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Alice Eastwood

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Alice Eastwood (January 19, 1859 - Ọktoba 30, 1953) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke America. Enyere ya aka na ọ rụrụ mkpokọta botanical na California Academy of Sciences na San Francisco. O bipụtara ihe karịrị akụkọ sayensị 310 wee dee aha ụdị osisi ala 395, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anọ kachasị elu nke aha ndị dị otú ahụ nke nwanyị ọ bụla ọkà mmụta sayensị dere..[1] E nwere iri na asaa a ma ama ugbu a aha ya, yana ụdị Eastwoodia na Aliciella.

Akụkọ ndụ

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A mụrụ Alice Eastwood na Jenụwarị 19, 1859, na Toronto, Canada West, nwa Colin Skinner Eastwood na Eliza Jane Gowdey Eastwood.[2] Nna ya rụrụ ọrụ na Toronto Asylum for the Insane . [3] Mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, nne ya nwụrụ; [2] ndị ikwu dị iche iche lekọtara Eastwood na ụmụnne ya, ma ruo oge ụfọdụ, e debere Alice na nwanne ya nwanyị na Oshawa Convent na Toronto.[4] N'afọ 1873, Eastwood na ụmụnne ya zutere nna ha wee kwaga Denver, Colorado.[2] N'afọ 1879, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, [2] ebe ọ kụziri ihe ruo afọ iri.[5]

Eastwood bụ onye na-akụzi ihe ọkụkụ n'onwe ya ma mụta site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka botany e bipụtara gụnyere Gray's Manual na Flora of Colorado . [5]Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 7 March 2015."Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 7, 2015.</ref>[6] Ihe ọmụma ya banyere ihe ọkụkụ mere ka a gwa ya ka ọ duzie Alfred Russel Wallace n'elu ugwu Grays Peak na Denver. Eastwood bụkwa onye otu Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell's Colorado Biological Association . [7]

N'afọ 1891, mgbe ọ tụlechara mkpokọta Eastwood na Denver, Mary Katharine Brandegee, Curator nke Ngalaba Botany na California Academy of Sciences, goro Eastwood ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na herbarium nke agụmakwụkwọ.[6] Na 1892, a kwalitere ya n'ọkwa dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta ya na Brandegee. Ka ọ na-erule 1894, na ezumike nka nke Brandegee, Eastwood bụ onye isi na onye isi ngalaba nke Botany, ọnọdụ ọ nọrọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1949.[3]

Eastwood nwụrụ na San Francisco n'October 30, 1953. California Academy of Sciences nwere nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ ya na ọrụ ya. [5]Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 7 March 2015."Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 7, 2015.</ref>

Ọrụ

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Na mmalite ọrụ ya, Eastwood mere njem nlegharị anya na Colorado na mpaghara anọ. Ya na ezinụlọ Wetherill na-akpachi anya, ma na-eleta Alamo Ranch na Mesa Verde mgbe mgbe, malite na July 1889. Ogologo oge tupu mgbe ahụ, a na-ewere ya dị ka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ, n'ihi ya, ọ denyeghị aha ndị ọbịa na njem ndị ọzọ. Oge ọ bụla Eastwood gara, Al Wetherill na-anabata ya nke ọma, bụ́ onye nwere mmasị n'ọrụ ya. Na 1892, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ndu ya na njem ụbọchị iri na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Utah iji nakọta ahịhịa ọzara.[8][9]

Eastwood mekwara njem nchịkọta na nsọtụ mpaghara Big Sur, nke na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu bụ ókèala, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nweghị ụzọ gafere n'ụsọ oké osimiri etiti karịa Carmel Highlands. Na njem ndị ahụ, ọ chọpụtara ọtụtụ osisi, gụnyere Hickman's potentilla.

