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Alice Walker

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Alice Malsenior Tallulah-Kate Walker (amuru Febụwarị 9, 1944) [1] bụ onye ode akwụkwọ akụkọ America, onye edemede obere akụkọ na onye na-akwado mmekọrịta. Na 1982, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị Africa mbụ nke America meriri Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, nke ọ meriri maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Color Purple.[2][3] N'ime oge ọrụ ya, Walker ebipụtala akwụkwọ akụkọ iri na asaa na nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirisi, ọrụ iri na abụọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, na mkpokọta nke edemede na uri.

Walker, onye amụrụ n'ime ime obodo Georgia, meriri ihe ịma aka dị ka mmerụ ahụ nwata na ịkpa oke ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ede okwu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji Sarah Lawrence. Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmagụ ya site n'akwụkwọ mbụ nke abụ uri, Ozugbo, ma mesịa dee akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ọrụ ya kacha mara amara, The Color Purple. Dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike, Walker na-ekere òkè na Civil Rights Movement, na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke agba site na okwu ahụ bụ "nwanyị," ma tinye aka na ikike anụmanụ na pacifism. Na mgbakwunye, o kwenyesiri ike na esemokwu Israel na Palestine, na-akwado mkpọsa nke Boycott, Divestment, na Sanctions megide Israel.

Walker echeela ọtụtụ ebubo nke Mmegide ndị Juu ihu n'ihi otuto ya maka onye Britain na-akọwa nkwekọrịta David Icke na ọrụ ya, nke nwere echiche nkwekọrịta megide ndị Juu, yana nkatọ nke ihe odide nke ya.

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ Alice Malsenior Walker na Eatonton, Georgia, obodo ọrụ ugbo n'ime ime obodo, nke Willie Lee Walker na Minnie Tallulah Grant.[1] Nne na nna Walker abụọ bụ ndị na-ekere òkè, ọ bụ ezie na nne ya rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwa akwa iji nwetakwuo ego. Walker, nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ, debanyere aha ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ anọ na East Putnam Consolidated. [1] [2]

Dị ka onye dị afọ asatọ, Walker merụrụ ahụ n'anya aka nri ya mgbe otu n'ime ụmụnne ya gbara Mgbọ BB.[2] Ebe ọ bụ na ezinụlọ ya enweghị ike ịnweta ụgbọ ala, Walker enweghị ike ịnata nlekọta ahụike ozugbo, na-eme ka ọ kpọnwụọ kpamkpam na anya ahụ. Ọ bụ mgbe mmerụ ahụ n'anya ya gasịrị ka Walker malitere ịgụ na ide ihe.[1] E wepụrụ anụ ahụ mgbe Walker dị afọ iri na anọ, mana akara ka dị. A kọwara ya na edemede ya "Beauty: When the Other Dancer is the Self". [2]

Ka ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Eatonton kewapụrụ, Walker gara naanị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii: Butler Baker High School. [1] N'ebe ahụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-abụ onye valedictorian, na 1961, steeti Georgia nyere ya akwụkwọ mmụta zuru oke maka ịbụ nwa akwụkwọ kacha elu na klaasị ya. [2] Ọ chọtara mmadụ abụọ n'ime ndị prọfesọ ya, Howard Zinn na Staughton Lynd, ka ha bụrụ ndị isi ya n'oge ya na Spelman, mana ebufere ha abụọ mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. [1] Enyere Walker akwụkwọ mmụta ọzọ, oge a na kọleji Sarah Lawrence dị na Yonkers, New York, mgbe a chụrụ ya prọfesọ Spelman, Howard Zinn, Walker nakweere onyinye ahụ. [3] Walker tụụrụ ime n'isi n'oge agadi ya wee nwee ite ime; ahụmahụ a, tinyere echiche igbu onwe ndị sochirinụ, kpaliri ọtụtụ n'ime abụ ndị a chọtara n'otu oge, nchịkọta uri mbụ nke Walker. [3] Walker gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji Sarah Lawrence na 1965.[3]

Ọrụ ide ihe

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Walker na-etinye aka na Florida na 1990

