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Akpa Nkuume

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Nkuume bụ isi akụkụ ahụ isi usoro iku ume n'ọtụtụ anụmanụ, gụnyere mmadụ. N'ime anụ na-enye nwa ara na ọtụtụ tetrapods ndị ọzọ, akpa nkuume abụọ dị nso na ọkpụkpụ azụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke obi. Ọrụ ha na usoro iku ume bụ iwepụta Ọsịgin site na ikuku ma nyefee ya ga usoro obara si aga, tinyekwara ịwehapụ carbon dioxide site na ọbara n'ime ikuku, na usoro mgbanwe gas. Ikurume na-esite n'usoro ahụ dị iche iche n'ụdị ihe n'elu ume dị iche iche. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ na nnụnụ na-eji usoro ọkpụkpụ ha akwado ma kwalite iku ume. Na tetrapod na-amalite amalite, ikuku na-abanye n'ime akpa ume site na uru ahụ pharyngeal site na buccal pumping, usoro a ka na-ahụ na anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, okpụkpụ ahụ bụ isi nke na-akpali iku ume bụ nke akpọrọ diaphragm. Nkuume na-enyekwa ikuku nke na-eme ka ụda olu gụnyere ikwu okwu nwee ike ịdị ire.

Mmadụ nwere akpa nkuume abụọ, akpa nkuume aka nri na akpa nkuuume aka ekpe. Ha dị n'ime oghere obi nke obi. Nkuume aka nri buru ibu karịa nke aka ekpe, ma akpa nkuume aka ekpe na obi na-ekerịta ohere na mkpụrụ obi. Akpa nkuume n'ozuzu ya dị ihe dịka kilogram 1.3 (2.9 lb), ma nke aka nri dịkwa arọ karịa. Nkuume bụ akụkụ nke ụzọ Ọkụ ume nke na-amalite na trachea ma na-abanye na bronchi na broncholes, nke na-enweta ikuku a na-esite n'ume site na mpaghara nduzi. Ndị a na-ekewa ruo mgbe ikuku ruru microscopic alveoli, ebe mgbanwe gas na-ewere ọnọdụ. N'ozuzu, akpa ume nwere ihe dịka kilomita puku abụọ na narị anọ (1,500 mi) nke ụzọ ikuku na nde alveoli narị atọ ruo narị ise. A na-ekpuchi akpa ume ọ bụla n'ime akpa pleural nke pleurae abụọ nke na-enye ohere ka mgbidi dị n'ime na nke dị n'èzí na-agbada n'elu ibe ha ebe iku ume na-ewere ọnọdụ, na-enweghị nnukwu mkpkọ. Visceral pleura nke ime kewara akpa nkuume ume ọ bụla dị ka fissures n'akụkụ ndị a na-akpọ lobes. Nkuume nke aka nri nwere lobes atọ ma aka ekpe nwere abụọ. A na-ekewakwa lobes ị bụ bronchopulmonary na lobules. Akpa nkuume nwere ikike nzisa ọbara pụrụ iche, na-anata ọbara deoxygenated nke sitere n'obi iji nata oxygen (usoro nrugharị nke akpa ume) na ọbara oxygenated dị iche (usoro nrọ nke akpa ume).

Ọtụtụ ọrịa iku ume nwere ike imetụta anụ ahụ nke nkuume nke gụnyere oyi ịba n'ahụ na Ọrịa kansa akpa nkuume. Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ọrịa na-adịghị agafe agafe nke akpa ume na emphysema nwere ike bụrụ nke ise Ihe odide maọbụ inwe mkpughe nke nkịtị ume ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ. Ọrịa ndị dị ka bronchitis nwekwara ike imetụta usoro iku ume. Okwu ahụike metụtara akpa ume na-amalite site na pulmo-, site na Latin pulmonarius (nke nkuume) dị ka na pulmonology, ma ọ bụ pneumo- (site na Grik πνεύμων "nkuume") dị ka na oyi ịba n'ahụ.

N'oge uto nwa ebu n'afọ, ngụgụ na-amalite itolite dị ka ihe na-esi n'ihu, ọkpọkọ nke na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta akụkụ elu nke usoro nri . Mgbe akpa ume etolite, a na-ejide nwa ebu n'afọ n'ime akpa amniotic jupụtara na mmiri mmiri, ya mere ha anaghị arụ ọrụ iji kuo ume. A na-esikwa n'akpa ume na-apụ site na ductus arteriosus . Otú ọ dị, mgbe a mụrụ nwa, ikuku na-amalite ịgafe ngụgụ, ọkpọkọ ntụgharị na-emechi ka ngụgụ wee malite iku ume.

