Alaeze Ukwu Inca

historical country
Oge/afọ mmalite	1438
Akara ala	Tawantinsuyu
Okpukpere chi/echiche ụwa	religion in the Inca Empire
Ọnọdụ onye isi nke nzukọ ahụ nwere	Sapa Inca
Asụsụ njieme	Quechua
Kọntinent	South Amerika
Isi steeti	Cusco
Nhazi ọnọdụ	13°31′0″S 71°58′0″W
Isi ụdị ọchịchị	absolute monarchy, imperial cult
Onye isi ala	Atahualpa, Pachacútec, Túpac Inca Yupanqui, Huayna Capac, Huascar
Na-esochi	Kingdom of Cusco
Ndị sotere	Neo-Inca State, Viceroyalty of Peru
Asụsụ ọ na-asụ	Classical Quechua, Quechua, Aymaran, Puquina, Mochica
Agbazere, kagburu ma ọ bụ ụbọchị kwaturu	1533

Alaeze Ukwu Inca, nke a maara dị ka ala nke akụkụ anọ (: Tawantinsuyu a na-akpọ [taˈwantiŋ ˈsuju], lit.[a] 'ala nke akụkụ anọ' ^[1]), bụ alaeze ukwu kachasị ukwuu na America tupu oge Columbus. ^[2] Ebe nchịkwa, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nke agha nke alaeze ukwu ahụ dị n'obodo Cusco. Mmepeanya Inca sitere n'ugwu Peruvian n'otu oge na mmalite Narị afọ nke iri na atọ. Onye nchọpụta si Portugal Aleixo Garcia bụ onye Europe mbụ rutere n'Alaeze Ukwu Inca na 1524.^[3] Ka e mesịrị, na 1532, ndị Spain malitere mmeri nke Alaeze Ukwu Inca, na mgbe a na-erule 1572 e meriri steeti Inca n'ozuzu.

Site na 1438 ruo 1533, ndị Inca tinyere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ọdịda anyanwụ South America, nke dị n'ugwu Andes, na-eji ndọrọ n'agha na mmeri udo, n'etiti ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Na nke kachasị ukwuu, alaeze ukwu ahụ sonyeere Peru nke oge a na ihe bụ ugbu a ọdịda anyanwụ Ecuador, ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda etiti Bolivia, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Argentina, ọnụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Colombia na akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Chile nke oge a, na-emepụta steeti a ga-eji tụnyere alaeze ukwu Eurasia. Asụsụ ya bụ Quechua . ^[4]

Alaeze ukwu Inca pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ nweghị ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mmepeanya na Ụwa nke ochie. Onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ bụ Gordon McEwan dere na ndị Inca nwere ike iwu "otu n'ime nnukwu alaeze ukwu dịrịla n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ" na-ejighị wiil, anụmanụ na-adọkpụ, ihe ọmụma nke ígwè ma ọ bụ òké ígwè, ma ọ bụ ọbụna usoro edemede.^[5] Ihe ndị a ma ama nke Alaeze Ukwu Inca gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ ya, ọkachasị nke nkume, netwọk okporo ụzọ sara mbara (Qhapaq Ñan) na-eru n'akụkụ niile nke alaeze ukwu ahụ, akwa a kpara nke ọma mara mma, iji eriri a kụrụ akụ (quipu ma ọ bụ khipu) maka idebe ihe ndekọ na nkwurịta okwu, ihe ọhụrụ n'ọrụ ugbo na mmepụta ihe na gburugburu ebe siri ike, yana nhazi na njikwa a na-etinyere ma ọ bụ amanyere ndị ya na ọrụ ha.

Alaeze Ukwu Inca rụrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'enweghị ego na ahịa. Kama nke ahụ, mgbanwe nke ngwongwo na ọrụ dabeere na mmeghachi omume n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na n'etiti mmadụ n'ime onwe ha, òtù gasị, na ndị ọchịchị Inca. "Ụtụ isi" gụnyere ọrụ e kwesịrị ka arụọ nke mmadụ nye Alaeze Ukwu ahụ. Ndị ọchịchị Inca (ndị e dere na ọ bụ ha nwere ihe niile e ji emepụta ihe) meghachiri omume site n'inye ha ohere ịnweta ala na ngwongwo na inye nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ na mmemme oriri ha na-adị hazie maka ndị ha na-achị.

