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Akụkọ ifo nke Sundiata

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Sunjata (/ sʊnˈdʒɑːtə/; Asụsụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ: ṉቊቊቊቊ Sònjàdà, nke a na-akpọkwa Sundiata ma ọ bụ Son-Jara; Arabic: ملحمة سوندياتا; French: L'épopée de Soundjata na-akọ na ndị Mali bụ dike. Keita (nwuru na 1255), onye malitere alaeze Mali. Epic bụ ihe atụ nke ọdịnala ọnụ, na-alaghachi na narị afọ nke 13 ma na-akọ site n'ọgbọ nke jelis (griots). Enweghị otu ụdị ma ọ bụ ikike.[2] A malitere ịnakọta ihe gbasara ihe nkiri ahụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 na French Sudan, ọkachasị site n'aka ụlọ akwụkwọ French elite École William Ponty, na-ebute ụdị akụkọ ahụ “oge a” dị ka a tụlere taa, dabere na ndekọ ọnụ nke Djeli Mamoudou Kouyate, jeli ma ọ bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ọdịnala ọdịnala, nke Nibrianed sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French.[1][2]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ọ pụtara

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Ọnụ ọgụgụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe omume ndị egosiri na epic na-emeghe maka arụmụka. E nwere ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme Arabic nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ dị na akụkọ ihe mere anya na nke Alaeze Ukwu Mali, ọkachasị ihe ndekọ nke Ibn Khaldun. Ya mere, ihe akaebe nke ọdịnala a na-ekwu okwu ya nwere ike ịdị oke mkpa n'ịmezigharị ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge ahụ. Omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ na-enwe mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama n'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mana ndị ọkà mmụta agbalịwo ịkọwapụta ihe ndị dị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwere ike igosipụta ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere n'oge gara aga.[3]

Nchịkọta e dere ede nke akụkọ ahụ dị n'asụsụ Arabic tupu 1890. N'ime afọ 1890, ndị ọrụ France chịkọtara nsụgharị nke epic ma bipụta ya na nsụgharị French na German malite na 1898. Ndị West Africa gụrụ akwụkwọ malitere ịmepụta akụkọ akụkọ ahụ malite na afọ 1930. Nke a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi France, École William Ponty, nke mere ihe nkiri dabere na akụkọ ahụ na 1937. Oge a na-anọchite anya mmekọrịta mbụ nke ọdịnala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ na ịgụ na ide na nke oge a, na mgbanwe ndị akụkọ ahụ nwere n'ihe gbasara ngosi 1937 ... N'ikpeazụ, ọ rụpụtara ụdị epic nke ghọrọ ihe kachasị emetụta na 1940s na 1950s, tupu ọgwụgwọ mbụ nke Niane (1960). E mere ederede mbụ nke epic dị ka jeli si kọọ ya na 1967.

Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, Sunjata na-enye ozi ọ bụghị naanị banyere akụkọ ihe mere e ji mara Alaeze Ukwu Mali, kamakwa banyere ọdịbendị nke agbụrụ Mande. Ihe owuwu ezinụlọ Mande nwere ihe abụọ - ihe na-ewu ewu ([./<i id= fadenya]" id="mwRA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fadenya">badenya) ma ọ bụ ihe na-ebibi ihe (fadenya).   Fadenya, ma ọ bụ "nna-nwa," bụ asọmpi dị n'etiti ụmụnne, a na-anọchite anya ya na Sunjata epic site na ibu iro dị n'ime Sundiata, nwa Sogolon Condé, na Dankaran Touman, nwa Sassouma (nwunye mbụ nke eze Nare Marghan). Ike mbibi nke fadenya mesịrị mee ka a chụpụ Sundiata na nne ya na Mali, n'egwu na Sassouma ga-emerụ ezinụlọ Sogolon ahụ. Badenya, ma ọ bụ "nne-nwa," bụ mmetụta ịhụnanya dị n'etiti ụmụ nke otu nne. Nke a na-anọchite anya n'egwuregwu ahụ site na nkwado nke nwanne nwanyị Sundiata, Kolonkan, n'ile ya anya megide mbọ Sassouma na-agba ịgba afa, yana nkwado ụmụnne ya mechara kwado ya n'ọgụ ya iji weghachite Mali. Nkwado nne dịkwa mkpa maka Sundiata iji merie nkwarụ ahụ ya ma malite ịga ije na nzaghachi maka arịrịọ nne ya. Onye na-akọ akụkọ na-emesi ike mkpa nne ahụ dị, onye na-ekwu na "nwatakịrị ahụ abaghị uru karịa ka nne ya bara uru". N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, Sundiata chọrọ ma ndị na-emegide ya nke fadenya na badenya iji mezuo ọdịnihu ya, na-egosi na ihe abụọ ahụ dị mkpa maka ọdịbendị Mande.

