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Alhambra

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Alhambra

Alhambra (/ælˈhæmbrə/, ; Arabic: الْحَمْرَاء, romanized: al-ḥamrāʼ ) bụ ụlọ obí na ebe ewusiri ike dị na Granada, Spain. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mou ama ama nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ Alakụba na naanị ụlọ echekwara nke ọma site na ụwa Alakụba mgbe ochie.[1] Na mgbakwunye, obí ahụ nwere ihe atụ ama atụ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ Renaissance Spanish.[2]

Ihe owuwu nke ihe Alhambra ahụ malitere n'ime 1238 OA n'aka Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar, eze Nasrid mbụ na onye guzobere Emir nke Granada, steeti ndị Alakụba ikpeazụ nke al-Andalus.[3] E wuru ya n'elu ugwu Sabika, nke bụ ebe e wusiri ike na narị afọ nke iri na otu nke Samuel ibn Naghrillah.[3][4] Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị ọchịchị Nasrid nọgidere na-agbanwe saịtị ahụ. Mgbasa ozi owuwu kachasị mkpa, nke nyere obieze ọtụtụ n'ime ọdịdị ha, mere na narị afọ nke iri na anọ n'oge ọchịchị Yusuf I na Muhammad V.[5][6] Mgbe ngwụcha nke Christian Reconquista na 1492, ebee ahụ ghọrọ Royal Court ya Ferdinand na Isabella (ebee Christopher Columbus nwetara nkwado eze maka njem ya), a gbanwekwara obieze. N'ime 1526, Charles V nyere iwu ka a wuo obieze ọhụrụ nke Renaissance na obieze Nasrid. Alhambra dara n'ime narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ụlọ ya bụ ndị squatters. Ndị agha Napoleon bibiri akụkụ ya na 1812. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Alhambra ghọrọ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị maka ndị njem Obodoézè Nà Ofú, Njikọ̀taọ̀hà, na ndị njem Romant ndị ọzọ na Obodo Békè. Onye kachasị emetụta ha bụ Washington Irving, onye ya Tales of the Alhambra (1832) dọtara uche mba ụwa na saịtị ahụ.[7] Alhambra bụ otu n'ime ihe ncheta ndị Alakụba mbụ ghọrọ ihe ọmụmụ sayensị nke oge a ma bụrụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ mweghachi kemgbe narị afọ nke 19.[8] Ọ bụ ugbu a otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta na-adọrọ mmasị n'ime Spain na UNESCO.[2]

N'oge Nasrid, Alhambra bụ obodo nwere onwe ya nke dị iche na Granada ndị ọzọ dị n'okpuru.[5] O nwere ọtụtụ ihe ntụrụndụ nke obodo ndị Àlakụ̀ba dị ka Ụlọ alakụba Friday, hammams (ebe ịsa ahụ ọha na eze), okporo ụzọ, ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ aka, ụlọ akpụkpọ anụ, na usoro mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya.[9] Dị ka obodo eze na obodo ukwu, o nwere ọ dịkarịa ala nnukwu obieze isii, ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'akụkụ ugwu ebee ha nyere iwu ka a hụ mpaghara Albaicín.[5] Ndị a ma ama na nị a na-echekwa nke ọma bụ Mexuar, Obí Comares, Obí ọdụm, na Obí Partal, nke bụ isi ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị ọbịa taa. A maara obí eze ndị ọzọ site na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'oge a.[10] N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alhambra bụ Ebe e wusiri ike nke Alcazaba. Ọtụtụ obere ụlọ elu na ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị e wusiri ike dịkwa n'akụkụ mgbidi Alhambra. N'èzí mgbidi Alhambra ma dị nso n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Generalife, ebe bụbu obodo Nasrid na obieze n'oge ọkọchị nke nwere ogige mkpụrụ osisi akụkọ ihe mere eme na ogige ntụrụndụ nke oge a.[11]

Ihe owuwu nke obieze Nasrid na-egosipụta ọdịnala nke ihe owuwu Moor mepụtara na narị afọ ndị gara aga.[12] A na-akọwa ya site n'iji ogige ahụ eme ihe dị ka oghere dị n'etiti na isi nke a haziri ụlọ nzukọ na ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ gburugburu.[13] Ogige na-enwekarị ihe ndị dị na mmiri n'etiti ha, dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ isi iyi. A na-elekwasị anya n'ime ụlọ ahụ ma jiri mosaics tebụl mee ya na mgbidi ndị dị n'okpuru na stucco a tụrụ atụ na mgbidi elu. Ihe osise geometric, ihe osise ahịhịa, na ihe odide Arabic bụ ụdị ihe ịchọ mma. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-eji ihe osise "stalactite"-dị ka muqarnas, maka ihe atọ dị ka uko ụlọ.[10]

Panorama nke Alhambra site na Mirador de San Nicolas. Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Generalife, ugwu Veleta, Obí Nasrid, Obí Charles V, na Alcazaba.
Ebe a na-ahụ Alhambra n'abalị site na Mirador de San Nicolas.

 

Okwu mmalite

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Alhambra sitere ya Arabic, nke pụtara lit. 'onye na-acha ọbara ọbara' (f.), ụdị zuru ezu nke bụ الْقَلْعَة أْحَمْرَاءُ al-Qalʻah al-Ḥamrāʼ  "ebe e wusiri ike (qal'a)."[4][14] "Al-" ya "Alhambra" pụtara "nke" na Arabic, mana a na-eleghara nke a anya n'ozuzu na Bekee na Spanish, ebe a na-enyekarị aha ahụ isiokwu doro anya. Ihe a na-ezo aka na agba "red" n'aha ahụ bụ n'ihi ụcha na-acha ọbara ọbara nke mgbidi ya, nke e ji ájá rammed rụọ.[15] Agba na-acha uhie uhie sitere na Iron oxide na ụrọ a na-eji maka ụdị ihe owuwu a.[16]

Ọtụtụ n'ime aha ndị a na-eji taa maka ihe owuwu na ebe ụfọdụ n'ime Alhambra bụ aha ndị e chepụtara echepụta mgbe Oge etiti oge gasịrị, mgbe mgbe na narị afọ nke 19.[5] A maghị aha Arabic mbụ nke ụlọ ndị Nasrid, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta atụwo aro njikọ dị n'etiti ụlọ ụfọdụ na ụfọdụ n'ime aha ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na akụkọ ihe mere eme.[5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Mmalite na akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ihe fọdụrụ na Puente del Cadí (nke bụbu Bāb al-Difāf), mgbidi Zirid 11 nke mere ka ndị agha nọ n'ugwu Sabika nwee ike ịbanye n'osimiri ahụ n'oge nnọchibido

Ihe akaebe maka ọnụnọ ndị Rom edoghị anya mana ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie achọtawo ihe ndị fọdụrụ na ntọala oge ochie n'elu ugwu Sabika.[17] E nwere ebe e wusiri ike maọbụ obodo ukwu, nke nwere ike ịbụ site n'oge Visigothic, dị n'elu ugwu ahụ na 9.[4] Ebe mbụ a kpọtụrụ Qal'at al-Ḥamra aha bụ n'oge agha dị n'etiti ndị Arab na ndị Muladies n'oge ọchịchị 'Abdallah ibn Muhammad (r. 888-912). Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị dị ndụ si kwuo n'oge ahụ, ụlọ elu ahụ na-acha ọbara ọbara dị obere, mgbidi ya enweghị ike igbochi ndị agha na-ezube mmeri. Ebee mbụ a kpọtụrụ al-Ḥamrāʼ aha bụ n'ahịrị nke uri agbakwunyere na akụ a gbagburu mgbidi, nke Ibn Hayyan dere (nwụrụ 1076)   Na mbido 11, ndị Zirids, otu Sanhaja Berber na nkewa nke Zirids na-achịkwa mpaghara Granada. Mgbe Caliphate nke Córdoba dara mgbe 1009 gasịrị na Fitna (agha obodo) malitere, onye ndú Zirid Zawi ben Ziri guzobere alaeze nwere onwe ya, Taifa nke Granada.[3] Ndị Zirids wuru obodo ukwu na obieze ha, nke a maara dị ka al-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma ("Old Citadel" ma ọ bụ "Old Palace"), n'elu ugwu nke ndị agbata obi Albaicín bi ugbu a.[3][4] E jikọtara ya na ebe abụọ ndị ọzọ e wusiri ike na Sabika na Mauror ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda.[18][4] N'Osimiri Darro, n'etiti obodo Zirid na ugwu Sabika, e nwere ọnụ ụzọ a na-akpọ Bāb al-Difāf ("Ọnụ Ụzọ nke Tambourines"), nke enwere ike imechi iji jide mmiri ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Ọnụ ụzọ ámá a bụ akụkụ nke mgbidi jikọtara obodo Zirid na ebe e wusiri ike na ugwu Sabika ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke coracha (site na Arabic qawraja), ụdị mgbidi na-enye ndị agha si n'ebe e wusiri anya ohere ịbanye n'osimiri ahụ ma weghachite mmiri ọbụna n'oge nnọchibido. E mechara jiri ebe e wusiri ike n'ugwu Sabika, nke a makwaara dị ka al-Qasaba al-Jadida ("New Citadel"), mee ihe maka ntọala nke Alcazaba nke Alhambra ugbu a.[4] N'okpuru ndị eze Zirid Habbus ibn Maksan na Badis, onye kachasị ike n'alaeze ahụ bụ onye nchịkwa Ndị Juu a maara dị ka Samuel ha-Nagid (n'Asụsụ Hibru) ma ọ bụ Isma'il ibn Nagrilla (n'Arabic).[19] Samuel wuru obieze nke ya n'elu ugwu Sabika, ikekwe n'ebe obieze dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe fọdụrụ na ya. A kọrọ na ọ gụnyere ogige na ihe ndị dị na mmiri.