Ọtụtụ ụdị ofufe dị n'ala eze ukwu ahụ nọgidere na alaeze ukwu ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha gbasara huacas dị nsọ ma ọ bụ wak'a, mana ndị ndu Inca gbara Ofufe anyanwụ nke Inti - chi anyanwụ ha - ma mee ka ọbụbụeze ya dị elu karịa òtù okpukpe ndị ọzọ, dị ka nke Pachamama. ^[6] Ndị Inca weere eze ha, Sapa Inca, dị ka "nwa anyanwụ".

Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba Inca abụwo isiokwu nke arụmụka ndị ọkà mmụta. Darrell E. La Lone, n'ọrụ ya The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy, kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta akọwaala ya n'oge gara aga dị ka "feudal, ohu, [ma ọ bụ] onye ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya", yana "usoro dabere na mmeghachi omume na nkesagharị, usoro nwere ahịa na azụmahịa; ma ọ bụ usoro mmepụta nke Eshia" ^[7]

Okwu mmalite

Ndị Inca kpọrọ alaeze ukwu ha dị ka Ta'wantinsuyu', "ndị suyu nke [akụkụ anọ]". N'asụsụ Quechua, tawa bụ anọ, ebe ntin bụ nsonaazụ na-akpọ aha òtù, nke mere na Tawantin bụ òtù ihe dị anọ, òtù ihe anọ e jikọtara ọnụ, n'ọnọdụ a suyu anọ ("ógbè" ma ọ bụ "ógbè") nke akụkụ ya niile zutere n'isi obodo ya. Ndị suyu anọ ahụ bụ: Chinchaysuyu (n'ebe ugwu), Antiisuyu (n"ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ; ọhịa Amazon), Qullasuyu (na ndịda) na Kuntisuyu (ọdịda anyanwụ). Ya mere, aha Tawantinsuyu bụ okwu nkọwa na-egosi njikọ nke mpaghara dị iche iche. Ndị Spain na-asụgharịkarị aha ahụ dị ka Tahuatinsuyo.

Ebe a na-asụgharị okwu Inka n'oge a dị ka "onye ọchịchị" ma ọ bụ "onye nwe" n'asụsụ Quechua, okwu a anaghị arụtụ aka na "eze" nke Tawantinsuyu ma ọ bụ Sapa Inca kamakwa ọ na-arụkwa aka na ndị isi Inca, ebe ụfọdụ na-eche na ihe ọ pụtara nwere ike ịba ụba.^[8] N'echiche ahụ, ndị Inca a ma ama bụ obere pasent nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na alaeze ukwu ahụ, ma eleghị anya na-agụta naanị puku iri na ise ruo puku iri anọ mana na-achịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri.[17]

Mgbe ndị Spain rutere n'Alaeze Ukwu Inca, ha nyere aha Peru na ihe ụmụ amaala maara dị ka Tawantinsuyu.^[9] Aha "Alaeze Ukwu Inca" sitere na Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke narị afọ nke iri na isii. ^[10]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu

Stela dị n'ụlọ nsọ Kalasasaya nke Tiwanaku

Alaeze Ukwu Inca bụ isi ikpeazụ nke ọtụtụ puku afọ nke mmepeanya Andes. Mmepeanya Andean bụ otu n'ime ọ dịkarịa ala mmepeanya ise n'ụwa nke ndị ọkà mmụta weere dị ka "pristine". Echiche nke mmepeanya na-adịghị mma na-ezo aka na mmepeanya nke mepụtara n'onwe ya site na mmetụta ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụghị nke sitere na mmepe anya ndị ọzọ.