Akụkọ Sunjata ka bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọdịbendị ọdịnala Mande na akụkọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-akọ site na jelis na site na mmemme ememe masked. Taa ọ ghọwokwa akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo mba nke mba Mali, Gambia, Senegal na Guinea ma na-amụ ya na nkuzi akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị.[4]

Atụmatụ

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  1. nna nna Sunjata
  2. Akụkọ banyere nwanyị atụ
  3. ọmụmụ na nwata nke Sunjata
  4. Ịkwaga mba ọzọ nke Sunjata
  5. nloghachi na agha na Sumanguru Bulman (1997). "A Checklist of Published Versions of the Sunjata Epic". History in Africa 24: 71–94. DOI:10.2307/3172019. </ref>

Na Sunjata, Naré Maghann Konaté (nke a na-akpọkwa Maghan Kon Fatta ma ọ bụ Maghan the Handsome) bụ eze Mandinka nke otu ụbọchị natara onye na-achụ nta na-akọ ọdịnihu n'ụlọ ikpe ya. Onye na-achụ nta ahụ buru amụma na ọ bụrụ na Konaté lụọ nwanyị ọjọọ, ọ ga-amụta nwa nwoke nke ga-abụ eze dị ike otu ụbọchị. Naré Maghann Konaté lụrụ Sassouma Bereté ma mụọ nwa nwoke, Dankaran Toumani Keïta. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ndị na-achụ nta Traoré abụọ si n'alaeze Dô nyere ya nwanyị ọjọọ, nke a na-akpọ Sogolon, ọ chetara amụma ahụ wee lụọ ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke, Sundiata Keita, onye na-enweghị ike ịga ije n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Sassouma nwere ekworo nwatakịrị ahụ na nne ya ma mee Sundiata ọchị maka enweghị ike ịga ije na ihe ọjọọ o ketara n'aka nne ya. N'agbanyeghị adịghị ike ya, eze ka nyere Sundiata jeli nke ya mgbe ọ dị obere; nke a bụ iji mee ka ha too ọnụ ma nye ndụmọdụ mgbe niile dị ka omenala.

Site n'ọnwụ Naré Maghann Konaté (ihe dị ka 1224), nwa mbụ ya, Dankaran Tuman, weghaara ocheeze n'agbanyeghị ọchịchọ Konaté na a ga-akwanyere amụma ahụ ùgwù. Sundiata na nne ya, bụ ndị mụrụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ugbu a ma kuchie nwa nwoke nke abụọ site n'aka nwunye nke atọ nke Konaté bụ Namandjé, nwetara mkparị nke eze ọhụrụ na nne ya. Mgbe mkparị megide Sogolon gasịrị, Sundiata rịọrọ mkpara ígwè n'aka onye na-akpụ ihe Nounfari, nke gbajiri mgbe ọ nwara iji ya mee ihe iji dọrọ onwe ya ma gaa ije. Ọ bụ naanị mgbe o jiri alaka S'ra (African baobab ma ọ bụ osisi Adansonian) ka o nwere ike ịga ije. N'otu nsụgharị nke akụkọ ahụ, Sundiata nwere ike ịga ije mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na nne ya nyere ya iwu ka o mee ya. Ọ ghọrọ nnukwu onye na-achụ nta. Ka o sina dị, ịkpọasị nke Sassouma Bereté na Dankaran Toumani Keita mere ka Sundiata, nne ya, na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ gaa mba ọzọ n'alaeze Mema. N'otu nsụgharị nke akụkọ ahụ, a chụgara Sundiata na nne ya. Sogolon chere na ya na nwa ya nwoke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi ekworo Sassouma ma hapụ ha iji chebe ha. Alaeze ndị gbara ya gburugburu achọghị ka Sundiata na Sogolon nọrọ n'ụgbọ mmiri n'ihi egwu nke ihe Sassouma na nwa ya nwoke ga-eme, mana ndị Mema nabatara ha.

