). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300188271. 
• Hugenberger (1988). "Rib", in Bromiley: The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume 4. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3784-4. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Hutton (2007). "Isaiah 51:9–11 and the Rhetorical Appropriation and Subversion of Hostile Theologies". Journal of Biblical Literature 126 (2): 271–303. DOI:10.2307/27638435. 
• Hyers (1984). The Meaning of Creation: Genesis and Modern Science. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-8042-0125-4. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Irons (January 2000). "The Framework Interpretation: An Exegetical Summary". Ordained Servant 9 (1): 7–11. 
• Irons (2000). "The Framework Interpretation", in Hagopian: The Genesis Debate: Three Views on the "Days" of Creation. Global Publishing Services. ISBN 978-0-9702245-0-7. 
• Jacobs (2007). Gender, Power, and Persuasion: The Genesis Narratives and Contemporary Perspectives. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2706-2. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Kaiser (1997). Creational Theology and the History of Physical Science. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10669-3. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Katsos (2023). The Metaphysics of Light in the Hexaemeral Literature: From Philo of Alexandria to Gregory of Nyssa. Oxford University Press. 
• Kissling (2004). Genesis, Volume 1. College Press. ISBN 978-0-89900-875-2. 
• Klamm (2023). "Mesopotamian Mythology and Genesis 1–11", Biblical Studies. Oxford Bibliographies. DOI:10.1093/obo/9780195393361-0321. ISBN 978-0-19-539336-1. 
• Kline (May 1958). "Because It Had Not Rained". Westminster Theological Journal 20 (2): 146–57. 
• Kline (1996). "Space and Time in the Genesis Cosmogony". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (48): 2–15. 
• Kline (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Hendrickson Publishers Marketing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-619-70852-5. 
• Knight (1990). "Cosmology", in Watson E. Mills: Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Knohl (2003). The Divine Symphony: The Bible's Many Voices. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0-8276-1018-7. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Kooij (2010). "The Story of Paradise in the Light of Mesopotamian Culture and Literature", in Dell: Genesis, Isaiah, and Psalms. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18231-8. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Kramer (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45238-7. 
• Kutsko (2000). Between Heaven and Earth: Divine Presence and Absence in the Book of Ezekiel. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-041-5. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• (1999) in Kvam: Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Indiana University Press, 515. ISBN 0-253-21271-5. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Lambert. "A New Look at the Babylonian Background of Genesis", The Journal of Theological Studies, pp. 287–300.
• Leeming (2004). "Biblical creation", The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515669-0. 
• Leeming (2004). A Dictionary of Creation Myths. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510275-8. Retrieved on 2 February 2020. 
• Levenson (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations", in Berlin: The Jewish study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-529751-5. 
• Longman (2005). How to Read Genesis, How to Read Series. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830875603. 
• May (2004). Creatio Ex Nihilo, English trans. of 1994, T&T Clarke International. ISBN 978-0-567-08356-2. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• McCabe (2005). "A Critique of the Framework Interpretation of the Creation Account (Part 1 of 2)". Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal 10: 19–67. 
• McDermott (2002). Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4082-4. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Nebe (2002). "Creation in Paul's Theology", in Hoffman: Creation in Jewish and Christian Tradition. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-567-57393-3. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Parrish (1990). "Creation", in Watson E. Mills: Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Propp (1990). "Eden Sketches", in Propp: The Hebrew Bible and its Interpreters. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-52-2. Retrieved on 2 February 2020. 
• {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)
• Ridderbos (1957). Is There a Conflict Between Genesis 1 and Natural Science?. Eerdmans. 
• van Ruiten (2000). Primaeval History Interpreted. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11658-3. 
• Rogerson (1991). Genesis 1–11. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-08338-8. 
• (1998) "Cosmology", in Ryken: Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-6733-2. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Sarna (1966). Understanding Genesis: Through Rabbinic Tradition and Modern Scholarship, The Heritage of Biblical Israel. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America. ISBN 0873341775. 
• Sarna (1997). "The Mists of Time: Genesis I–II", in Feyerick: Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs. New York: New York University Press, 49–82. ISBN 0-8147-2668-2. 
• Seidman (2010). "Translation", in Ronald Hendel: Reading Genesis: Ten Methods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51861-1. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Seeley (1991). "The Firmament and the Water Above: The Meaning of Raqia in Genesis 1:6–8". Westminster Theological Journal 53: 227–40. Retrieved on 11 December 2007. 
• Seeley (1997). "The Geographical Meaning of 'Earth' and 'Seas' in Genesis 1:10". Westminster Theological Journal 59: 231–55. Retrieved on 11 December 2007. 
• Ska (2006). Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-122-1. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Smith (2001). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, New, Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0-19-516768-6. 
• Smith (2008). The Ugaritic Baal Cycle: Volume II. Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU/CAT 1.3–1.4. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-4232-5. 
• Soskice (2010). "Creatio ex nihilo: its Jewish and Christian foundations", in Burrell: Creation and the God of Abraham. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49078-8. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Speiser (1964). Genesis. Doubleday. 
• Spencer (2018). "Narratives and the romantic genre in IR dominant and marginalized stories of Arab Rebellion in Libya". International Politics 56 (1): 123–140. DOI:10.1057/s41311-018-0171-z. ISSN 1384-5748. 
• Stordalen (2000). Echoes of Eden. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-0854-3. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Thomas (2011). These Are the Generations: Identity, Covenant and the Toledot Formula. T&T Clark (Continuum). ISBN 978-0-567-48764-3. 
• Thompson (1980). Jeremiah, 2nd, New International Commentary on the Old Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 831. ISBN 0-8028-2530-3. “J.A Thompson Jeremiah.” 
• Tsumura (2022). "Creation Out of Conflict? The Chaoskampf Motif in the Old Testament: Cosmic Dualism or creatio ex nihilo", in Macaskill: Congress Volume Aberdeen 2019. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-51510-9. 
• Turner (2009). Genesis. Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-906055-65-3. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Van Seters (1998). "The Pentateuch", in McKenzie: The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25652-4. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Van Seters (1992). Prologue to History: The Yahwist As Historian in Genesis, New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22179-3. Retrieved on 2 February 2020. 
• Walsh (2001). Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5897-0. 
• Waltke (1991). "The Literary Genre of Genesis, Chapter One". Crux 27 (4). 
• Waltke (2001). Genesis. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-22458-7. 
• Walton (2001). The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 9780310866206. 
• Templeeti:Cite encyclopedia
• Walton (2006). Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible. Baker Academic. ISBN 0-8010-2750-0. Retrieved on 2 February 2020. 
• {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)
• Wenham (2003a). Exploring the Old Testament: A Guide to the Pentateuch, Exploring the Bible Series. IVP Academic, 223. 
• Wenham (2003b). "Genesis", in Dunn: Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Wenham (1987). Genesis 1–15. Waco, TX: Word Books. ISBN 0-8499-0200-2. 
• Whybray (2001). "Genesis", in Barton: The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press, 38–66. DOI:10.1093/acref/9780198755005.001.0001. ISBN 9780198755005. 
• Wilkinson (2009). "Reading Genesis 1–3 in the Light of Modern Science", in Barton: Reading Genesis after Darwin. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195383362. 
• Wood (1990). "Genre, Concept of", in Watson E. Mills: Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Wright (2002). The Early History of Heaven. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534849-1. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
• Young (1988). "The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine's View of Creation". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 40 (1): 42–45. Retrieved on 2007-02-19. 