Oge Nasrid

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Ihe odide ndị Àlakụ̀ba na Mexuar Hall: "Ọ dịghị onye mmeri ma e wezụga Chineke", ụkpụrụ nke usoro ndị eze Nasrid ji mee ihe.[20]

Oge nke Alaeze Taifa, n'oge ndị Zirids chịrị, bịara na njedebe site na mmeri nke al-Andalus site na Ndị Almoravid si North Africa n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 11. N'etiti narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, ndị Almohads sochiri ha. Mgbe 1228 gasịrị, ọchịchị Almohad dara ma ndị ọchịchị na òtù ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ pụtara ọzọ gafee ókèala nke al-Andalus.[21] Site na Reconquista na-aga n'ihu, alaeze ndị Kraịst nke Castile na Aragon - n'okpuru ndị eze Ferdinand nke Atọ na James nke Mbụ, n'otu n'otu - mere nnukwu mmeri gafee al-Andalus. Castile weghaara Cordoba n'ime 1236 na Seville n'ime 1248. Ka ọ dịgodị, Ibn al-Ahmar (Muhammad I) guzobere ihe ghọrọ usoro Ndị Àlakụ̀ba ikpeazụ na nke kachasị ogologo oge na mpaghara ala Iberian, Ndị Nasrid, bụ ndị chịrị Emirate nke Granada.[22] Ibn al-Ahmar bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ma eleghị anya o si n'ezinụlọ dị ala, mana o nwere ike inweta nkwado na nkwenye nke ọtụtụ ebe obibi ndị Àlakụ̀ba n'okpuru egwu site na ọganihu Castilian.[23]

Mgbe o biri na Granada na 1238, Ibn al-Ahmar biri na mbụ na obodo ochie nke Zirids na ugwu Albaicin, mana n'otu afọ ahụ ọ malitere iwu Alhambra dị ka ebe obibi ọhụrụ na obodo ọhụrụ.[3][4]

N'oge ọchịchị nke Nasrid Dynasty, Alhambra gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ obodo palatine, juputara na usoro ịgba mmiri nke nwere aquaduct na ọwa mmiri na-enye mmiri maka mgbagwoju anya na maka ụlọ ndị ọzọ dị nso dị ka Generalife.[24] Na mbụ, ebe ewusiri ike ochie ndị dị n'ugwu ahụ dabere na mmiri ozuzo nke anakọtara site n'olulu mmiri dị nso na Alcazaba na ihe a ga-esi naOsimiri Darro n'okpuru.[25][26] Okike nke ọwa mmiri Sultan (Arabic: ساقلتة السلطان, romanized: Saqiyat al-Sultan), bụ nke wetara mmiri sitere na ugwu dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, mere ka amata nke Alhambra siri dị ka obodo-obí kama ịbụ ihe nchebe na ihe owuwu. A na-agbasawanye usoro hydraulic nke mbụ na gụnye ọwa mmiri abụọ ogologo ya ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ elu dị elu iji weta mmiri na ala dị larịị.[27]

Nanị ihe echekwara site n'oge Ibn al-Ahmar bụ ụfọdụ mgbidi mgbidi, ọkachasị Alcazaba na njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ihe mgbagwoju anya ahụ.[5] Ibn al-Ahmar enweghị oge iji wuchaa nnukwu obieze ọhụrụ ọ bụla ma ọ nwere ike ibi na mbụ n'otu n'ime ụlọ elu nke Alcazaba, tupu ọ kwaga n'ụlọ dị ala n'ebe Obieze Charles V dị ugbu a.[28] Mgbe e mesịrị ndị ọchịchị Nasrid mgbe Ibn al-Ahmar nọgidere na-agbanwe saịtị ahụ. Tinyere ihe ndị na-emebi emebi n'onwe ha, nke chọrọ nrụzi mgbe niile, nke a na-eme ka usoro oge nke mmepe ya sie ike ikpebi.[11]

Ihe fọdụrụ ugbu a nke Palacio del Partal Alto, obieze nke Muhammad II wuru (r. 1273-1302)

Obieze kachasị ochie nke e chebere ụfọdụ ihe fọdụrụnụ bụ ihe owuwu a maara dị ka Palacio del Partal Alto, n'ebe dị elu dị nso n'etiti etiti nke ihe owuwu ahụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ site na ọchịchị nwa Ibn al-Ahmar, Muhammad nke Abụọ (r. 1273-1302).[29] N'ebe ndịda bụ obí nke Abencerrajes, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ obieze ọzọ, nke a maara dị ka obí nke Convent nke San Francisco, nke abụọ a nwere ike iwuru n'oge Muhammad II.[29] Muhammad III (r. 1302-1309) wuru obí obí, akụkụ ya ka guzo taa, yana nnukwu ụlọ alakụba Alhambra (n'ebe Chọọchị Santa Maria de la Alhambra dị ugbu a).[5] Obí Partal bụ obieze mbụ a maara nke e wuru n'akụkụ mgbidi ugwu nke ụlọ ahụ, na-ahụ obodo ahụ n'okpuru.[29] Ọ bụkwa obieze Nasrid kacha ochie ka guzo taa.[30]

Isma'il I (r. 1314-1325) mere mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama nke Alhambra. Ọchịchị ya gosipụtara mmalite nke oge "nke ochie" nke ụlọ Nasrid, n'oge a malitere ọtụtụ ihe ncheta dị mkpa na Alhambra ma mee ka ụdị ịchọ mma sie ike.[4][31] Isma'il kpebiri iwu obieze ọhụrụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Alcazaba ka ọ bụrụ obieze nke sultan na steeti, nke a maara dị ka Qaṣr al-Sultan ma ọ bụ Dār al-Mulk.[31] Isi ihe owuwu a bụ Obí Comares, ebe akụkụ ọzọ nke obí ahụ, Mexuar, gbatịrị gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. [32] Comares Baths bụ ihe kachasị echekwa site na owuwu mbụ a, ebe ndị nọchiri ya gbanwere obieze ndị ọzọ. N'akụkụ nnukwu ụlọ alakụba Isma'il I mepụtara Rawda, ebe a na-eli ozu nke ndị Nasrids, nke naanị akụkụ ya ka echekwara.[29] Yusuf I (r. 1333-1354) rụrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Obí Comares, gụnyere iwu Ụlọ Nzukọ nke ndị Nnọchiteanya na ọrụ ndị ọzọ gburugburu Mexuar ugbu a. O wukwara ọnụ ụzọ ámá Alhambra, Puerta de la Justicia, na Torre de la Cautiva, otu n'ime ọtụtụ obere ụlọ elu nwere ọnụ ụlọ ndị a chọrọ mma nke ọma n'akụkụ mgbidi ugwu.[5]

Ụlọikpe nke ọdụm ya 1871. E wuru obieze a, nke a ka na-echekwa taa, n'oge ọchịchị nke abụọ nke Muhammad V(1362-1391).

Ọchịchị Muhammad V (1354-1391) gosipụtara ọganihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke Nasrid emirate yana ọganihu nke ụlọ Nasrid.[13] Karịsịa n'oge ọchịchị ya nke abụọ (mgbe 1362 gasịrị), e nwere mgbanwe ejiji gaa na nhazi ụlọ ọhụrụ na ojiji dị ukwuu nke muqarnas vaulting.[13] Enyemaka ya kachasị mkpa na Alhambra bụ iwu Obí Nke Odụm n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Obí Comares n'ógbè ebe ogige ndị bibu. Ọ rụgharịrị Mexuar, mepụta "Comares Façade" a chọrọ mma nke ukwuu na Patio del Cuarto Dorado, ma chọọ Ụlọikpe nke Myrtles mma, na-enye ebe ndị a ọtụtụ n'ime ọdịdị ikpeazụ ha.[33]

Mgbe Muhammad V gasịrị, obere ọrụ owuwu dị ukwuu mere na Alhambra. Otu ihe pụrụ iche bụ Torre de las Infantas, nke sitere n'oge Muhammad VII (1392-1408).[29] Na narị afọ 15, usoro ndị eze Nasrid na-ada ada na ọgba aghara, na-enwe ọrụ owuwu ole na ole dị mkpa na ụdị na-emegharị ugboro ugboro, nke na-adịchaghị ọhụrụ.[34]

Reconquista na oge Ndị Kraịst Spanish

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Sultan ikpeazụ nke Nasrid, Muhammad XI nke Spain, nyefere Emirate nke Granada na Jenụwarị 1492, na-enweghị mwakpo Alhambra n'onwe ya, mgbe ndị agha nke Ndị eze Katọlik, Eze Ferdinand nke Abụọ nke Aragon na Eze Nwanyị Isabella nke Castile, weghaara ókèala gbara ya gburugburu na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu. Muhammad nke XI wepụrụ ozu ndị nna nna ya n'ụlọ ahụ, dịka Leopoldo Torres Balbás gosipụtara na 1925, mgbe ọ hụrụ ili iri asaa tọgbọ chakoo.[35] O yikarịrị ka ọ ga-adị ugbu a na Mondújar n'Lecrín.[36]

Mgbe mmeri ahụ gasịrị, Alhambra ghọrọ obieze na ihe onwunwe nke Crown Spanish. Isabella na Ferdinand biri ebe a ma nọrọ na Granada ọtụtụ ọnwa, ruo na 25 Mee 1492.[37] Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ihe abụọ dị mkpa mere. Na 31 Machị, ndị eze bịanyere aka na Iwu Alhambra, nke nyere iwu ka a chụpụ ndị Juu niile nọ na Spain bụ ndị jụrụ ịtọghata.[37][38] Christopher Columbus, onye nọkwa ebe ahụ iji hụ nraranye nke Granada, gosipụtara atụmatụ ya maka Njem gafee Atlantic nye ndị eze na Hall ya Ambassadors na 17 Eprelu ha bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nke setịpụrụ usoro maka njem ahụ nke rutere Amerịkas n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ.[37][39]