Alaeze Ukwu Inca nwere alaeze ukwu abụọ bu ya ụzọ dị na Andes: Tiwanaku (ihe dị ka -1100 AD), nke dị na gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Titicaca, na Wari ma ọ bụ Huari (ihe dị dị ka -1100 AD) nke dị nso n'obodo Ayacucho. Ndị Wari biri na mpaghara Cuzco ruo ihe dị ka afọ narị anọ. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ n'ime njirimara nke Alaeze Ukwu Inca sitere na omenala ndị dị iche iche na ndị na-agbasawanye na Andes. Enwere ike inye mmepeanya ndị mbụ ahụ otuto maka ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a rụzuru n'Alaeze Ukwu Inca: "ọtụtụ puku kilomita / maịlụ okporo ụzọ na ọtụtụ nnukwu ebe nchịkwa nwere nnukwu ihe owuwu eji nkume eruo. Akụkụ ugwu ndị e mere ka ha dị larịị na ndagwurugwu ndị e kpochiri", na mmepụta nke "ọtụtụ ngwongwo".

Carl Troll arụọla ụka na mmepe nke steeti Inca na etiti Andes ka ihe nyeere ya aka bụ ọnọdụ ndị na-enye ohere maka ọ̀kụ̀kọ̀ nke isi ihe oriri bụ chuño. Chuño, nke enwere ike ichekwa ogologo oge, bụ nke eji poteto amịkpọrọ na okpomọkụ oyi nke a na-ahụkarị n'abalị n'ebe ndịda ugwu Andes mee. A na-enyo njikọ dị otú ahụ dị n'etiti steeti Inca na chuño enyo, ebe ọ bụ na a pụkwara ịmịkpọ ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ọka naanị n'anyanwụ.^[11]

Troll kwukwara na a pụrụ ịchọta llama, anụmanụ Inca, n'ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị n'otu mpaghara a.^[11] Ogologo kachasị nke Alaeze Ukwu Inca dakọtara na nkesa nke llamas na alpacas, naanị nnukwu anụ ụlọ dị na America tupu Hispah.^[12]

Dị ka isiokwu nke atọ, Troll kwuru na teknụzụ ịgba mmiri bara uru maka iwu obodo Inca.^[13] Ọ bụ ezie na Troll kwuru banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na Alaeze Ukwu Inca, ọ megidere mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi, na-arụ ụka na ọdịbendị dị na isi nke mmepeanya Inca.^[13]

Mmalite

Ndị Inca bụ agbụrụ na-azụ atụrụ na mpaghara Cusco na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ amaala Andes na-akọ akụkọ mmalite abụọ: akụkọ ifo nke Manco Capac na Mama Ocllo, na nke ụmụnne Ayar.

Akụkọ ifo nke ụmụnne Ayar

Manco Cápac na Mama Ocllo, ụmụ Inti, Felipe Guaman Poma nke Ayala, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, circa 1615

A kpọrọ ọgba dị n'etiti Tambo Tocco (Tampu T'uqu) Capac Tocco (Qhapaq T'ucu, "isi niche"). Ọgba ndị ọzọ bụ Maras Tocco (Maras T'uqu) na Sutic Tocco (Sutiq T'ucu). Ụmụnne nwoke anọ na ụmụnne nwanyị anọ si n'ọgba dị n'etiti pụta. Ha bụ: Ayar Manco (Ayar Manqu), Ayar Cachi (Ayar Kachi), Ayar Auca (Ayar Awka) na Ayar Uchu (Ayar Uchi); na Mama Ocllo (Mama Uqllu), Mama Raua (Mama Rawa), Mama Huaco (Mama Waqu) na Mama Coea (Mama Qura). Site n'ọgba ndị dị n'akụkụ ka ndị ga-abụ ndị nna nna nke agbụrụ Inca niile si bịa.

Ayar Manco bu mkpara anwansi nke e ji ọlaedo kacha mma mee. N'ebe ọ bụla mkpara a kwụsịrị, ndị mmadụ ga-ebi. Ha mere njem ogologo oge. N'ụzọ, Ayar Cachi turu ọnụ banyere ike na ume ya. Ụmụnne ya ghọgburu ya ka ọ laghachi n'ọgba ahụ iji nweta llama dị nsọ. Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime ọgba ahụ, ha jidere ya n'ime iji gbuo ya.