Ọdịdị ya

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nkọwa Ọdịdị

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N'ime mmadụ, akpa nkuume dị n'obi n'akụkụ abụọ nke mkpụrụ obi n'ime ngugu. Ha dị ka Kobe n'ọdịdị na oghere dị warara n'elu, na ntọala dị obosara nke na-adabere n'elu diaphragm.[1] Isi nke akpa Nkuume na-agbasa n'ime mgbọrọgwụ nke olu, na-eru obere n'elu ọkwa nke njedebe azụ nke ngụgụ mbụ. Akpa Nkuume na-agbasa site na nso ọkpụkpụ azụ dị n'oghere ngụgụ ruo n'ihu obi ma gbadaa site na akụkụ ala nke trachea ruo diaphragm.[1]

Nkuume aka ekpe na obi na-ekerịta ohere, ma nwee oghere n'ókè ya a na-akpọ kardịak nọch nke akpa nkuume aka ekpe iji kwado nke a.[2][3] Akụkụ ihu na mpụga nke akpa nkuume na-eche ihu na ngụgụ, nke na-eme ka oghere dị nro n'elu ha. Akụkụ dị n'etiti nke akpa nkuume na-eche ihu n'etiti obi, ma na-adina n'akụkụ obi, nnukwu vessụl, na carina ebe trachea kewara n'ime isi bronchi abụọ.[3] Mmetụta obi bụ oghere e mepụtara n'elu akpa nkuume ebe ha na-ezu ike n'obi.

Akpa Nkuume abụọ ahụ nwere nnabata nke dị n'etiti a na-akpọ hilum, ebe Akwara ọbara na Ụzọ ikuku na-agafe n'ime akpa ume na-emejupụta isi mmalite nke akpa nkuume.[4] E nwekwara bronchopulmonary lymph nodes na hilum a . [3]

pulmonary pleurae gbara akpa nkuume gburugburu. Pleura bụ serous membranes abụọ dị n'ime; pleura parietal nke dị na mpụta gbara n'ime mgbidi nke ngụgụ ogige ebe pleura visceral dị n'ime dị kpọmkwem n'elu akpa nkuume. N'etiti pleurae ahụ, e nwere oghere a na-akpọ oghere pleural nke nwere obere nnọdụ akwa nke mmiri pleural na-amị amị.

Lobes

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Nkewa Lobes na bronchopulmonary [5]
Akpa nkuume aka nri Akpa nkuume aka ekpe
Nke elu
  • Apical
  • Posterior
  • Anterior

N'etiti

  • Lateral
  • Medial

Nke ala

  • Superior
  • Medial
  • Anterior
  • Lateral
  • Posterior
 Nke elu
  • Apicoposterior
  • Anterior

Lịgula

  • Superior
  • Inferior

Nke ala

  • Superior
  • Anteriomedial
  • Lateral
  • Posterior

A na-ekewa akpa nkuume ọ bụla n'akụkụ ndị a na-akpọ lobes site na ntụgharị (infoldings) nke visceral pleura dị ka fissures. A na-ekewa lobes n'ime akụkụ, akụkụ nwere nkewa ndị ọzọ dị ka lobules. E nwere lobes atọ n'ime akpa nkuume aka nri na lobes abụọ n'imeakpa nkuume aka ekpe.

Fishọz

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A na-emepụta fissures na mmalite ịkpị nwa tupu amụọ site na invaginations nke visceral pleura nke na-ekewa lobar bronchi, ma kewaa akpa nkuume n'ime lobes nke na-enyere aka na mgbasa ha.[6][7] A na-ekewa akpa nkuume aka nri n'ime lobes atọ site na oghere dị larịị, na oghere mgbata. A na-ekewa akpa nkuume aka ekpe n'ime lobes abụọ site na oblique fishioz nke na-ejikọta ya na oghere dị n'akpa nkuume aka nri. N'ime akpa ume aka nri, oghere dị n'elu, na-ekewa nke elu (elu) lobe na lobe nke etiti . N'okpuru, Fishoz oblik dị n'ala na-ekewa akụkụ dị n'okpuru site na akụkụ dị n"etiti na nke dị n'elu. [7][1]

Mgbanwe dị iche iche na fissures bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maọbụ nke na-ezughị ezu maọbụ dị ka fissure ọzọ dị ka na azygos fissure, maọbụ nker e nweghị. Ọdịda na-ezughị ezu na-akpata ikuku interlobar collateral, ikuku na-agafe n'etiti lobes nke a na-achọghị na usoro ụfọdụ nke mbelata akpa nkuume.[6]