Nke Torre de la Polvóra na Alcazaba, ihe atụ nke ụlọ elu e ji mgbidi ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ mee ka ọ dịkwuo ike na narị afọ nke iri na isii iji chebe onwe ya nke ọma megide artillery nke oge a.[40]

Ndị ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke Ndị Kraịst malitere ịgbakwunye na ime mgbanwe n'obieze. E nyere ezinụlọ Tendilla ọchịchị nke Alhambra, bụ ndị e nyere otu n'ime obieze Nasrid, Palacio del Partal Alto (n'akụkụ Obí Partal), iji mee ihe dị ka ebe obibi ezinụlọ. Iñigo López de Mendoza na Quiñones (d. 1515), Count nke abụọ nke Tendilla, nọ n'etiti ndị Ferdinand nke Abụọ mgbe Muhammad XI nyefere mkpịsị ugodi nke Alhambra wee bụrụ gọvanọ mbụ nke Alhambla.[41] Ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 24 mgbe mmeri ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụziri ma gbanwee mgbidi ya iji chebe ya nke ọma megide mwakpo ogbunigwe. E wuru ma ọ bụ wusie ọtụtụ ụlọ elu na mgbidi - dị ka Torre de Siete Suelos, Torre de las Cabezas, na Torres Bermejas - n'oge a, dị ka a hụrụ site na mgbakwunye nke mgbidi gburugburu.[41] N'afọ 1512, e nyekwara Count ihe onwunwe nke Mondéjar ma mesịa nyefee aha Marquis nke Mondéhar n'aka ụmụ ya.[41]

Obieze nke Charles V, nke a malitere na 1527 mana a hapụrụ ya mgbe 1637. Foto a nke 1890 na-egosi elu ụlọ ahụ ka na-efu n'elu ala.

Charles V (r. 1516-1556) gara Alhambra n'elu 1526 ya na nwunye ya Isabella nke Portugal wee kpebie ịgbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi eze ya. O wughachiri ma ọ bụ gbanwee akụkụ nke obieze Nasrid ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ eze, usoro nke malitere na 1528 ma wuchaa na 1537.[42] Ọ kwatuo akụkụ nke Obí Comares iji mee ka nnukwu obí ọhụrụ, nke a maara dị ka Obí Charles V, nke e mere n'udị Renaissance nke oge ahụ. A malitere iwu obieze ahụ n'afọ 1527 mana emesịrị hapụ ya ka ọ ghara ịrụcha mgbe afọ 1637 gasịrị.[43]

Gọvanọ nke ezinụlọ Tendilla-Mondéjar bịara ná njedebe na 1717-1718, mgbe Philip V weghaara ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ahụ na Alhambra ma chụpụ Marquis nke Mondéjar, José de Mendoza Ibáñez de Segovia (1657-1734), n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye isi obodo (alcaide) nke Alhambra, na mmegwara maka Marquis na-emegide ya na Agha nke Spanish Succession.[44] Ọpụpụ nke ezinụlọ Tendilla-Mondéjar gosipụtara mmalite nke oge kachasị njọ nke ọdịda Alhambra. N'oge a, steeti Spain wepụtara ihe onwunwe ole na ole nye ya na njikwa ya bụ nke ndị gọvanọ mpaghara nwere ọdịmma onwe ha na ezinụlọ ha bi n'ime obieze ndị a leghaara anya.[45]

N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, Alhambra mebiri emebi. N'agbata afọ 1810 na 1812 ndị agha Napoleon weghaara Granada n'oge Agha Peninsular.[46] Ndị agha France, n'okpuru iwu nke Count Sebastiani, weghaara Alhambra dị ka ebe e wusiri ike ma mebie ihe ncheta ahụ nke ukwuu.[47] Mgbe ha hapụrụ obodo mepere mepe ahụ, ha nwara imebi ihe owuwu ahụ dum iji gbochie ya ka a ghara iji ya mee ihe ọzọ dị ka ebe e wusiri ike. Ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbasa ụlọ elu asatọ tupu onye agha Spain bụ José Garcia emebie fuses fọdụrụnụ, onye omume ya zọpụtara ihe fọdụrụ taa.[47] N'afọ 1821, ala ọma jijiji mere ka mmebi ọzọ.[48] Na mbido narị afọ nke 19, a kọwara ebe ahụ dị ka ebe ndị mkpọrọ, ndị agha nwere nkwarụ na ndị ọzọ a chụpụrụ achụpụ bi.[49]

Nweghachi na mweghachi nke oge a

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A Court in the Alhambra at the Time of the Moors, Edwin Lord Weeks, 1876

Ka ọ na-erule ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ 18, ndị na-ese ihe na ndị ọrụ Spanish malitere idepụta ọdịdị Alhambra na nkọwa ya.[50] Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ 19, ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na Europe malitere ịdọrọ uche gaa na ya ma saịtị ahụ mechara bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị maka ndị edemede Romanticist nke ọdịda anyanwụ, ndị akwụkwọ ha na-achọkarị ime ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụlọ mara mma nke obieze ndị Moor n'oge gara aga na ọnọdụ ha ugbu a nke mbibi na ileghara anya.[51] Nke a dakọtara na mmasị na-arịwanye elu nke ndị Europe n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (Orientialism), nke gbara ume ka a kwusie ike na exoticism na àgwà "ọwụwa Awụwa Aụla Anyanwụ" nke Alhambra.[49] Ọ bụ ndị edemede French, British, na German duziri nchọpụta a nke Alhambra.[52] N'afọ 1830, onye edemede America bụ Washington Irving biri na Granada ma dee Tales of the Alhambra, nke e bipụtara na 1832, nke keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịkwalite mmasị mba ụwa na ndịda Spain na ihe ncheta oge Islam dị ka Alhambra.[46] Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, dị ka John Frederick Lewis, Richard Ford, François-René de Chateaubriand, na Owen Jones, nyere aka mee ka Alhambra bụrụ ihe ngosi nke oge ahụ na ihe odide na ihe osise ha n'oge narị afọ nke 19.[53]

Pavilion dị n'Ụlọikpe nke ọdụm na foto nke narị afọ nke 19, na-egosi "ọwụwa anyanwụ" dome nke Rafael Contreras gbakwunyere na 1859, mgbe e mesịrị Leopoldo Torres Balbás wepụrụ ya.

Ọrụ mweghachi na Alhambra malitere na 1828 n'aka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ José Contreras, nke Ferdinand VII nyere na 1830. Mgbe ọnwụ Contreras na 1847, nwa ya nwoke Rafael (nwụrụ n'afọ 1890) na nwa nwa ya Mariano Contreras (nwụrụ n'afo 1912) gara n'ihu na ya.[54] Ndị ezinụlọ Contreras nọgidere na-abụ ndị na-ewu ụlọ na ndị na-elekọta Alhambra ruo n'afọ 1907.[55] N'oge a, ha na-agbaso n'ozuzu echiche nke "nweghachi ọdịdị", nke na-akwado iwu na mgbakwunye nke ihe iji mee ka ihe ncheta "zuru ezu" mana ọ bụghị na ọ kwekọrọ na eziokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme ọ bụla. Ha gbakwunyere ihe ndị ha weere na ha na-anọchite anya ihe ha chere na ọ bụ "ụdị Arabic", na-emesi Alhambra ike na ọ bụ onye "Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1858-1859 Rafael Contreras na Juan Pugnaire gbakwunyere ogidi dị gburugburu nke yiri nke ndị Peshia na Court of the Lions na n'ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ugwu nke Court of the Myrtles, ọ bụ ezie na ndị a enweghị ihe jikọrọ ha na ụlọ Nasrid.[55][56]

N'afọ 1868, Mgbanwe ọchịchị wepụrụ Isabella II na gọọmentị weghaara ihe onwunwe nke ndị eze Spain, gụnyere Alhambra. N'afọ 1870, a mara Alhambra dị ka Ihe Ncheta Mba nke Spain ma steeti ahụ wepụtara mmefu ego maka nchekwa ya, nke Kọmitii Ncheta nke Provincial na-elekọta.[57] A họpụtara Mariano Contreras, onye ikpeazụ n'ime ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Contreras ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nchedo nke Alhambra, dị ka onye nlekọta ụlọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1890. Ọchịchị ya bụ nke esemokwu na atụmatụ nchekwa ya dọtara nkatọ site n'aka ndị ọchịchị ndị ọzọ.[58] Na Septemba 1890, ọkụ gbara akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Sala de la Barca na Comares Palace, nke gosipụtara adịghị ike nke saịtị ahụ.[58][59] E nyere iwu ka e dee akụkọ n'afọ 1903. Nke a dugara n'ịmepụta "Ụlọ Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche" na 1905. E nyere Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nlekọta nchekwa na mweghachi nke Alhambra. N'ikpeazụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweghị ike ịchịkwa ya n'ihi esemokwu ya na Contreras.[58][55] N'afọ 1907, e ji Modesto Cendoya dochie Mariano Contreras, onye a katọrọ ọrụ ya. Cendoya malitere ọtụtụ igwu ala na-achọ ihe ọhụrụ mana ọ na-ahapụkarị ọrụ ndị a na-akwụsịbeghị. O weghachiri ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa nke saịtị ahụ, dị ka usoro mmiri, mana leghaara ndị ọzọ anya.[60][61][55] N'ihi esemokwu na-aga n'ihu na Cendoya, a gbasara Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche na 1913 ma jiri kansụl (Patronato) nke Alhambra dochie ya na 1914, nke a na-ebo ebubo ọzọ na ọ na-elekọta nchekwa nke saịtị ahụ na ọrụ Cendoya. N'afọ 1915, e jikọtara ya na Directorate-General of Fine Arts nke Ministry of Public Education (mgbe e mesịrị Ministry of National Education). [60][61][55] Dị ka Mariano Contreras tupu ya, Cendoya gara n'ihu na-ese okwu na ndị nlekọta na igbochi Nchịkwa ha. E mechara chụpụ ya n'ọkwa ya n'afọ 1923.[61]    Mgbe Cendoya gasịrị, a họpụtara Leopoldo Torres Balbás dị ka onye isi na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ site na 1923 ruo 1936. Nhọpụta nke Torres Balbás, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie a zụrụ azụ na onye na-Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gosipụtara mgbanwe doro anya na usoro sayensị na usoro maka nchekwa Alhambra.[62][55] Ọ kwadoro ụkpụrụ nke 1931 Athens Charter maka nke Restoration ya Monuments, nke kwusiri ike na mmezi mgbe niile, nkwanye ùgwù maka ọrụ nke oge gara aga, nchebe iwu maka ihe ncheta ihe nketa, na ikike nke usoro na ihe ndị dị n'oge a na mweghachi ma ọ bụrụhaala na ndị a bụ ndị a na-ahụ anya.[55] Ọrụ ya metụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ dị na Alhambra. A gbanwere ụfọdụ n'ime mgbanwe na mgbakwunye ndị na-ezighị ezi nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Contreras.[63][64] Onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-eto eto "meghere oghere ndị e ji mgbidi mechie, gwupụtaghachi ọdọ mmiri jupụtara, dochie tebụl ndị na-efu efu, mezue ihe odide ndị na-enweghị akụkụ nke mkpụrụedemede ha, ma tinye uko n'obieze nke Charles V a na-arụchabeghị".[65] O mekwara nchọpụta ihe ochie n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Alhambra, nchọpụta nke ihe owuwu Nasrid furu efu dị ka Palacio del Partal Alto na Obí nke Abencerrajes nke nyere nghọta miri emi banyere obieze ochie ahụ n'ozuzu ya.[55][66]