Walker dere uri ndị ga-eme ka akwụkwọ uri mbụ ya, nke akpọrọ Once, mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na East Africa na n'oge afọ ikpeazụ ya na Sarah Lawrence College.[3] Walker ga-ede uri ya n'okpuru ọnụ ụzọ ọfịs nke prọfesọ ya na onye nduzi ya, Muriel Rukeyser, mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Sarah Lawrence. Rukeyser gosipụtara onye nnọchi anya akwụkwọ ya uri ndị ahụ. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich bipụtara ya otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị.[4]

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Walker rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka Ngalaba Ahụike New York, tupu ọ laghachi na South. Ọ nwetara ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ maka Legal Defense Fund nke National Association for the Advancement of Colored People na Jackson, Mississippi.[1] Walker rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ na akụkọ ntolite ojii na mmemme ndị enyi nke Children of Mississippi Head Start. O mechara laghachi na ide dị ka onye edemede na Mahadum Jackson State (1968 – 69) na Tougaloo College (1970 – 71). Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na Tougaloo College, Walker bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, na 1970. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha ndụ Grange Copeland, onye mmegbu, enweghị ọrụ, di, na nna.

N'oge a, Walker bipụtara ọrụ ya n'akwụkwọ nta akụkọ Women and Women in the South, nke e jikọtara ya na mbipụta ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere Sinister Wisdom na Feminary. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ bụ mbọ nke ọgbọ nke abụọ na-agba mbọ iji guzobe netwọk ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara na maka. Mgbe e mesịrị, na National Feminist Bookstore Week na 1995, Walker bịanyere aka na "Nkwenye Ndị Odeakwụkwọ Ụmụ nwanyị" na-ekwenye na ọ dị mkpa ide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị, yana Jeelle Gomez, Tee Corinne, Dorothy Allison, na Blanche McCrary Boyd.[1][2]

N'afọ 1973, tupu ọ bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin Ms, Walker na onye ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ Charlotte D. Hunt chọpụtara ili na-enweghị akara ha kwenyere na ọ bụ nke Zora Neale Hurston na Ft. Pierce, Florida. Walker ji akara na-acha ntụ ntụ mee ka ọ pụta ìhè na-ekwu ZORA NEALE HURSTON / A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901-1960.[5][6] Akụkụ "a genius of the south" sitere na uri Jean Toomer Georgia Dusk, nke pụtara n'akwụkwọ ya Cane . [6] A mụrụ Hurston n'ezie na 1891, ọ bụghị 1901.[7][8]

Akụkọ Walker nke 1975 "N'ịchọ Zora Neale Hurston", nke e bipụtara na magazin Ms ma mesịa degharịa aha ya bụ "Chọọ maka Zora", nyere aka mee ka ọrụ nke onye edemede na onye ọrụ mmadụ pụta ìhè.[1][2] Na 1976, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ Walker, Meridian_(novel)" Meridian, e bipụtara. Meridian bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere mgba nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na South n'oge mmeghari ikike obodo, na ihe omume ndị yiri ụfọdụ n'ime Walker nke a ma ama na-arụ ọrụ 192 nke ihe kachasị na-eme na agba. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-esote nwanyị ojii nwere nsogbu bụ onye ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike ịnyagharịa n'ọdịbendị ojii, akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma ma mechaa mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri na-ewu ewu na 1985 nke Steven Spielberg duziri, bụ Oprah Winfrey na Whoopi Goldberg.

Walker edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere The Temple of My Familiar (1989) na Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992) (nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ihe odide na ụmụ nke ihe odide sitere na The Color Purple). O bipụtara ọtụtụ nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi, uri, na ihe odide ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na ọgụ nke Ndị isi ojii, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị, na ndụ ha na agbụrụ, nwoke na nwanyị, na ime ihe ike. [9] [10] [11][12]

N'afọ 1993, Alice Walker so dee akwụkwọ akụkọ, Warrior Marks, ya na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Pratibha Parmar. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dabeere n'isiokwu nke Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) na Sexual Blinding of Women. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'Africa, ebe ha abụọ gbara ọtụtụ ndị lanarịrị FGM ajụjụ ọnụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-achọ igosipụta ihe kpatara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọdịbendị n'azụ omume ahụ site n'inye ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-emegide nsogbu a ikpo okwu.

