Akwụkwọ ozi Kievan

Akwụkwọ ozi Kievan na akwụkwọ ozi Kievan nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Cambridge University Library The Turkic runiform inscription on the Kyivan Letter.

Akwụkwọ ozi Kiev, ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ ozi Kyivan bụ akwụkwọ ozi mmalite narị afọ nke 10 (ihe dị ka 930)[1] nke e chere na ndị nnọchiteanya nke obodo ndị Juu na Kiev dere. Akwụkwọ ozi a, nke bụ ndụmọdụ asụsụ Hibru nke e dere n'aha otu onye n'obodo ha, bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu nchịkọta Solomon Schechter si Cairo Geniza wetara na Cambridge. A chọpụtara ya na 1962 n'oge nyocha nke akwụkwọ Geniza nke Norman Golb nke Mahadum Chicago dere. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta dere akwụkwọ ozi a ihe dị ka 930 OA. Ụfọdụ chere (n'ihi ọdịdị "na-arịọ arịrịọ" nke ederede ahụ, nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'okpuru) na akwụkwọ ozi ahụ malitere n'oge Khazars abụghịzi ike kachasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Dịka Marcel Erdal si kwuo, akwụkwọ ozi ahụ esighi na Kiev kama e zigara ya na Kiev.

Ihe ọ pụtara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụtụ aka na mpaghara dị na Kievan Podil nke a kpọrọ aha ndị Khazars (a na-akpọ "Kozare"), nke na-egosi ụfọdụ na ndị Turkic Khazars bi na Kiev. O doro anya na ndị Khazars rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ike akụ na ụba nke obodo ahụ, na-ebubata caviar, azụ na nnu na Kiev. Nke a nwere ike igosi ọnụnọ Radhanite n'obodo ahụ, nke bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Khazaria ka ukwuu.

If so, it might at first glance suggest that Khazar control over Kiev, in some form or another, continued well into the 10th century, significantly later than the traditional date for conquest by Oleg, 882. On the other hand, the letter itself implies that the Khazar authorities could do little to help the Jewish community of Kiev. The letter itself had ended up in Egypt, and the beleaguered alms-seeker had presumably travelled thousands of miles in his search for relief. The identity and the status of the reviewing officer are, therefore, ambiguous. It would seem more likely that the letter was reviewed in Khazaria while Khazar Jewish power had waned not only in Kiev but also in the heartland itself (sometime in the 11th century). 

Ihe Asụsụ pụtara

Nkọwa asụsụ nke ihe odide runic edoghị anya. Echiche doro anya na ọ bụ Khazarian n'ezie bụ nsogbu ebe mkpụrụedemede ahụ ga-abụ naanị ihe ndekọ ederede nke asụsụ Khazar dị ugbu a, otu okwu-okwu bụ "Agụọla m ya". Bur Erdal na-arụ ụka megide echiche ahụ ma na-akwado Bolgar-Chuvash (hakurüm sitere na ngwaa e megharịrị *okï-, 'kpọọ, gụọ, gụọ') ma na-atụ aro na ọ malitere na mpaghara Danube-Bulgar.[1] (A na-ahụ ihe odide ndị yiri ya na Latin na Grik na akwụkwọ Byzantine site n'otu oge ahụ.)

Ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama bụ aha ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ndị otu obodo ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị a na'ụzọ na-ese okwu na ha sitere na Slavic ma ọ bụ Turkic.

Ọ na-ekwu: Küonak - "gụọ", Chuvash (ogur) nke oge a "Kĕneke" - "akwụkwọ" (gụọ). Turkish. okumak, ọ dị mkpa iwu site na onye ọzọ-Turk. *küinig, volga-bolg. , Danube-bolg. *küiniv na ntì. "Akwụkwọ mpịakọta". ndị ọzọ. , Sekeysk. Ọkpụkpụ, a kwụgburu ya [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 