Onye na-enyere ya aka, Francisco Prieto Moreno, onye bụ onye isi na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu site na 1936 ruo 1970, gara n'ihu na ọrụ Torres Balbás.[67] N'afọ 1940, e guzobere Kansụl ọhụrụ nke Alhambra iji lekọta saịtị ahụ, nke nọgidere na-elekọta kemgbe ahụ. N'afọ 1984, gọọmentị etiti dị na Madrid wegara ọrụ maka saịtị ahụ na Gọọmentị Ógbè nke Andalusia na n'afọ 1986, e mepụtara iwu na akwụkwọ ọhụrụ iji chịkwaa atụmatụ na nchebe nke saịtị ahụ.[68] N'afọ 1984, edepụtara Alhambra na Generalife dị ka UNESCO.[2] Alhambra bụ ugbu a otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kachasị ewu ewu na Spain. Nnyocha, nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie, na ọrụ mweghachi anọgidekwara na-aga n'ihu na narị afọ nke 21.[69]

Ọdịdị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Atụmatụ Alhambra nke oge a.

Ebe Alha dị ihe dị ka 700-740 n'ogologo na ihe dị ka 200-205 n'obosara ya kachasị ukwuu.[15][70] Ọ na-eguzo n'elu ugwu dị warara na-ele Vega ma ọ bụ Plain of Granada anya ma bụrụ nke osimiri Darro tụrụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya ka ọ na-agbadata na Sierra Nevada.[71] Ala na-acha ọbara ọbara nke e ji wuo ebe e wusiri ike bụ ụrọ na-acha uhie uhie nke na-enye brik na nkume siri ike (tapial calicastrado) ụcha ya mara ma dị na mgbọrọgwụ nke aha 'Red Hill'.[72]

Ihe kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alhambra bụ Alcazaba, nnukwu ebe e wusiri ike na-ele obodo ahụ anya. N'ihi ọchịchọ ndị njem nleta, ohere nke oge a na-emegide usoro mbụ nke malitere site na isi ohere site na Puerta de la Justicia (Ụzọ Ikpe Ziri Ezi) gaa na nnukwu Souq ma ọ bụ ahịa ọha na eze na-eche ihu na Alcazaba, nke e kewara ugbu a ma kpuchie ya site na mmepe nke oge Ndị Kraịst.[73] Site na Puerta del Vino (ọnụ ụzọ mmanya) na-agba Calle Real (Streetị Obieze) na-ekewa Alhambra n'akụkụ ọkpụkpụ ya n'ime mpaghara obibi ndịda, nwere ụlọ alakụba, hamams (ụlọ ịsa ahụ) na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ, na akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ugwu, nke ọtụtụ obieze ndị a ma ama nwere nnukwu ogige mara mma na-achịkwa ọhụụ n'elu Albaicín.[74]

Ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'elu ugwu ahụ nwere ọtụtụ obieze Moorish, nke mgbidi e wusiri ike gbara gburugburu, nwere ụlọ elu nchebe iri na atọ, ụfọdụ (dị ka Torre de la Infanta na Torre de la Cautiva) nwere obieze kwụ ọtọ dị iche iche. Osimiri Darro na-agafe ndagwurugwu dị n'ebe ugwu ma kewaa ala dị larịị na mpaghara Albaicín nke Granada. N'otu aka ahụ, Ndagwurugwu Sabika, nke nwere Ogige Alhambra, dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda, na, gafere ndagwurugwu a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugwu kwụ ọtọ nke Monte Mauror kewara ya na mpaghara Antequeruela. Ndagwurugwu ọzọ kewara ya na Generalife, ogige ntụrụndụ nke eze ukwu. Salmerón Escobar na-ekwu na mgbe e mesịrị, a kụrụ osisi elms na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eme ka nghọta zuru oke nke nhazi ahụ ghara ịdị mma, yabụ a na-enye ọgụgụ ka mma nke ala mbụ n'oge oyi mgbe osisi ndị ahụ gba ọtọ.[75]

Ihe owuwu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nhazi zuru oke

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mullioned windo nke Hall of the Two Sisters na Alhambra, nke Jean Laurent, n'ebe 1874. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe ịchọ mma stucco na mgbidi ndị dị n'elu ebe a na-ahụ mosaic tebụl geometric n'okpuru.

Nhazi na ịchọ mma nke obieze Nasrid bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu nke ụlọ Moorish (nke ọdịda anyanwụ nke Islam) site na narị afọ ndị gara aga mana ha mepụtara njirimara nke ha.[76] Njikọ nke ogige ndị a haziri nke ọma, ihe ndị dị na mmiri, ogige, ogidi ndị dị n'elu ogidi ndị pere mpe, na ihe ịchọ mma tiel stucco na tebụl na-enye Nasrid àgwà ụlọ nke a kọwara dị ka ethereal na nke dị nso.[77][78][14][79] A na-ewu mgbidi ndị ahụ n'ala, lime concrete, ma ọ bụ brik ma jiri plaster kpuchie ha, ebe a na-eji osisi (karịsịa pine) eme ihe maka elu ụlọ, uko, na ọnụ ụzọ.[77]

E mere ụlọ ka a hụ ya site n'ime ya mere e lekwasịrị anya n'ime.[77] Otu isi nke ụlọ eze Nasrid bụ ogige nwere akụkụ anọ nwere ọdọ mmiri, isi iyi, ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri n'etiti ya.[13] A na-ejikọta ogige n'akụkụ abụọ ma ọ bụ anọ site na ụlọ nzukọ, na-enwekarị porticoes nwere arcaded. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe owuwu ndị a gosipụtara ebe a na-ele anya, ọnụ ụlọ na-apụta n'èzí site na ụlọ ndị ọzọ ma na-egosi ọhụụ mara mma nke ogige ma ọ bụ obodo emepe mepe ahụ.[80][76] E ji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ mee ụlọ ndị ahụ nke na-enye ha àgwà anya dị mma.[77][81] E mere nhazi nke ogige, nkesa nke windo, na ojiji nke ihe ndị dị na mmiri na ihu igwe n'uche, na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ ma na-emepe ikuku gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge ọkọchị ka ọ na-ebelata mmiri oyi ma na-amụba ìhè anyanwụ n'oge oyi.[77][82] Ọnụ ụlọ ndị dị n'elu dị obere ma dịkwuo n'ime, na-eme ka ha dịkwuo mma maka iji n'oge oyi.[77] A na-ejikarị ogige dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke na-enye ohere ka nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ nweta ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem n'etiti ehihie n'oge oyi, ebe n'oge ọkọchị, ọnọdụ na omimi nke porticos dị n'ihu ụlọ nzukọ ndị a na-egbochi anyanwụ dị elu.[83][84]

Ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ndị na-ede uri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ndị na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ndị omenkà wuru Alhambra, mana a maara karịa banyere Dīwān al-Insńhā', ma ọ bụ chancery.[85] Ụlọ ọrụ a yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na imewe ụlọ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na ihe odide bịara pụta ìhè na ịchọ mma ha.[86][87] Onye isi nke chancery na-abụkarị vizier (primi minista) nke sultan. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị kpọmkwem ndị na-ewu ụlọ, usoro ọfịs nke ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ ndị a kwekọrọ na nnukwu usoro iwu ihe na Alhambra, nke na-egosi na ha keere òkè na-eduga ọrụ iwu ihe.[87] Ndị kachasị mkpa nwere ọnọdụ ndị a, dị ka Ibn al-Jayyab, Ibn al-Khatib, na Ibn Zamrak, dekwara ọtụtụ n'ime uri ndị na-achọ mgbidi Alhambra mma. Ibn al-Jayyab jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke chancery n'oge dị iche iche n'etiti 1295 na 1349 n'okpuru ndị sultan isii site na Muhammad II ruo Yusuf I.[86][86] Ibn al-Khatib jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke chancery na dị ka vizier maka oge dị iche iche n'etiti 1332 na 1371, n'okpuru ndị sultan Yusuf I na Muhammad V.[86][87] Ibn Zamrak jere ozi dị ka vizier na onye isi nke chancery maka oge dị n'etiti 1354 na 1393, n'okpuru Muhammad V na Muhammad VII.[88][86][87]