Ayar Uchu kpebiri ịnọ n'elu ọgba ahụ iji legide ndị Inca. Ozugbo o kwupụtara nke ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị ghọọ nkume. Ha wuru ebe nsọ na gburugburu nkume ahụ o wee ghọọ ihe dị nsọ. Ike gwụrụ Ayar Auca n'ihe a niile, o wee kpebie ịga njem naanị ya. Naanị Ayar Manco na ụmụnne ya nwanyị anọ fọdụrụ.

N'ikpeazụ, ha rutere Cusco. Mkpara ahụ ahụ mikpuru n'ala. Tupu ha abịarute, Mama Ocllo amụọlararị nwa nye Ayar Manco, Sinchi Roca. Ndị birilarị ebi na Cusco lụsiri ọgụ ike iji chekwaa ala ha, mana Mama Huaca bụ ezigbo onye agha. Mgbe onye iro wakporo, ọ tụrụ bọlas ya (ọtụtụ nkume e kekọtara ọnụ nke na-agbagharị n'ikuku ma a tụọ ya) n'onye agha (gualla) wee gbuo ya ozugbo. Ndị ọzọ tụrụ egwu wee gbaa ọsọ.

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Ayar Manco ghọrọ onye a maara dị ka Manco Capac, onye guzobere Inca. A na-ekwu na ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị ji aka ha wuo ụlọ Inca mbụ na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Mgbe oge ruru, Manco Capac ghọrọ nkume dị ka ụmụnne ya bu ya ụzọ. Nwa ya nwoke, Sinchi Roca, ghọrọ eze ukwu nke abụọ nke Inca.[27]

Edensibịa

↑ (2015) The Inka Empire. University of Texas Press. DOI:10.7560/760790. ISBN 978-1-4773-0392-4.
↑ Schwartz (2010). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] After Collapse - The Regeneration of Complex Societies]. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2936-0.
↑ Nowell (1946). "Aleixo Garcia and the White King". The Hispanic American Historical Review 26 (4): 450–466. DOI:10.2307/2507650. ISSN 0018-2168.
↑ Quechua, the Language of the Incas (11 November 2013). Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved on 5 January 2019.
↑ McEwan (2006). The Incas - New Perspectives. W. W. Norton & Company.
↑ The Inca - All Empires. allempires.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved on 27 December 2023.
↑ La Lone (1982). "The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy - Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand". Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange. Retrieved on 10 August 2017.
↑ Pease (2011). The Incas, 1st, Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 95–121. ISBN 978-9972-42-949-1.
↑ Prescott (1847). History of the Conquest of Peru. Retrieved on 12 July 2022.
↑ Pease (2011). The Incas, 1st, Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. ISBN 978-9972-42-949-1.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Gade (2016). "Urubamba Verticality: Reflections on Crops and Diseases", Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-20849-7. Gade, Daniel (20
↑ Hardoy (1973). Pre-Columbian Cities. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8027-0380-4.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Gade (1996). "Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes (Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden)". Erdkunde 50 (4): 301–316. DOI:10.3112/erdkunde.1996.04.02.

Templeeti:Inca Empire topics Templeeti:Pre-Columbian Templeeti:Indigenous countries of the Americas

Hụkwa

Ebe ndị Inca e gwupụtara ihe mgbe ochie

Choquequirao
Cojitambo
Ebe Obibi nke Samaipata
Huánuco Pampa
Huchuy Qosqo
Inca-Caranqui
Llaqtapata
Moray (mbibi nke Inca)
Oroncota
Ogige Mgbidi nke Pambamarca
Pisac
Pukara nke La Compañia
Quispiguanca
Rumicucho
Tambo Viejo
Tumebamba
Vitcos
Okporo ụzọ Inca nke Chile