Mgbe ọ bi n'alaeze Mema, Sundiata malitere itolite "dị ka ọdụm", ya na ọchịagha kachasị ukwuu nke ndị Mema, Moussa Tounkara lụrụ ọgụ. Sundiata ghọrọ nnukwu onye agha ruo n'ókè nke na e mere ya onye nketa nke ocheeze Mema. Otú ọ dị, Sogolon gbara ya ume ka ọ "mezuo ọdịnihu ya" ma laghachi Mali ka ọ bụrụ eze. Ka ọ dịgodị, Soumaoro Kanté, onye ndú akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Sosso bụ onye a ma ama mgbe ọdịda nke Alaeze Ukwu Ghana gasịrị mana e gosipụtara ya n'egwuregwu ahụ dị ka eze dibịa afa obi ọjọọ, wakporo alaeze Mandinka, na-eme ka Dankaran Toumani gbapụ n'egwu. Tupu ọ rute Mali, Soumaoro meriri alaeze itoolu n'alaeze Ghana. Ndị Mandinka a na-emegbu emegbu zigara ndị Sundiata a chụgara mba ọzọ. N'ịmepụta njikọ nke obere alaeze ndị gbara ya gburugburu, Sundiata lụsoro ndị Sosso agha, n'ikpeazụ, e mechara kpuwe Sundiata okpueze "Mansa," ma ọ bụ "eze ndị eze", dị ka onye ọchịchị mbụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Mali. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ malitere ịhazi isi nke alaeze ukwu ahụ, na-enye Gbara nke ndị a ma ama na ndị a ma ma ama na okpueze ya na iwu a maara dị ka Kouroukan Fouga. Ihe nlereanya ya maka ọchịchị ga-eduzi alaeze ukwu ahụ n'ịdị ukwuu. Ọbụna ụfọdụ jelis jiri ike ya tụnyere nke Alexander the Great.

Nsụgharị ndị a họọrọ na nsụgharị Bekee

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  • Mamadou Kouyaté (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) & Djibril Tamsir Niane (ọhụrụ): Soundjata ma ọ bụ Epic Mandingue (Paris: Presence Africaine, 1960). Trans. G.D. Pickett: [5] 
  • Bamba Suso, Banna Kanute na Dembo Kanute (ndị na-eme ihe nkiri) & Gordon Innes (onye nchịkọta akụkọ): Sunjata: Three Mandinka Versions (Mahadum nke London, 1974). Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi: Sunjata (Penguin, 1999) [6]
  • Babou Condé (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) & Camara Laye (novelization): Le Maître de la parole (Paris: Plon, 1978). Trans. James Kirkup: Onye Nche nke Okwu (1984)
  • Fa-Digi Sisòkò (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) & John William Johnson (onye nchịkọta akụkọ): The Epic of Son-Jara: A West African Tradition (Indiana University Press, 1986).[7] Aha mbipụta nke atọ: Son-Jara: The Mande Epic (2003)
  • Djanka Tassey Condé (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) & David C. Conrad (onye nchịkọta akụkọ): Sunjata: A West African Epic of the Mande Peoples (Hackett, 2004).[8] A rụgharịrị ya dị ka Sunjata: A New Prose Version (Hackett, 2016).
  • Issiaka Diakité-Kaba (playwright): Soundjata, Le Lion: Le jour oú la parole fut libérée / Sunjata, The Lion: The day when the spoken word was set free (Denver: Outskirts Press, 2010). Nsụgharị ihe nkiri French-English

Stephen Bulman dere ọtụtụ nsụgharị ndị ọzọ na "A Checklist of Published Versions of the Sunjata Epic".[9] John William Johnson chịkọtakwara akwụkwọ n'ịntanetị.[10]

Ebemside

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  1. ↑ Keim (2005). "Rev. of Sunjata: A West African Epic of the Mande Peoples". The International Journal of African Historical Studies 38 (1): 112–113. Templeeti:ProQuest. 
  2. ↑ Bulman (November 2017). "A New Epic of Ancient Mali: Sunjata: A New Prose Version. Edited and translated by David C. Conrad". The Journal of African History 58 (3): 548–550. DOI:10.1017/S0021853717000652. 
  3. ↑ Conrad (1992). "Searching for History in the Sunjata Epic: The Case of Fakoli". History in Africa 19: 147–200. DOI:10.2307/3171998. 
  4. ↑ Jansen (2001). "The Sunjata Epic--The Ultimate Version". Research in African Literatures 32 (1): 14–46. DOI:10.1353/ral.2001.0016. 
  5. ↑ Niane (2006). Sundiata : an epic of old Mali. Harlow, England: Pearson. ISBN 978-1-4058-4942-5. 
  6. ↑ (1999) Sunjata : Gambian versions of the Mande epic by Bamba Suso and Banna Kanute. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044736-1. 
  7. ↑ Johnson (1986). The epic of Son-Jara : a West African tradition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-31951-7. 
  8. ↑ (2004) Sunjata : a West African epic of the Mande peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co.. ISBN 978-0-87220-697-7. 
  9. ↑ Bulman (1997). "A Checklist of Published Versions of the Sunjata Epic". History in Africa 24: 71–94. DOI:10.2307/3172019. Bulman, Stephen P. D. (1997). "A Checklist of Published Versions of the Sunjata Epic". History in Africa. 24: 71–94. doi:10.2307/3172019. JSTOR 3172019. S2CID 162194883.
  10. ↑ Epic of Sun-Jata | World Epics. edblogs.columbia.edu. Retrieved on 2022-02-16.
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