Ihe ịchọ mma

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Muqarnas (ma ọ bụ mocárabes) a tụrụ na stucco n'obí ọdụm

A na-eji stucco a tụrụ atụ (ma ọ bụ yesería na Spanish) na mosaic tilework (zilīj ma ọ bụ zellij na Arabic; alicatado na Spanish)[89] eme ihe maka ịchọ mma mgbidi, ebe a na-ejikarị osisi eme uko, nke a nwere ike ịkpụ ma see ya. Tile mosaics na uko osisi na-enwekarị ihe osise geometric. A na-ejikarị tebụl eme ihe maka mgbidi ndị dị ala ma ọ bụ maka ala, ebe a na-eji stucco eme ihe maka mpaghara ndị dị n'elu.[77] A na-ejikarị ihe osise arabesque (ataurique na Spanish, site na Arabic: التوريق), epigraphic motifs, geometric motifs, ma ọ bụ sebka motifs.[90][91][92] Enwere ike ịkpụ ya ọzọ n'ime muqarnas atọ (mocárabes na Spanish). Ihe odide Arabic, ihe e ji mara Alhambra karịsịa, ka a tụrụ n'akụkụ mgbidi ma gụnye akụkụ kor'an, uri nke ndị na-ede uri n'ụlọ ikpe Nasrid, na ikwughachi ụkpụrụ Nasrid "wa la ghalib illa-llah".[87][93]

Ihe atụ nke isi obodo Nasrid (site na Sala del Mexuar), na ụfọdụ n'ime agba mbụ ya echekwara.

A na-ejikwa marble ọcha e gwupụtara na Macael (n'Ógbè Almeria) mee isi iyi na ogidi ndị dị gịrịgịrị.[77] Isi nke ogidi na-enwekarị akụkụ cylindrical dị ala nke e ji akwụkwọ acanthus mee, akụkụ cubic dị n'elu nke nwere ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ geometric, na ihe odide na-aga n'ala ma ọ bụ n'elu.[77]

Ọ bụ ezie na ịchọ mma stucco, ụlọ osisi, na isi ihe e ji mabụl mee nke Alhambra na-adịkarị ka enweghị agba ma ọ bụ monochrome taa, e sere ha na agba na-egbuke egbuke.[77][94] Agba ndị bụ isi - ọbara ọbara, acha anụnụ anụnụ, na (n'ọnọdụ odo odo) - bụ ndị kacha pụta ìhè ma jikọta ha iji nweta nguzozi mara mma ụfọdụ, ebe e ji agba ndị ọzọ mee ihe n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'azụ.[95][77][77]

Ihe odide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Calligraphy in the Hall of Ambassadors: n'elu bụ otu ihe odide nke na-ekwughachi ụkpụrụ Nasrid ("And There is no victory but God") na edemede cursive, ebe n'okpuru bụ nnukwu cartouche nwere ihe odide na "Knotted" Kufic

Alhambra gosipụtara ụdị dị iche iche nke epigraphy Arabic nke mepụtara n'okpuru usoro ndị eze Nasrid, na karịsịa n'okpuru Yusuf I na Muhammad V.[96] José Miguel Puerta Vílchez jiri mgbidi nke Alhambra tụnyere peeji nke ihe odide, na-eme ka ihe yiri ya dị n'etiti dados kpuchiri Zilīj na ihe osise nke geometric, na ụdị epigraphic dị n'obí eze na ihe odide calligraphic n'Ihe odide Arabic nke oge a.[97] Ihe odide na-adịkarị n'usoro kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ kwụ ọtọ maọbụ a na-etinye ha n'ime cartouches nke gburugburu ma ọ bụ rectangular.[98]

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe odide ndị dị na Alhambra na-eji <i id="mwBTQ">Naskhi</i> ma ọ bụ ederede cursive, nke bụ ederede a na-ejikarị eme ihe mgbe oge ndị Alakụba malitere.[99] Thuluth sitere na edemede cursive nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ihe ndị ọzọ dị elu ma ọ bụ ihe ndị a haziri ahazi; a na-ahọrọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mbido nke akwụkwọ ndị chancery Nasrid kwadebere.[98] E dere ọtụtụ ihe odide na Alhambra na ederede Naskhi-Thuluth.[100][98] Akara nke ederede cursive na-agbanwekarị na friezes ma ọ bụ cartouches nke ederede Kufic. Kufic bụ ụdị kachasị ochie nke calligraphy Arabic, mana site na narị afọ 13, ihe odide Kufic dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ndị Alakụba ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe owuwu ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na'amaghị ama.[101][99] N'ime Alhambra, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke "Knotted" Kufic, ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụedemede na-ejikọta ọnụ na eriri dị mgbagwoju anya.[95][102] Mgbatị nke mkpụrụedemede ndị a nwere ike ịghọ eriri ndị na-aga n'ihu ma mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-enweghị atụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ mepụta ọnụ nke cartouche na-agụnye ihe ndị ọzọ e dere na ya.[99]

Ihe odide nke Alhambra gụnyere "okwu na ahịrịokwu na ahịhịa dị nsọ, nke eze, nke votive, na nke kor'an," nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ arabesques, nke a tụrụ n'osisi na marble, ma mee ka ọ dị n'elu tebụl.[97] Ndị na-ede uri nke ụlọ ikpe Nasrid, gụnyere Ibn al-Khatīb na Ibn Zamrak, dere uri maka obieze.[97][103] Ihe odide nke Alhambra bụkwa ihe pụrụ iche maka ọdịdị ha na-ezo aka na onwe ha ugboro ugboro na ojiji nke onye. Ụfọdụ uri e dere ede, dị ka ndị dị n'obí ọdụm, na-ekwu maka obí ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụlọ ha dị na ya ma dee ya na onye mbụ, dị ka a ga-asị na ọnụ ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya na-agwa onye na-agụ ya okwu.[104][105] A na-ede ọtụtụ n'ime uri ndị ahụ na Nasrid cursive script, ebe a na-ejikarị akwụkwọ osisi na okooko osisi Kufic eme ihe - nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ arches, ogidi, enjambments, na "architectural calligrams" - eme ihe dị ka ihe ịchọ mma.[97] Dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ e ji chọọ ya mma, a na-ese ọtụtụ ihe odide na mbụ ma jiri ụcha mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Nnyocha na-egosi na a na-ese mkpụrụedemede ndị ahụ na ọla edo ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha, ma ọ bụ na-acha ọcha na akara ojii, nke ga-eme ka ha pụta ìhè na ndabere ndị a chọrọ mma nke a na-etekarị na-acha ọbara ọbara, acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma ọ dị ka tookrụosi (na agba ndị ọzọ agwakọta na nkọwa). [95]  

Ihe owuwu ndị bụ isi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọnụ ụzọ mbata

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Puerta de la Justicia (Ụzọ Ikpe Ziri Ezi), ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndịda nke Alhambra, nke Yusuf I wuru na 1348

Ọnụ ụzọ ámá Alhambra bụ nnukwu Puerta de la Justicia (Ụzọ Ikpe Ziri Ezi), nke a maara na dị ka Bab al-Shari'a (Arabic: باب الشريعة, lit. 'Ụzọ ámá Shari'a (iwu)'), nke jere ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ mbata dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke mgbidi ahụ. E wuru ya na 1348 n'oge ọchịchị Yusuf I.[106][107][107] Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ nwere nnukwu oghere na-eduga n'ebe dị elu nke na-agafe n'ụzọ gbagọrọ agbagọ. Okporo ụzọ ahụ tụgharịrị 90 degrees n'aka ekpe wee tụgharịa 90 degrees n'aka nri, yana oghere dị n'elu ebe ndị na-agbachitere nwere ike ịtụba mgbọ na ndị ọ bụla na-awakpo n'okpuru. A na-ese onyinyo nke aka, nke mkpịsị aka ya ise na-anọchi anya Ogidi Ise nke Islam ebe a na-ese ihe oyiyi nke mkpịakọta, ihe nnọchianya ọzọ nke okwukwe, n'ihu ogidi ahụ na ihu ime. E mechara tinye ihe a tụrụ atụ nke oge Ndị Kraịst nke Nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke na Nwa Kraịst n'ime niche ọzọ n'ime ọnụ ụzọ ámá.[108] N'akụkụ mpụga ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ Pilar de Carlos V, isi iyi nke Renaissance e wuru na 1524 na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na 1624.[109]

Na njedebe nke ụzọ si na Puerta de la Justicia bụ Plaza de los Aljibes ('Ebe nke Cisterns'), oghere dị obosara nke kewara Alcazaba na Obí Nasrid. A na-akpọ ebe ahụ aha nnukwu olulu mmiri nke dị n'ihe dị ka 1494, nke Iñigo López de Mondoza y Quiñones nyere iwu. Olulu mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ e mere na Alhambra mgbe mmeri 1492 gasịrị ma jupụta ihe bụbu ndagwurugwu dị n'etiti Alcazaba na obieze.[110] N'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ogige ahụ bụ Puerta del Vino (Ọnụ Ụzọ Mmanya) nke na-eduga n'obieze Charles V na ebe obibi mbụ (nke medina) nke Alhambra.[111][112] A na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge ọchịchị Muhammad III wuru ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ịchọ mma ahụ sitere n'oge dị iche iche. A na-achọ ma ihu dị n'ime ma n'èzí nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ mma site na ịchọ mma ceramic na-etinye spandrels nke arches na ihe ịchọ mma stucco n'elu. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ ihe a tụrụ atụ nke akara dị ka nke dị na Puerta de la Justicia.[113]

Puerta de las Armas ('Ọnụ Ụgbọ Mmiri'), ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị n'ebe ugwu nke Alhambra site na narị afọ nke 13.

Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọzọ dị na Alhambra bụ Puerta de las Armas ('Ọnụ Ụzọ Arms'), nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke Alcazaba, nke mgbidi na-eduga na Plaza de los Aljibes na Obieze Nasrid. Nke a bụ na mbụ isi ebe a na-abanye n'ụlọ ahụ maka ndị bi n'obodo ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike ịnweta ya site n'akụkụ Albaicín, mana mgbe ndị Kraịst meriri Puerta de la Justicia ka Ferdinand na Isabella kwadoro.[111] Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ, otu n'ime ihe owuwu ndị mbụ e wuru na Alhambra na narị afọ 13, bụ otu n'etiti ihe owuwu Alhambra nke yiri omenala ụlọ Almohad nke bu ụzọ na Nasrids. A na-achọ ihu ihu nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ mma na polylobed molding na glazed tiles n'ime rectangular alfiz frame. N'ime ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ dome nke a na-ese iji gosipụta ọdịdị brik na-acha ọbara ọbara, ihe ịchọ mma nke oge Nasrid.[114]

Ọnụ ụzọ ámá mpụga abụọ ọzọ dị, ha abụọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'akụkụ ugwu bụ Puerta del Arrabal ('Ọnụ ụzọ Arrabal'), nke na-emeghe na Cuesta de los Chinos ('Ugwu Ya Emezi Mgbanwe'), ndagwurugwu dị n'etiti Alhambra na Generalife. O yikarịrị ka e kere ya n'okpuru Muhammad nke Abụọ ma jee ozi n'obieze mbụ nke Alhambra nke e wuru n'ógbè a n'oge ọchịchị ya. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'oge ndị Kraịst nke Alhambra.[111][115] N'akụkụ ndịda bụ Puerta de los Siete Suelos ('Ọnụ Ụzọ nke okpukpu asaa'), nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbawa nke ndị agha France na-apụ apụ na 1812 bibiri kpamkpam. E wughachiri ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị ugbu a n'afọ ndị 1970 site n'enyemaka nke iberibe ndị fọdụrụnụ na ọtụtụ Ihe osise ochie nke na-egosi ọnụ ụzọ ákwà ámá mbụ. O yikarịrị ka e wuru ọnụ ụzọ ámá mbụ ahụ n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na anọ na aha Arabic mbụ ya bụ Bab al-Gudur. Ọ ga-abụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata na-ejere medina ozi, ebe ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ndị ọrụ nọ n'ime Alhambra. Ọ bụkwa site n'ebe a ka ndị eze Katọlik batara na Alhambra na Jenụwarị 2, 1492.[111][116]

Alcazaba

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ebe a na-ahụ Alcazaba na ime ya.

Alcazaba ma ọ bụ obodo ukwu bụ akụkụ kachasị ochie nke Alhambra taa. Ọ bụ ihe dị n'etiti usoro mgbagwoju anya nke mgbidi ndị chebere mpaghara ahụ. Ụlọ elu ya kachasị elu, 26 dị elu Torre del Homenaje ('Ụlọ elu nke Nsọpụrụ'), bụ ebe nchekwa na ebe nchịkwa ndị agha nke ụlọ ahụ. O nwekwara ike ịbụ ebe obibi mbụ nke Ibn al-Ahmar n'ime Alhambra debe a na-ewu ụlọ ahụ.[117] Ụlọ elu kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Torre de la Vela nke dị mita 25 m elu, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ nche. E bu ụzọ bulie ọkọlọtọ Ferdinand na Isabella n'elu ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke mmeri ndị Spain meriri Granada na Jenụwarị 2, 1492. A gbakwunyere mgbịrịgba n'elu ụlọ elu ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ma ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ a na-akụ ya n'oge kwa ụbọchị na n'oge pụrụ iche.[118] N'afọ 1843, ụlọ elu ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke uwe agha obodo ahụ.[118] N'ime ogige nke ebe e wusiri ike n'ime ya bụ ebe obibi nke nwere ndị nche Alhambra. O nwere ihe ntụrụndụ obodo dị ka kichin obodo, hammam, na olulu mmiri, yana ọtụtụ ụlọ dị n'okpuru ala nke jere ozi dị ka dungeons na silos.[119]

Obieze Nasrid

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Obieze ahụ nwere akụkụ atọ, site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ: Mexuar, Obí Comares, na Obí ọdụm.[120] N'ozuzu, a makwaara obieze ndị a dị ka Casa Real Vieja ('Old Royal Palace'), iji mee ka ha dị iche na obieze ọhụrụ e wuru n'akụkụ ha n'oge oge Ndị Kraịst Spanish.[121]

Mexuar

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Nlegharị anya nke Mexuar taa (nke a na-ahụkwa Ụlọ Elu Comares n'azụ ya).

Mexuar bụ akụkụ kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke obieze. Ọ yiri mashwars (ma ọ bụ mechouars) nke obieze na North Africa.[122] E wuru ya na mbụ dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu ụlọ nke Isma'il I malitere nke gụnyere Obí Comares. O nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ nchịkwa na ọrụ ọha na eze nke obieze, dị ka chancery na akụ. Ọdịdị ya nwere ogige abụọ na-esote nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ, ha niile kwụ n'etiti etiti site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Obere ihe fọdụrụ n'ogige ọdịda anyanwụ abụọ nke Mexuar taa, ma e wezụga ntọala ha, portico, na ọdọ mmiri nke isi iyi. Nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, nke a maara dị ka Sala del Mexuar ma ọ bụ Ụlọ Nzukọ, jere ozi dị ka ụlọ ocheeze ebe sultan na-anata ma na-ekpe ikpe mkpesa. Mpaghara a nyekwara ohere ịbanye n'obieze Comares site na mpaghara Cuarto Dorado n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ. A gbanwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Mexuar n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama n'oge Reconquista; karịsịa, a gbanwere Sala del Mexuar ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ekpere Ndị Kraịst ma gbakwunye ya na Cuarto Dorado iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi. E mechara wepụ ọtụtụ n'ime mgbakwunye ndị a n'oge nrụzigharị nke oge a na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.[123][124]  

Ogige nke Myrtles, ogige etiti nke Obí Comares.[125]

Obí Comares bụ isi nke nnukwu obieze nke Isma'il I malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 13 ma mesịa gbanwee ma mezigharịa ya site n'aka Yusuf I na Muhammad V n'otu narị afọ ahụ.[126] Obieze ọhụrụ a rụrụ ọrụ dị ka obieze nke sultan na steeti, nke a maara na Arabic dị ka Qaṣr al-Sultan ma ọ bụ Dār al-Mulk.[31] A na-esi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ banye n'obieze Comares site na Mexuar. Ihu ụlọ dị n'ime, nke a maara dị ka Comares Façade, guzo n'akụkụ ndịda nke Patio de Cuarto Dorado ('Ogige nke Ụlọ Gilded') n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Mexuar. Ihu ụlọ a mara mma nke ukwuu, nke nwere ọnụ ụzọ abụọ, bụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke obieze ma eleghị anya rụọ ọrụ ụfọdụ ememe.[127][128][129]

Elu ụlọ nke Alhambra

Obí Comares n'onwe ya dị gburugburu Patio de los Arrayanes ('Ụlọikpe nke Myrtles'), ogige dị mita 23 ruo 23.5 n'obosara na mita 36.6 n'ogologo, na ogologo axis ya dị n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda.[130] N'etiti, nke jikọtara ya na isi axis nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ, bụ ọdọ mmiri dị obosara. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị mita 34 n'ogologo na mita 7,10 n'obosara.[131] Osisi myrtle nke bụ aha ụlọ ikpe ahụ na-eto n'akụkụ abụọ nke ọdọ mmiri a. A na-enwe portico abụọ mara mma n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ, na-eduga n'ụlọ nzukọ na ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ n'azụ ha. Ihe ịchọ mma nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ nwere q<i>asā'id</i> iri na otu nke Ibn Zamrak, asatọ n'ime ha ka dị.[97] N'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obieze ahụ bụ Comares Baths, ya obieze hammam nke a na-echekwa nke ọma.[132]

N'akụkụ ugwu nke Court of the Myrtles, n'ime nnukwu Comares Tower, bụ Salón de los Embajadores ('Kachasị Ya Nkenne Onye'), ụlọ kachasị ukwuu na Alhambra. A na-enweta ya site na ịgafe Sala de la Barca, nnukwu ụlọ ezumezu nwere akụkụ anọ n'azụ ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ugwu nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ. Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Ndị Nnọchiteanya bụ ụlọ nwere akụkụ 11.3 n'akụkụ ọ bụla ma na-arịgo ruo mita 18.2.[133] Nke a bụ ụlọ ocheeze ma ọ bụ ụlọ ndị na-ege ntị nke sultan.[134] E debere ocheeze sultan n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ n'ihu windo nwere ogidi abụọ n'azụ ụlọ nzukọ ahụ.[134] Na mgbakwunye na nnukwu tebụl na ihe ịchọ mma nke mgbidi, ime ya na-ejedebe na nnukwu uko ụlọ. A na-eji osisi 8017 jikọtara ọnụ mee uko ụlọ ahụ nke na-eme ihe nnọchianya geometric nke Eluigwe asaa.[129][134][135] Ụlọ nzukọ na ụlọ elu ya na-arụ ọrụ site na mgbidi nke obieze, na windo na-enye ọhụụ n'akụkụ atọ. N'echiche a, ọ bụ ụdị mirador buru ibu, ụlọ nke ndị bi n'obieze nwere ike ile anya n'èzí na ala gbara ya gburugburu.[136]