N'afọ 2000, Walker wepụtara nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, nke dabeere na ndụ ya, nke akpọrọ The Way Forward Is With a Broken Heart, na-enyocha ịhụnanya na mmekọrịta agbụrụ. N'akwụkwọ a, Walker kọwapụtara mmekọrịta agbụrụ ya na Melvyn Rosenman Leventhal, onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke na-arụkwa ọrụ na Mississippi.[13] Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na Machị 17, 1967, na New York City, ebe ọ bụ na alụmdi na nwunye agbụrụ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na South, ma gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1976. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Rebecca, n'afọ 1969.[2] Rebecca Walker, naanị nwa Alice Walker, bụ onye edemede America, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-ese ihe, na onye na-eme ihe ike. The Third Wave Foundation, bụ ego na-eme ngagharị iwe, bụ nke Rebecca na Shannon Liss-Riordan guzobere. [14][15][16] Nne nkuzi ya bụ onye nduzi Alice Walker na onye guzobere magazin Ms, Gloria Steinem . [14]

N'afọ 2007, Walker nyere nchịkọta ya, nke nwere igbe 122 nke ihe odide na ebe nchekwa, n'aka akwụkwọ edemede nke Mahadum Emory, Archives, na Rare Book Library.[1] Na mgbakwunye na ihe odide maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka The Agba Purple, uri na edemede ndị a na-ebipụtaghị, na nzikọrịta ozi na ndị editọ, mkpokọta ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi na ezinụlọ, ndị enyi, na ndị ọrụ ibe, ihe nkiri mbụ maka The Agba Purple, syllabi sitere na nkuzi ọ kuziri, na akwụkwọ nkwado. Nchịkọta ahụ gụnyekwara nchịkọta uri e dere mgbe Walker dị afọ iri na ise, nke akpọrọ "Poems of a Childhood Poetess".

N'afọ 2013, Alice Walker bipụtara akwụkwọ ọhụrụ abụọ, otu n'ime ha akpọrọ The Cushion in the Road: Meditation and Wandering as the Whole World Awakens to Being in Harm's Way. Nke ọzọ bụ akwụkwọ uri akpọrọ The World Will Follow Joy: Turning Madness into Flowers (New Poems).

Mgbalị

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Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ

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Walker met Martin Luther King Jr. when she was a student at Spelman College in the early 1960s. She credits King for her decision to return to the American South as an activist in the Civil Rights Movement. She took part in the 1963 March on Washington with hundreds of thousands of people. Later, she volunteered to register Black voters in Georgia and Mississippi.

Na Machị 8, 2003, Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile, na mbido Agha Iraq, e jidere Walker na ndị ọzọ 26, gụnyere ndị edemede ibe ya Maxine Hong Kingston na Terry Tempest Williams, na ngagharị iwe n'èzí White House, maka ịgafe akara ndị uwe ojii n'oge nzukọ ndị na-emegide agha. Walker dere banyere ahụmịhe ahụ na edemede ya "We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For".

Ụdị ụmụ nwanyị nke Walker gụnyere nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara. N'afọ 1983, Walker chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ nwanyị na nchịkọta ya bụ In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens, nke pụtara "onye Black feminist ma ọ bụ onye Black feminist of color". E mere okwu a iji jikọta ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na òtù ụmụ nwanyị na "nkwekọrịta agbụrụ, ọkwa, na mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị".[17] Walker na-ekwu na "'Womanism' na-enye anyị okwu nke anyị". n'ihi na ọ bụ okwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii na nsogbu ha na-eche ihu na ọha. Womenism dị ka otu ihe mere na 1985 na American Academy of Religion na Society of Biblical Literature iji dozie nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị ojii site na ọgụgụ isi, anụ ahụ, na nke ime mmụọ ha. " [17] Taa, echiche ụmụ nwanyị ya ka na-aga n'ihu n'ime ọtụtụ òtù gụnyere Black Lives Matter Movement nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii guzobere na nzaghachi maka obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwoke ojii. Nkà ihe ọmụma nke ụmụ nwanyị bụkwa ihe ndabere maka #MeToo Movement nke ụmụ nwanyị kwupụtara n'ihu ọha ahụmahụ ha nke mmetọ mmekọahụ na iyi egwu.[18]

Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị

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Echiche Walker banyere nkwado ụmụ nwanyị pụtara n'ọrụ ya, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens, ọkachasị na edemede, If the Present Looked Like the Past, what would the future Look Like?. [19] N'ihe odide ya, ọ na-atụgharị uche na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke oge a na mmegbu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-ekwukwa banyere mkpa ọmịiko, ọmịiko na mmata maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii iji merie arụrụala ndị gara aga dị ka ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ala ọzọ. N'ikpeazụ, edemede ahụ na-enye ma nkatọ banyere òtù ụmụ nwanyị ojii na oku ka ndị na-agụ ya mee ihe iji tọhapụ onwe ha na ịkpa ókè.