Gbasara Inca

Akla, "ụmụ nwanyị a họọrọ"
Amauta, ndị nkuzi Inca
Amazonas tupu Alaeze Ukwu Inca
Ebe a na-aga agafe
Nri Inca
Ọwa mmiri Inca
Ndepụta agha metụtara Alaeze Ukwu Inca
Paria, Bolivia
Tampukancha, ebe okpukpe Inca

N'òzùzù

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Peru
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kịtịkpa § Ntiwapụ na Amerịka
Njikọ Muisca
Oge nke Peru tupu oge Columbus
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ amaala Amerịka
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South America

Ihe edeturu

Mmejọ Lua: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

Akwụkwọ ndị e Degasịrị

Bengoa (2003). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur: desde antes de la llegada de los españoles hasta las paces de Quilín; siglos XVI y XVII] (in es). Catalonia. ISBN 978-956-8303-02-0.
McEwan (2008). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] The Incas: New Perspectives]. W.W. Norton, 221–. ISBN 978-0-393-33301-5.
Sanderson (1992). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] The politics of trade in Latin American development]. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1983-4.
D'Altroy (2014). The Incas, 2nd, Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-61059-6.
(1946) in Steward: The Handbook of South American Indians - The Andean Civilisations, no. 143 v. 2 Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Biodiversity Heritage Library Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 1013243.
Julien (1982). in Collier: The Inca and Aztec states: 1400–1800; anthropology and history, Studies in anthropology. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-181180-8.
Moseley (2001). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] The Incas and their ancestors: the archaeology of Peru]. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28277-9.

Njikọ mpụga

Conquest nts.html Inca Land nke Hiram Bingham (nke e bipụtara 1912-1922).
Inca Artifacts, Peru and Machu Picchu E debere ya na ihe nkiri Wayback Machine 360° nke ihe ndị Inca na ọdịdị ala Peruvian.
Ọganihu Ochie E debere ya na Wayback Machine - Inca
"Ice Treasures of the Inca", National Geographic website.
"The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec", uri nke eze ukwu Inca.
Okpukpe Inca
Injinia na Ugwu Andes, nkuzi banyere àkwà mmiri ndị Inca kwụ ọtọ
Map na Oge nke ihe omume nke Alaeze Ukwu Inca
Ihe osise Peruvian oge ochie: onyinye maka nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke alaeze ukwu nke Incas, mpịakọta anọ site na 1902 (nke zuru ezu dị n'ịntanetị dị ka PDF)
"Guaman Poma - El Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno" - Ụdị dijitalụ nke Corónica, nke e si n'ihe odide mbụ ahụ nyochaa.

[1] (2015) The Inka Empire. University of Texas Press. DOI:10.7560/760790. ISBN 978-1-4773-0392-4.

[SchwartzNichols2010-2] Schwartz (2010). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] After Collapse - The Regeneration of Complex Societies]. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2936-0.

[3] Nowell (1946). "Aleixo Garcia and the White King". The Hispanic American Historical Review 26 (4): 450–466. DOI:10.2307/2507650. ISSN 0018-2168.

[4] Quechua, the Language of the Incas (11 November 2013). Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved on 5 January 2019.

[5] McEwan (2006). The Incas - New Perspectives. W. W. Norton & Company.

[6] The Inca - All Empires. allempires.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved on 27 December 2023.

[7] La Lone (1982). "The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy - Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand". Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange. Retrieved on 10 August 2017.

[pease-8] Pease (2011). The Incas, 1st, Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 95–121. ISBN 978-9972-42-949-1.

[9] Prescott (1847). History of the Conquest of Peru. Retrieved on 12 July 2022.

[10] Pease (2011). The Incas, 1st, Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. ISBN 978-9972-42-949-1.

[Gade2016-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Gade (2016). "Urubamba Verticality: Reflections on Crops and Diseases", Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-20849-7. Gade, Daniel (20

[12] Hardoy (1973). Pre-Columbian Cities. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8027-0380-4.

[Gade1996-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Gade (1996). "Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes (Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden)". Erdkunde 50 (4): 301–316. DOI:10.3112/erdkunde.1996.04.02.

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