A na-eto Eastwood maka ịchekwa ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ mgbe ala ọma jijiji San Francisco nke 1906 gasịrị.[10] N'ịhapụ mgbakọ ndị nlekọta nke oge ya, Eastwood kewara ụdị ụdị ihe atụ site na nchịkọta isi.[5]Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 7 March 2015."Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 7, 2015.</ref> usoro nkewa a nyere ya ohere iweghachite 1,497 n'ụlọ ahụ mebiri emebi.[11] Ụlọ ọrụ ọ chọtara ha mebiri emebi; site na iji akwa ya, ọ si na windo gbadata ihe atụ ahụ gaa na enyi ya ka ọkụ ahụ na-eru nso mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ rutere, wee weghara ụgbọ ala. Ihe osise na ndekọ ọ chọtara bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị ndụ na nchịkọta ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.[3]

Mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, tupu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ewu ụlọ ọhụrụ, Eastwood gụrụ akwụkwọ na herbaria na Europe na mpaghara US ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Gray Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden, National Museum of Natural History of Paris, British Museum, na Royal Botanic Gardens na Kew.[2] N'afọ 1912, mgbe e wuchara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ dị na Golden Gate Park, Eastwood laghachiri n'ọkwa onye nlekọta nke herbarium ma wughachi akụkụ furu efu nke nchịkọta ahụ. Ọ gara ọtụtụ ezumike na Western United States, gụnyere Alaska (1914), Arizona, Utah na Idaho. Usoro ya a ma ama nke yiri exsiccata nke ụdị osisi sitere na California nwere akara ndị e biri ebi nke akpọrọ California Academy of Sciences, Flora of California . [12] Malite na 1928, Eastwood sonyeere onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ ibe ya Susan Delano McKelvey n'ọtụtụ njem nchịkọta na Southwest ma ha wuru mmekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide, na-edegara ibe ha akwụkwọ ozi ma na-agbanwerịta ụdị.[13] Site n'idebe usoro mbụ nke nchịkọta ọ bụla maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma soro ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ gbanwere ya, Eastwood nwere ike iwulite nchịkọta ahụ, Abrams na-ekwu na o nyere "ọtụtụ puku mpempe akwụkwọ na herbarium nke Academy, n'onwe ya na-akọwa maka uto ya na nha na nnọchite anya nke osisi ọdịda anyanwụ". Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1942, o wuru ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke otu nde, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu atọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị e bibiri n'ọkụ nke afọ 1906.[5]

A na-ekwu na Eastwood bipụtara ihe karịrị isiokwu 310 n'oge ọrụ ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe ndị dị ndụ Zoe na dị ka onye enyemaka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Erythea tupu ala ọma jijiji nke 1906, ma guzobe akwụkwọ akụkọ, Leaflets of Western Botany (1932-1966), ya na John Thomas Howell.[6] Eastwood bụ onye nduzi nke San Francisco Botanical Club ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'ime afọ 1890. N'afọ 1929, o nyere aka guzobe American Fuchsia Society .

Ihe kachasị amasị ya bụ ọdịda anyanwụ US Liliaceae na ụdị Lupinus, Arctostaphylos na Castilleja.

Ihe ngosi

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Nkwado

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  • E nwere ụdị iri na asaa a ma ama ugbu a aha Eastwood, yana ụdị Aliciella, Eastwoodia na Eastwoodiella.
  • Onye otu California Academy of Sciences kemgbe 1892, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1942.
  • N'afọ 1959, CAS meghere Eastwood Hall of Botany
  • N'afọ 1903, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị abụọ edepụtara na American Men of Science ka a ga-egosi ya, site n'aka kpakpando dịka otu n'etiti 25% kachasị elu nke ndị ọkachamara na ọzụzụ ha.[14]
  • N'afọ 1949, iji kwado ihe ndị ọ rụzuru, American Fuchsia Society nyere ya Medal of Achievement ya.
  • A na-asọpụrụ ya na aha abụọ nke Boletus eastwoodiae, ọmarịcha ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-egbu egbu nke ọdịda anyanwụ North America nke ọ chịkọtara. Otú ọ dị, a gbanwere aha a ka ọ bụrụ Boletus pulcherrimus n'ihi njirimara na-ezighi ezi nke ụdị ihe.[15] Ọ ka na-ebu aha a na-akpọkarị Alice Eastwood's bolete.
  • Eastwood rụrụ ọrụ iji chekwaa osisi redwood na Humboldt County, nke e mechara kpọọ Alice Eastwood Memorial Grove.[5]Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 7 March 2015."Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 7, 2015.</ref>