Nkewa

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Akpa nkụụme aka nri

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Akpa nkuume nke aka nri nwere ọtụtụ lobes na nkewa karịa nke aka ekpe. Ekewara ya ụzọ atọ, otu elu, etiti, na obere lobe site na mgbawa abụọ, otu oblik na otu nke kwụ ọtọ. [8] Nkewa nke elu, kwụ ọtọ, na-ekewa nke elu na lobe nke etiti . Ọ na-amalite na nkewa oblique nke ala dị nso na ókèala azụ nke akpa ume, ma, na-eche ihu n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ, ma bujie ókèala ihu na ọkwa na njedebe sternal nke anọ nke costal cartilage ; n'elu mediastinal, enwere ike ịchọghachi azụ na hilum . [1] Nkewa nke ala, oblique, na-ekewa nke ala site na nke etiti na lobes nke elu ma na-ejikọta ya nke ọma na nkewa oblik dị na akpa nkuume nke aka ekpe. [1] [7]

Ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị nso na-abanye n'elu akpa nkuume aka nri. Mkpụrụ obi na-adị n'ime ihe a na-akpọ mmetụta obi. N'elu hilum nke akpa ume bụ oghere a gbagọrọ agbagọ maka akwara azygos, n'elu nke a bụ oghere sara mbara maka akwara vena cava dị elu na akwara brachiocephalic aka nri; n'azụ nke a, na nso n'elu akpa nkuume bụ oghere maka akwara brachiocephalic . E nwere oghere maka esophagus n'azụ hilum na akwara pulmonary, na nso n'akụkụ ala nke oghere esophagus bụ oghere miri emi maka vena cava dị ala tupu ọ banye na mkpụrụ obi. [3]

Ibu nke akpa nkuume aka nri dịgasị iche na mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke nke 155-720 [9] na ụmụ nwanyị nke g dị otu narị ruo narị ise na iri itoolu .[10]

Akpa nkuume aka ekpe

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A na-ekewa akpa nkuume aka ekpe n'ime lobes abụọ, nke dị n'elu na nke dị n"okpuru, site na oghere dị n'akụkụ, nke na-agbasa site na akụkụ ruo n'akụkụ etiti nke akpa ume ma n'elu ma n'okpuru hilum.[1] Akpa nkuume aka ekpe, n'adịghị ka nke aka nri, enweghị akụkụ dị n'etiti, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere akụkụ homologous, ngosipụta nke akụkụ dị n"elu a na-akpọ lingula. Aha ya pụtara "obere ire". Lingula dị n'akpa nkuume aka ekpe na-eje ozi dị ka akụkụ ahụ nke dị n'etiti n'akpa nwa aka nri, ebe mpaghara abụọ ahụ na-ebute ọrịa yiri ya na nsogbu ahụ.[11][12] E nwere akụkụ abụọ nke ụkwara ume nke lingula: nke dị elu na nke dị ala.[1]

Akụkụ etiti nke akpa ume aka ekpe nwere nnukwu Mmetụta obi ebe obi na-anọdụ. Nke a dị omimi ma buru ibu karịa nke dị n'akpa nkuume aka nri, ebe mkpụrụ obi na-aga n'aka ekpe.[3]

N'otu elu ahụ, ozugbo n'elu hilum, bụ oghere a na-ahụ nke ọma maka oghere aortic, na oghere dị n'okpuru ya maka aorta mgbadata. Akwara subclavian nke aka ekpe, alaka dị na ark nke aortic, na-anọdụ n'oghere site na oghere ruo nso n'elu akpa nkuume. ihe na-adịghị omimi n'ihu akwara na nso ọnụ akpa ume, na-etinye Akwara brachiocephalic aka ekpe. Esophagus nwere ike ịnọdụ n'ebe sara mbara na-adịghị omimi na ala nke akpa nkuume.[3]

Site na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ dị mma, ịdị arọ nke akpa ume aka ekpe bụ 110–675 g (0.243–1.488 lb) [9] n'ime ụmụ nwoke nakwa 105–515 g (0.231–1.135 lb) n'ime ụmụ nwanyị. [10]

Ihe osise

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Obere nkọwa ahụ

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Nkọwa nke akụkụ dị iche iche nke akpa nkuume