Ihe odide

1. Onye nke mbụ n'etiti ndị kachasị elu [[ya bụ. Chineke], Onye e ji okpueze "N'ikpeazụ na nke mbụ," chọọ ya mma
2. Onye na-anụ olu a na-asụ asụ, ma na-ege ntị na okwu na ire - Ka ọ chebe ha
3. dị ka pupil [nke anya ya] ma mee ka ha biri na Nahshon n'elu dị ka na mbụ -
4. Ndị ikom nke Eziokwu, ndị na-eleda uru anya, ndị na'omume obiọma ịhụnanya na ndị na-achụso ọrụ ebere,
5. ndị na-elekọta nzọpụta nke onye njem na onye na-agafe agafe nwere nri ha.
6. Obodo ndị dị nsọ gbasasịrị n'akụkụ niile (n'ụwa): ka ọ bụrụ uche nke
7. Onye nwe udo iji mee ka ha biri dị ka okpueze nke udo! Ugbu a, ndị isi anyị na ndị nna anyị ukwu,
8. anyị, obodo Kiev, (n'ebe a) gwara gị banyere ihe omume nke ụlọ mmanya Maazị Jacob a[the]
9. Hanukah, onye sitere na ụmụ nke [ezi ndị mmadụ]. Ọ bụ onye na-enye onyinye, ọ bụghị onye na-
10. ndị na-anabata ya, ruo mgbe e nyere iwu obi ọjọọ megide ya, na nwanne ya nwoke gara were ego
11. site n'aka ndị Jentaịl; Jekọb a guzo n'aka. Nwanne ya nwoke gara n'okporo ụzọ, ọ bịakwara
12. ndị ohi gburu ya ma were ego ya. Mgbe ahụ ndị ji ụgwọ bịara
13. [na t]akwụkwọ jidere Jekọb a, ha tinyere agbụ ígwè n'olu ya
14. na ígwè n'elu ụkwụ ya. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ otu afọ dum ...
15. [ma mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị] anyị kpọọrọ ya dị ka ihe ndabere; anyị kwụrụ iri isii [mkpụrụ ego] ma n'ebe ahụ unu[t...]
16. mkpụrụ ego iri anọ fọdụrụ; ya mere anyị eziga ya n'etiti obodo ndị nsọ
17. na ha nwere ike imerụ ya ebere. Ya mere, ugbu a, O nna anyị ukwu, weliri anya gị n'eluigwe
18. ma mee dị ka ezi omenala gị, n'ihi na ị maara otú omume ọma ahụ si dị ukwuu
19. nke ọrụ ebere. Maka ọrụ ebere na-azọpụta ọnwụ. Anyị abụghịkwa ndị na-adọ aka ná ntị
20. kama ndị na-echetara gị, Chineke gị ga-abụkwa ebere n'ihu Onyenwe anyị
21. Ị ga-eri mkpụrụ osisi n'ụwa a, ego ego [nke uru] ga-abụ nke gị mgbe niile n'ụwa na-abịa.
22. Naanị ike na obi ike, ma ghara itinye okwu anyị n'azụ
23. ka ndị nọ ebe niile meere gị ebere ma wuo Jerusalem n'oge gị
24. ma gbapụta gị na anyị na gị. (A acronym na-esote na-eguzo ma ọ bụ "Amen, Amen, Amen, n'oge na-adịghị anya [ka mgbapụta bịa]" ma ọ bụ"Ndị nwanne bụ anyị, n'ebe na-adịghị adị [...]". )
25. Abraham the Parnas [onye ndú obodo] [...]ụlọ mmanya MNS Reuben bar
26. GWSTT (Gostata) ụlọ mmanya KYBR (Kiabar) Kohen Samson
27. Judah, onye a na-akpọ SWRTH (Surta) Hanukah bar Moses
28. QWFYN (Kufin) ụlọ mmanya Joseph MNR (Manar) ụlọ mmanya Samuel Kohen
29. Judah bar Isaac [the] Levite Sinai bar Samuel
30. Isaac the Parnas [Ihe odide Old Turkic/Steppean rovas na-esote, gụọ n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka okhqurüm/hokurüm/hakurüm, "M gụrụ (nke a ma ọ bụ ya) "]

• Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu na Kiev
• Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu na Ukraine

Akwụkwọ

• Golb, Norman na Omeljan Pritsak. Akwụkwọ Hibru nke Khazarian nke narị afọ nke iri. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982 . 

Njikọ mpụga

• Foto nke T-S 12.122, Akwụkwọ ozi Kievan na nchịkọta nke Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Cambridge.
• Ihe odide Khazarian Rovas na Kievien Letter n'akwụkwọ Heritage of Scribes. Ọ dị n'ụzọ zuru ezu site na Google Books na https://books.google.com/books?id=TyK8azCqC34C&pg=PA173
• Napolskikh V. "Akwụkwọ ozi Kiev" na ọchịchị Khazarian a na-ekwu na ọ bụ na Kiev (ihe ngosi)