Agha Israel na Palestine

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Walker is a judge member of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine, and she also supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel.[20]

Na Jenụwarị 2009, Walker bụ otu n'ime ihe karịrị iri ise ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi na-eme ngagharị iwe megide "City to City" nke Toronto International Film Festival na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Israel, na-akatọ Israel dị ka "ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ".[1] Ọnwa abụọ ka e mesịrị, Walker na ndị inyom iri isii ndị ọzọ na-akwado ndị agha na-emegide agha Code Pink gara Gaza na nzaghachi na Agha Gaza. Ebumnuche ha bụ ịnapụta enyemaka, izute ndị NGO na ndị bi na ya, ma mee ka Israel na Egypt meghee ókèala ha na Gaza. O mere atụmatụ ileta Gaza ọzọ na Disemba 2009 isonye na Gaza Freedom March.[2] Na June 23, 2011, o kwupụtara atụmatụ isonye na ụgbọ mmiri enyemaka na Gaza nke nwara imebi mgbochi ụgbọ mmiri Israel.[3][4]

Na May 2013, Walker degaara onye na-agụ egwú Alicia Keys akwụkwọ ozi, na-arịọ ya ka ọ kagbuo egwu egwu akwadoro maka Tel Aviv. "Ekwenyere m na anyị na-asọpụrụ ibe anyị maka ụzọ anyị na ọrụ anyị," Walker dere. "Ọ ga-abụ ihe nwute ịmara na ị na-etinye onwe gị n'ihe ize ndụ (ihe egwu nke mkpụrụ obi gị) site n'ịrụ na mba ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ụwa nile machibidoro iwu ime." Igodo jụrụ arịrịọ ahụ. [1] Walker ajụla ikwe ka a sụgharịa Agba Purple ma bipụta ya n'asụsụ Hibru, [2] na-ekwu na ọ hụrụ "Israel nwere ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmegbu nke ndị Palestine, ma n'ime Israel na n'ókèala ndị e nwere" na-ekwukwa otú o si jụ ikwe ka mmegharị ihe nkiri Steven Spielberg nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya gosi na South Africa ruo mgbe eweliri usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. [3][4]

Nkwado maka Chelsea Manning na Julian Assange

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Na June 2013, Walker na ndị ọzọ pụtara na vidiyo na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka Chelsea Manning, onye agha America a tụrụ mkpọrọ maka ịhapụ ozi nzuzo.[21] N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Walker ekwuola ugboro ugboro iji kwado Julian Assange.[22][23][24] Onye guzobere Wikileaks, a na-ewere Assange dị ka nnukwu ihe iyi egwu nye nchekwa mba US n'oge ọchịchị Obama, ka ọ na-ekpughe ozi nzuzo nzuzo gbasara mpụ agha na mmebi ikike mmadụ na Iraq, Afghanistan, na Guantanamo Bay. N'ikpeazụ, e jidere Assange mgbe ọ nwara ịchọ ebe mgbaba n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Ecuador na London. E mechara nyefee ya na US ma kpụpụ ya n'ebubo mpụ. N'ihi ihe ndị a, Alice Walker bipụtara Opinion Editorial na-elekwasị anya na usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke US ma na-akpọ maka nkwado nke ebubo ndị a na-ebo Assange.[25] Ọzọkwa, Walker sonyekwara na mkparịta ụka panel na Berkeley, California maka ebumnuche nke ịtọhapụ Assange.