Ọrịa ume bụ akụkụ nke ala iku ume, ma na-anabata ụzọ ikuku nke akpa ume mgbe ha gbasara site na trachea. Ụzọ ikuku na-akwụsị na alveoli nke mejupụtara anụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ (parenchyma) nke akpa ume, na akwara, akwara, ụbụrụ, na arịa lymphatic.[3][13] Trachea na bronchi nwere plexuses nke lymph capillaries na mucosa na submucosa ha. Obere bronchi nwere otu okpokoro lymph capillaries, ha anọghịkwa na alveoli.[14] A na-enye akpa ume na usoro nsị lymphatic kachasị ukwuu nke akụkụ ọ bụla ọzọ dị n'ahụ. [15] Ọkpụkpụ nke ọ bụla gbara ya gburugburu nke visceral pleura, nke nwere ihe dị n'okpuru nke anụ ahụ na-ejikọta ya na ihe dị n"akpa ume.[16]

A na-eche na akpa ume nke anụ ndị nwere azụ n'ala taa na ụfụfụ gas nke azụ taa sitere na akpa dị mfe, dị ka mpụga nke esophagus, nke nyere ohere ka azụ mbụ na-eri ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ oxygen.[17] Mgbukpọ ndị a malitere na azụ ọkpụkpụ. N'ime ọtụtụ Azụ ray-finned, akpa ndị ahụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ụfụfụ gas mechiri emechi, ebe ọtụtụ carp, trout, herring, Catfish, na eels nọgidere na-enwe ọnọdụ physostome na akpa na-emeghe na esophagus. N'ime azụ ndị azụ nwere ọkpụkpụ, dị ka gar, bichir, bowfin na azụ lobe-finned, akpa ndị ahụ agbanweela ka ha rụọ ọrụ dị ka akpa ume.[17] Azụ a na-akpọ lobe-finned mere ka e nwee tetrapods dị n'ala. Ya mere, akpa ume nke vertebrates bụ homologous na gas bladders nke azụ (ma ọ bụghị na gills ha). [18]

Hụkwa

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Edensibịa

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Drake (2014). Gray's anatomy for students, 3rd, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 167–174. ISBN 978-0-7020-5131-9. 
  2. ↑ Betts (2013). Anatomy & physiology. OpenStax College, Rice University, 787–846. ISBN 978-1-938168-13-0. Retrieved on 11 August 2014. 
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Standring (2008). in Borley: Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 992–1000. ISBN 978-0-443-06684-9.  Alt URL
  4. ↑ Moore (2018). Clinically oriented anatomy, 8th, Wolters Kluwer, 333–339. ISBN 978-1-4963-4721-3. 
  5. ↑ Arakawa (December 2000). "Expiratory high-resolution CT: diagnostic value in diffuse lung diseases". American Journal of Roentgenology 175 (6): 1537–1543. DOI:10.2214/ajr.175.6.1751537. PMID 11090370. 
  6. 1 2 Koster (2016). "The fissure: interlobar collateral ventilation and implications for endoscopic therapy in emphysema.". International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 11: 765–73. DOI:10.2147/COPD.S103807. PMID 27110109. 
  7. 1 2 3 Hacking (22 March 2013). Lung fissures. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 8 February 2016.
  8. ↑ (Jan 2019) "Anatomy, Thorax, Lungs", StatPearls [Internet]. 
  9. 1 2 Molina (December 2012). "Normal Organ Weights in Men". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 33 (4): 368–372. DOI:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad. PMID 22182984. 
  10. 1 2 Molina (September 2015). "Normal Organ Weights in Women". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 36 (3): 182–187. DOI:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000175. PMID 26108038. 
  11. ↑ Yu (2011). "Lady Windermere revisited: Treatment with thoracoscopic lobectomy/segmentectomy for right middle lobe and lingular bronchiectasis associated with non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease". European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 40 (3): 671–675. DOI:10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.12.028. PMID 21324708. 
  12. ↑ Ayed (2004). "Resection of the right middle lobe and lingula in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome". Chest 125 (1): 38–42. DOI:10.1378/chest.125.1.38. PMID 14718418. 
  13. ↑ (2006) Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas, Deakin PJ (illust), 5th, [Edinburgh?]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 234–250. ISBN 978-0-443-06850-8. 
  14. ↑ The Lymphatic System – Human Anatomy. Retrieved on 8 September 2017.
  15. ↑ Saladin (2011). Human anatomy, 3rd, New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-122207-5. 
  16. ↑ Dorland (2011-06-09). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 32nd, Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8. Retrieved on 11 February 2016. 
  17. 1 2 Colleen Farmer (1997). "Did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates". Paleobiology 23 (3): 358–372. DOI:10.1017/S0094837300019734. 
  18. ↑ Longo (June 2013). "Homology of lungs and gas bladders: Insights from arterial vasculature". Journal of Morphology 274 (6): 687–703. DOI:10.1002/jmor.20128. PMID 23378277. 

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