Echiche nke Framework enwetala ewu ewu dị ka ihe ngwọta nwere ike ime maka esemokwu chere na ọ dị n'etiti akụkọ okike Jenesis na sayensị ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ọ na-enye ụzọ ọzọ maka nkọwa nkịtị nke Jenesis, nke ụfọdụ Ndị Kraịst na ndị okike na-agbaso. Echiche 1. * Ndị okike *: jụ nkọwa ndị na-abụghị nke nkịtị, na-ahụ na ha na-emebi ikike Akwụkwọ Nsọ. 2. *Framework Hypothesis supporters*: Na-arụ ụka na mkpughe nke Chineke na-abịa site na Akwụkwọ Nsọ ("okwu") na okike ("ọrụ"), na-atụ anya nkwụsi ike n'etiti ha abụọ mgbe a ghọtara nke ọma. Ndabere nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị nkwado na-ehota akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ dịka Abụ Ọma 19 na Ndị Rom 1: 19-20, nke na-atụ aro mkpughe zuru oke nke Chineke site n'okike.

Ndị na-emegide nkọwa usoro ahụ gụnyere James Barr, Andrew Steinmann, Robert McCabe, na Ting Wang.[168] Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe na-agbaso usoro, dị ka Wayne Grudem na Millard Erickson, akatọwo nkọwa usoro ahụ, na-ewere ya dị ka ọgụgụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ederede Jenesis.[169] Grudem na-ekwu na "ọ bụ ezie na echiche 'usoro' anaghị agọnahụ eziokwu nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, ọ na-anabata nkọwa nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke, mgbe a nyochara ya nke ọma, yiri ka o yighị ka ọ ga-ekwe omume".[170]

Nkọwa nkịtị

Iden (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1472-1553)

Ihe a ga-enweta site na akụkọ okike nke Jenesis ga-adabere na nghọta onye na-agụ ya banyere ụdị ya, "ụdị" akwụkwọ nke ọ bụ (dịka, akụkọ ifo okike, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụ cosmology sayensị).[171]

Ọ bụ ezie na Nkatọ Bible emebiwo ọtụtụ echiche ọdịnala na Bible, ọdịnala ndị na-agbaso omenala na-akọwa akụkọ okike Jenesis n'ụzọ nkịtị mana ha etinyela aka (mgbe ụfọdụ na-ekpo ọkụ) na arụmụka banyere nkọwa Jenesis.[172]

Ọkammụta nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Francis Andersen na-ekwusi ike na ịghọta ebumnobi na omenala ndị odee dere dị oke mkpa maka nkọwa ziri ezi. Ọkammụta mgbanwe na onye na-ekwusa ozi ọma bụ Bruce Waltke na-adọ aka ná ntị megide ụzọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ si abịarute “sayensị ihe e kere eke” na nkọwa ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume. Ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ ndị Juu bụ Jon D. Levenson kwupụtara obi abụọ banyere ịgụ akụkọ sayensị na Jenesis. Isi ihe 1. *Ebumnobi odee*: Ịghọta ebumnobi na ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu dị mkpa. 2. * Literalism *: nwere ike iduga na nkwubi okwu sayensị na-agaghị ekwe omume. 3. * Ihe ịma aka nkọwa nkọwa *: Jenesis nwere ike ọ gaghị ebu n'uche dịka akụkọ sayensị ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'echiche ọgbara ọhụrụ.

Onye ọkà mmụta ọzọ, Conrad Hyers, chịkọtara otu echiche ahụ site n'ide, "Nkọwa nke akụkọ Jenesis bụ ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, na-eduhie eduhie, na ihe na-agaghị arụ ọrụ [n'ihi na] ọ na-eche ma na-ekwusi ike na ụdị akwụkwọ na ebumnuche nke na-adịghị. "[176]

Hụkwa

Ihe edeturu

Edensibia

Ebe e si nweta ya