Obí nke ọdụm

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Ogige ọdụm na isi iyi ya

Obí nke ọdụm bụ otu n'ime obieze a ma ama n'ihe owuwu Alakụba ma gosipụta ọganihu nke ihe owuwu Nasrid n'okpuru ọchịchị Muhammad V.[13] Ogige ya nwere akụkụ anọ dị n'etiti dị ihe dị ka mita 28.7 n'ogologo na mita 15.6 n'obosara, na ogologo axis ya dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.[137] A na-ahazi ogidi na ogidi ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke otu ogidi na-agbanwe agbanwe na ìgwè nke ogidi abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, atụmatụ nke pụrụ iche na ụlọ Islam.[138] Ụlọ abụọ mara mma guzo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke ogige ahụ, ebe etiti ya bụ isi iyi nke ọdụm a ma ama. Isi iyi ahụ nwere nnukwu efere gbara ọdụm iri na abụọ gburugburu, ha niile ji marble kpụọ.[139] N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ uri e dere ede nke Ibn Zamrak dere.[140]

Elu ụlọ e sere ihe osise ndị Nasrid n'ulọ Hall of Kings

A na-ahazi ụlọ nzukọ anọ gburugburu ogige ahụ. Sala de los Mocárabes ('Hall of the mocárabes (muqarnas) '), nke dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, mebiri na 1590 site na mgbawa nke magazin ntụ ntụ dị nso ma jiri ụlọ elu ya dochie ya na 1714.[141] Sala de los Reyes  ('Ụlọ Ndị Eze'), nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, kewara n'ọtụtụ ngalaba nke muqarnas kpuchiri. Mmeghe n'azụ ndị a bụ ọtụtụ ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ, atọ n'ime ha nwere uko dị gburugburu nke ihe osise pụrụ iche e sere na akpụkpọ anụ kpuchiri.[142] Otu ihe osise na-egosi mmadụ iri, ma eleghị anya ndị sultan ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa, na-anọdụ ala ma na-ekwurịta okwu ọnụ.[143][144] Ihe osise ndị ọzọ gosipụtara ihe nkiri nke egwuregwu, ịchụ nta, na ndụ ụlọ ikpe.[144] Ụdị ihe osise ahụ nwere mmetụta n'otu oge ma ọ bụ ọzọ site na nka Christian Gothic.[145][144]

<i>Muqarnas</i> dome na Hall of the Two Sisters.

N'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ, Sala de los Abencerrajes ('Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Abencerrages') nwetara aha ya site na akụkọ akụkọ nke nna Boabdil, bụ onye ikpeazụ sultan nke Granada, mgbe ọ kpọrọ ndị isi nke ahịrị ahụ ka ha bịa oriri na ọṅụṅụ, gburu ha ebe a.[146] Ekpuchiri ya n'elu ụlọ elu muqarnas sara mbara, nke nwere iko lantern nwere akụkụ 16 n'ụdị kpakpando nwere ntụ 8, ikekwe na-anọchi anya eluigwe eluigwe.[147][148][149] N'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ahụ bụ Sala de Dos Hermanas ('Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Ụmụnna Abụọ'), nke a na-akpọ n'ihi nnukwu slabs abụọ nke marble bụ akụkụ nke pavement. Aha Arabic mbụ ya bụ al-Qubba al-Kubrā (Arabic: القبة الكبرى, lit. 'Okirikiri na Egbunwe), na-atụ aro na ọ nwere ihe ọ pụtara.[150] Ụlọ Nzukọ ahụ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ muqarnas kachasị dị ịrịba ama na nkà Islam. Ngwakọta muqarnas nwere opekata mpe prismatic 5000, na-apụta site na elu ugwu n'ime obere ụlọ iri na isii dị n'elu ọkwa nke windo.[151][152]

N'ebe ugwu nke Sala de Dos Hermanas, ebe a na-esi na ya abanye, ya nke Mirador de Lindaraja dị, obere ụlọ na-apụta ìhè nke nwere windo nwere achi abụọ n'akụkụ atọ nke na-elepụ anya n'ubi ndị dị n'okpuru. Aha Lindaraja bụ ihe e ji asụsụ Arabic 'Ayn Dar 'Aisha mee.[153] Ụlọ nta a nwere ụfọdụ ihe ịchọ mma stucco kachasị mma na Alhambra ma nwee ihe osise mosaic mbụ nke nwere ihe odide Arabic mara mma nke ukwuu.[151][154][154] Ụlọ elu pụrụ iche nke nwere lattice osisi nke e ji ihe osise geometric kpuchie ma jupụta na iberibe iko agba.[154]

Ụlọ obibi na ogige nke oge Renaissance

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Ogige Lindaraja, nke e guzobere na narị afọ 16.

N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Obí Comares na Obí ọdụm bụ mpaghara nke mgbakwunye Ndị Kraịst nke Renaissance nke sitere na narị afọ nke 16. N'ebe ugwu nke Obí nke ọdụm bụ Patio de Lindaraja (Ogige Lindaraja), nke bụbu ogige mana ọ ghọrọ ogige nzuzo site na mgbakwunye nke ihe owuwu ọhụrụ gbara ya gburugburu na narị afọ nke 16. Isi iyi ahụ dị n'etiti ya nwere ihe mgbakwasị Baroque nke e mere na 1626 nke na-akwado efere marble Nasrid nke arụnyere ebe a n'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ihe yiri ya ugbu a na-anọchi efere mbụ nke a na-edebe na Alhambra Museum.[42] N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na n'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ahụ, n'akụkụ okpukpu nke elu, e nwere ọnụ ụlọ isii e wuru maka Charles V n'etiti 1528 na 1537, nke a maara dị ka Ụlọ Eze Ukwu. Ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị n'ime ụlọ ndị ahụ bụ ọkụ ọkụ marble nke e ji ihe agha eze ukwu kpụọ na uko nke ogwe osisi ndị e sere na foto mkpụrụ osisi. Julio Aquiles na Alejandro Mayner sere ihe osise ndị ahụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 1537.[42][155] N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ogige Lindaraja bụ obere Patio de la Reja ('Ogige Eze Nwanyị'), nke dị n'etiti Ụlọ Eze Ukwu na Ụlọ Elu Comares. E wuru gallery gburugburu ala elu nke ogige ahụ n'etiti 1654 na 1655.[156]  

Obieze Charles V

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N'èzí Obieze Charles V
Ogige obieze Charles V

Obieze ndị ọzọ nke Nasrid

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E wuru Convent nke Saint Francis n'elu mkpọmkpọ ebe nke obieze Nasrid. Ụlọ ahụ bụzi Parador (ụlọ nkwari akụ nke gọọmentị).

Obieze atọ ndị ọzọ dị n'oge Nasrid dịbu ma e bibiri ha n'ụzọ dị ukwuu kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara na Palacio del Partal Alto ("Upper Partal Palace"), nke a makwaara dị ka Palacio del Conde del Tendilla ("Palace of the Count of Tendilla'"), ka a na-etinye taa n'ime ogige Partal. Obieze ahụ malitere n'oge Muhammad nke Abụọ, na mmezigharị na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụkwa obieze kachasị ochie na Alhambra nke a chọtara ihe ncheta ya.[29]

A na-akpọ Obí nke Convent nke San Francisco (Palacio del Convento de San Francisco, nke a makwaara dị ka Palacio de los Infantes) aha ya bụ Convent nke Saint Francis nke e debere ebe a na 1494.[157] O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ Muhammad II wuru obieze Nasrid ebe a mana ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị dị ugbu a na-egosi na Muhammad V rụzigharịrị ya nke ọma.[158] Obere ihe fọdụrụ n'ihe owuwu Nasrid taa ma e wezụga ogige nwere akụkụ anọ na ụfọdụ n'ime ọnụ ụlọ ndị gbara ya gburugburu, gụnyere ọnụ ụlọ a chọrọ mma nke ọma na muqarnas vaulting. E liri Eze Nwanyị Isabella I ebe a na 1504 tupu ebufee ozu ya na Royal Chapel dị nso na katidral.[159] Ihe owuwu ndị ọzọ dị ugbu a sitere na mmezigharị nke narị afọ nke 18 nke ebe obibi ndị nọn ma gụnye ogige zoro ezo. Taa ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Parador (ụlọ nkwari akụ nke gọọmentị).[157]

Obieze nke Abencerrajes (Palacio de los Abencerrjes) bụ otu n'ime obieze kachasị ukwuu na Alhambra ma nwee ike ịmalite site n'oge Muhammad II. Ndị agha Napoleon gbagburu ihe fọdụrụ n'obieze ahụ n'afọ 1812. Ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke ebe a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ nke a maara dị ka Secano. A na-ahụ ihe ndị e gwupụtara taa n'akụkụ ndịda nke ụlọ ahụ mana a ka na-amụ ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu.[160]

Chọọchị Santa Maria na ụlọ alakụba Alhambra

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'èzí Chọọchị Santa Maria de la Alhambra

N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Obí Charles V bụ Chọọchị Katọlik nke Santa María de la Alhambra ('Saint Mary ya nke Alhambra'), nke guzo n'ebe bụbu ụlọ alakụba Alhambra, ụlọ alakụka ọgbakọ nke Alhambira. E wuru ụlọ ụka ahụ n'agbata narị afọ 1581 na 1618.[161] Ọ dị n'okpuru ikike nke Achịbishọp nke Granada.[162] Ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Juan de Herrera na Juan de Orea chepụtara ụlọ ahụ ma Ambrosio Vico wuchaa ya. N'ime ya bụ nnukwu Ebe ịchụàjà Baroque nke nwere ogidi ndị e ji ọlaedo chọọ mma nke e wuchara na 1671, ọ bụ ezie na ihe kachasị mma n'etiti ebe ịchụàjà ahụ, ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Our Lady of Sorrows (na-egosi Meri na-ejide ahụ Jizọs Kraịst), bụ nke Torcuato Ruiz del Peral tụrụ n'etiti 1750 na 1760.[163] Kwa afọ n'oge Izu Nsọ, a na-ewepụta ihe a a tụrụ atụ ma buru ya n'usoro n'okporo ámá Granada. N'oge ngagharị, a na-eburu ya n'elu "ocheeze" ma ọ bụ ikpo okwu nke a kpụrụ akpụ iji yie arcades dị n'Ụlọikpe nke ọdụm.[162][163]