Ụdị osisi ndị a kpọrọ aha Eastwood

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Ụdị aha ya bụ Eastwood

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  • Aliciella
  • Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
  • Eastwoodiella

Hụkwa

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Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ n'ịntanetị

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  • Bergen's botany (1901) Ya na Joseph Young Bergen.
  • Osisi nke South Fork nke Osimiri Kings (1902)
  • Akwụkwọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ botany Vol. 1-10 na ndepụta (1932-1966) Na J.T. Howell.
  • Zoe: akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe ndị dị ndụ Vol. 3–4. (1892) Ya na K.L. Brandegee na T.S. Brandejee. E nwetara ya na 2009-08-19.
  • A Handbook of the Trees of California (1905) San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences.

Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Lindon (5 May 2015). "Fewer than three percent of land plant species named by women: Author gender over 260 years". Taxon 64 (2): 209–215. DOI:10.12705/642.4. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Bonta, Marcia, 1940- (1991). Women in the field : America's pioneering women naturalists, 1, College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 93–102. ISBN 0-89096-467-X. OCLC 22623848. Bonta, Marcia, 1940- (1991). Women in the field : America's pioneering women naturalists (1 ed.). College Station: Texas A & M University Press. pp. 93–102. ISBN 0-89096-467-X. OCLC 22623848.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hartlaub. "The 1906 earthquake destroyed S.F. It made this woman a hero", San Francisco Chronicle, April 18, 2023.Hartlaub, Peter (April 18, 2023). "The 1906 earthquake destroyed S.F. It made this woman a hero". San Francisco Chronicle.
  4. ↑ Milius (5 November 2020). How passion, luck and sweat saved some of North America's rarest plants. ScienceNews. Retrieved on 12 November 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 7 March 2015."Eastwood, Alice, 1859-1953, Biographical History". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Rebecca Morin (29 March 2012). Celebrating Women's History Month: Alice Eastwood. Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved on 6 March 2015.Rebecca Morin (March 29, 2012). "Celebrating Women's History Month: Alice Eastwood". Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
  7. ↑ Cockerell (2004). in Weber: The Valley of the Second Sons: Letters of Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell, a young English naturalist, writing to his sweetheart and her brother about his life in West Cliff, Wet Mountain Valley, Colorado, 1887-1890. Longmont, Colorado: Pilgrims Process. ISBN 978-0971060999. 
  8. ↑ Fletcher (1977). The Wetherills of Mesa Verde: Autobiography of Benjamin Alfred Wetherill. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 
  9. ↑ McNitt [1957] (1966). Richard Wetherill: Anasazi, Revised, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 
  10. ↑ Rossiter, Margaret W. (1982). Women scientists in America : struggles and strategies to 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2443-5. OCLC 8052928. 
  11. ↑ DeBakcsy (September 19, 2018). A Bay of Botany: Alice Eastwood's Nine Decades and Three Hundred Thousand Specimens. Women You Should Know. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved on 9 November 2018.
  12. ↑ Plants of California [Flora of California: IndExs ExsiccataID=805167616]. IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Retrieved on 13 December 2024.
  13. ↑ Schofield (1987). "A Life Redeemed: Susan Delano McKelvey and the Arnold Aboretum". Arnoldia 47 (4): 9–23. DOI:10.5962/p.258411. Retrieved on January 15, 2021. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Biography of Alice Eastwood. Bristlecone chapter, CNPS. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved on 7 March 2015.. Bristlecone chapter, CNPS. Archived from on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  15. ↑ (1976) "California Boletes V: Two New Species of Boletus". Mycologia 68 (5): 976–83. DOI:10.2307/3758713. 
  16. ↑ Southwest Colorado Wildflowers, Mimulus eastwoodiae. www.swcoloradowildflowers.com. Retrieved on 2019-03-14.
  17. ↑ Southwest Colorado Wildflowers, Podistera eastwoodiae. www.swcoloradowildflowers.com. Retrieved on 2023-03-23.
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