Obere ihe fọdụrụ na Alhambra Mosque nke guzo n'oge gara aga na saịtị a, ma e wezụga oriọna ọla nchara mara mma nke echekwara ugbu a nke National Archaeological Museum na Madrid. Dị ka ihe e dere na oriọna a na ihe odide nke Ibn al-Khatib si kwuo, Muhammad nke III nyere ụlọ alakụba ahụ iwu ma wuchaa n'ime 1305.[164][164] A na-edozi isi axis nke ụlọ alakụba ahụ n'akụkụ qibla dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke kwekọrọ na nhazi nke okporo ụzọ dị n'akụkụ ya. Ihe owuwu ahụ nwere ụlọ nzukọ hypostyle nwere "ụgbọ mmiri" atọ nke ahịrị nke arches atọ kewara. A na-akwado ogidi ndị ahụ site na ogidi marble nwere isi obodo yiri nke oge Cordoban Caliphate na narị afọ nke 10. E ji osisi rụọ elu ụlọ ahụ na ụlọ dị n'etiti, nke dugara na mihrab, nwere uko dị elu karịa ụlọ abụọ ugbo mmiri.[164] Minaret dị warara guzo na njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụlọ ahụ.[164] Mgbe mmeri Ndị Kraịst gasịrị, a gbanwere ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ụka mana ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke 16, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma. E mechara kwatuo ya na 1576, tupu e wuo ụlọ ụka dị ugbu a.[164]

Ihe fọdụrụ na mausoleum Rawda taa (nke Obí ọdụm guzo n'azụ ya).

N'ozuzu

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Patio de la Acequia na Generalife n'ozuzu.

N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Alhambra na n'èzí mgbidi ya bụ Generalife (site na Arabic: جَنَّة الْعَرِيف, Jannat al-'Ārifa), ala obodo nke oge Nasrid nke Muhammad nke Abụọ na Muhammad nke Atọ wuru na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 13 na mmalite nke 14.[165] Ọ nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'okpuru ndị ọchịchị Nasrid na ndị na-ewu ụlọ Christian Spanish na narị afọ nke iri na isii. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ nwere akụkụ anọ nwere ogige ndị a chọrọ mma na njedebe ọ bụla. Nnukwu ogige ntụrụndụ mara mma site na narị afọ nke 20 na-anọ n'ebe dị nso n'obí eze mbụ taa. Obí eze Nasrid jikọtara ya na Alhambra site na paseeji nwere mgbidi nke gafere ndagwurugwu dị n'etiti ha.[166]

Usoro inye mmiri

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Mmiri nke Acequia Real, nke na-eweta mmiri n'ime mgbidi Alhambra (n'aka nri)

Acequia del Sultan (nke a makwaara dị ka Acequia del Rey ma ọ bụ Acequia Real) nyere Alhambra na Generalife mmiri, nke ka dị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu taa. Ọ na-adọta mmiri site na Osimiri Darro n'ebe dị elu n'okpuru ugwu Sierra Nevada, ihe dị ka kilomita 6.1 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Alhambra.[24] Otu alaka dị obere nke a maara dị ka Acequia del Tercio kewara site na ya ọtụtụ kilomita n'elu mmiri wee gaa n'ihu n'ebe dị elu tupu ha eruo n'elu obieze na ogige Generalife. Alaka isi, na-aga n'ihu n'ala dị ala, na-abịakwa n'obieze Generalife ma na-enye mmiri na Patio de la Acequia ya a ma ama.[24] Ọwa mmiri abụọ ahụ na-agakarị n'elu ma akụkụ ụfọdụ na-agafe n'ime ọwa mmiri ndị e gwuru kpọmkwem n'ime nkume.[24]

Mgbe ha rutere na Generalife, owa mmiri ahụ tụgharịrị gaa n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ wee gafee ogige ahụ. Ha na-esonyere tupu ha alaghachi na Alhambra, ebe mmiri na-abanye site na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Torre del Agua ('Mmiri Tọwa') n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Alhambra.[24] Site n'ebe a, a na-ebugharị ya site na obodo ahụ site na usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke conduits (acequias) na tankị mmiri (albercones) nke na-emepụta mmekọrịta a ma ama nke ìhè, ụda na elu n'obieze.

Ngwongwo akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe osise

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Ọkụ ọkụ ọla nchara sitere na Alhambra Mosque, nke e dere na 1305 (nke dị na National Archaeological Museum).

Ọ bụ ezie na mgbidi na ọnụ ụlọ nke Alhambra enweghị arịa ụlọ taa, a ga-achọ ha mma ma jupụta ha na ọtụtụ ihe dịka kapet, ala cushions, na tapestries ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya a ga-akwụnye na mgbidi.[167] Omenala nke ịnọdụ ala n'ala na-akọwa ihe mere ụfọdụ windo dị na miradors ji dị ala, ebe anya nke ndị nọ ọdụ ga-adị.[167]


Ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama dị na Alhambra bụ oriọna ọla nchara nke a kwụnyere n'ime ụlọ alakụba ahụ, nke e dere n'afọ 1305. Akụkụ bụ isi nke oriọna ahụ bụ conical n'ọdịdị, ejikọta ya na ogwe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi n'elu nke nwere obere akụkụ dị n'etiti. A na-agbaji ọla nchara ahụ iji mepụta ihe odide Arabic na edemede Naskhi na ndabere nke ihe osise Arabesque. Mgbe mmeri 1492 gasịrị, e weghaara ya ma mee ya akụkụ nke akụ nke Kadinal Cisneros. A na-egosi ya ugbu a na National Archaeological Museum na Madrid, ọ bụ ezie na a na-echekwa ihe yiri ya na Alhambra Museum.[168][169]

Mmetụta

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N'ihe owuwu

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Ụlọ ịsa ahụ Alhambresque nke Empress Alexandra Feodorovna na Winter Palace.[170]

Otụtụ ihe ncheta nke usoro ndị eze Saadian, nke chịrị Morocco na narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17, yiri ka ọ na-eṅomi prototypes a hụrụ na Alhambra, ọkachasị Ụlọikpe nke ọdụm.[171][172]

Ihe owuwu ya bụkwa ihe nlereanya e ṅomiri n'ụdị ihe owuwu "Moresque," ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ghọrọ ihe na-ewu ewu na Europe na narị afọ nke 19, na mbipụta nke Owen Jones dị mkpa karịsịa n'ịtọlite mmetụta a.[173] Mgbe Owen Jones bipụtara Plans (Egwe), Elevations (Ogologo Ugwu), Sections and Details of the Alhambra (Ike na Megwa) na London site na 1842 ruo 1845, ụdị ụlọ Orientalist mara mma, nke Alhambra kpaliri nke a na-akpọ Alhambresque ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na West na narị afọ nke 19.[170]

E mesịa tinye ụdị Alhambresque n'Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, n'kedu Ussama Makdisi kpọrọ "Ottoman Orientalism."[170] Ojiji mbụ nke ihe atụ Alhambresque (dị ka sebka) pụtara ihe n'ụlọ ndị dị n'oge ọchịchị Sultan Abdülaziz (r. 1861–1876) na Istanbul, dịka ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị egwu dị na Beyazıt Square (c. 1865), nke bụ ugbu a ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke Mahadum Istanbul.[170] Ebe ili ozu nke Fuad Pasha (1869–70), onye letara Alhambra n'onwe ya dịka onye nnọchi anya Ottoman na 1844, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị "Moresque".[161] E jikwa ụdị a mee ihe n'Obí Gezira n'ime Cairo, nke e wuru iji nabata ndị obieze maka mmeghe nke Ọwa Mmiri Suez na 1869. Khedive Isma'il nyere Owen Jones ọrụ imepụta ime ụlọ nke obí a.[170]

Alhambra mekwara ka e nwee ọtụtụ ụlọ:

  • Isaac M. Wise Temple (ụlọ nzukọ dị na Cincinnati, Ohio) [174]
  • Villa Zorayda (obodo dị na St. Augustine, Flórida) [175]
  • Villa Alhambra (obodo dị na Malta)

Na mgbakọ na mwepụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Tessellations dị ka ndị a kpaliri ọrụ M. C. Escher.[176]

Tiles Alhambra dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ha nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ha niile, 17 nwere ike ime mgbakọ na mwepụ.[177] Nleta M. C. Escher mere na 1922 na ọmụmụ nke ojiji ndị Moor na-eji symmetries eme ihe na tebụl Alhambra kpaliri ọrụ ya na tessellation, nke ọ kpọrọ "nkewa nke ụgbọelu."[176]

Edensibia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

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Ihe odide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

 

  • Fernández Puertas (1997). The Alhambra. Vol 1: From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354). Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-466-6. 
  • Fernández Puertas (1998). The Alhambra. Vol 2: (1354–1391). Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-467-3. 
  • Fernández Puertas (1999). The Alhambra. Vol 3: From 1391 to the Present Day. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-589-2. 
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  • García-Pulido (September 2016). "The Mastery in Hydraulic Techniques for Water Supply at the Alhambra". Journal of Islamic Studies 27 (3): 355–382. DOI:10.1093/jis/etw016.   
Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhambra&oldid=699029"