Nkwado ụmụ anụmanụ

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Walker ekwuola na ọdịmma anụmanụ bụ otu n'ime ihe na-echegbu ya. Akụkọ ifo ya anabatala ụkpụrụ omume anụmanụ n'ime afọ iri anọ gara aga, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji tinye anụmanụ dị ka ndị sonyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya yana akara maka ihe ọ kpọrọ "nsụhọ". Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ifo ya nke mbụ gosipụtara anụmanụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ mmadụ—ya bụ, ka ụmụ anụmanụ na-azụ, na-enye nri, na-adịghị ezobekwa aha anụmanụ ndị e debere n'ebe ụmụ mmadụ nọ, akụkọ ifo ya na-anabatawanye ahụmahụ anụmanụ.[1] Ọ na-akwado maka nghọta ka ukwuu nke ụmụ mmadụ na mmekọrịta ha na anụmanụ, na-ekwu, sị: "Ịgba ndị ọzọ ume ịhụ ọdịdị, ịkwanyere mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ùgwù, ife ụwa a, bụ akụkụ nke ozi m n'ụwa a."[2].

Ịkwụsị Udo

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Walker abụwo onye nkwado ogologo oge nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Na mbido afọ 2015, o dere, sị: "Ya mere, ana m eche banyere mmegharị ọ bụla maka udo na ikpe ziri ezi dị ka ihe gbasara ime ka mmụọ anyị kwụsie ike ka anyị wee nwee ike ịga n'ihu ma weta n'ụwa ọhụụ nke dị mma karịa nke anyị nwere taa. " [26] O dere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-enye echiche ya nke udo, ndị gụnyere The One River Twice na We are the Ones We have been Waiting for: Inner Light in a Time of Darkness. Ọ na-atụle mkpa ọ dị iguzobe ọha mmadụ ziri ezi na udo.[27]

Ikike ndị na-agbanwe nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị

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Na 2023, Walker gbachitere JK Rowling n'ihu ọha site na nkatọ echiche ya banyere ndị trans. Walker dere na webụsaịtị ya: "Ana m akwanyere J.K. Rowling ùgwù nke ọma ịbụ mmadụ nke na-eche banyere ihe ọ na-alụ na ihe ọ na-alụ." A katọrọ Walker na mgbasa ozi maka iwere ọnọdụ a, ebe ọtụtụ na-ezo aka na ya dị ka TERF.[2][3] N'okwu sochirinụ, Walker gwara ndị mmadụ okwu, na-ekwu, sị: "Aghọtara m nke ọma na ndụ gị bụ nke gị; ya mere, ihe ọ bụla ị na-eme, ana m ekpe ekpere maka Bundesliga magburu onwe ya na mgbake zuru oke ", ma kweta na otu n'ime ndị "ndị kacha hụ n'anya na ndị na-akwụwa aka ọtọ" ọ maara bụ nwoke trans.[4].

Ebubo nke mmegide ndị Juu na otuto maka David Icke

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Since 2012, Walker has expressed appreciation for the works of the British conspiracy theorist David Icke.[28][29][30] On BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, she said that Icke's book Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More, which contains antisemitic conspiracy theories, would be the book she would take to a desert island.[29] The book promotes the theory that the Earth is ruled by shapeshifting reptilian humanoids and "Rothschild Zionists". Jonathan Kay of the National Post described this book (and Icke's other books) as "hateful, hallucinogenic nonsense". Kay wrote that Walker's public praise for Icke's book was "stunningly offensive" and that by taking it seriously, she was disqualifying herself "from the mainstream marketplace of ideas".[31] In 2013, the Anti-Defamation League called anti-Zionist essays in Walker's book The Cushion in the Road "replete with fervently anti-Jewish ideas" and it also stated that Walker was "unabashedly infected with anti-Semitism".[32][33]

Na blọọgụ ya n'afọ 2017, Walker bipụtara uri nke akpọrọ "Ọ bụ Ọrụ Anyị (Njọ) Ịmụ Talmud", na-atụ aro ka onye na-agụ ya malite na YouTube iji mụta banyere akụkụ ndị a na-ekwu na ha na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ nke Talmud, na-akọwa ya dị ka "nsí". Abụ ahụ nwere okwu na arụmụka ndị na-emegide ndị Juu. [34] [35][36] N'ime ya, ọ "kọwara mmeghachi omume ya mgbe enyi ya onye Juu", mgbe e mesịrị kwuo na ọ bụ di mbụ ya, boro ya ebubo "na-egosi na ọ bụ onye na-emegide ndị Juu".[37]

N'afọ 2018, onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ site na New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review jụrụ Walker "Gịnị akwụkwọ dị na ebe ị na-anọ n'abalị?" O depụtara Icke's And the Truth Shall Set You Free, akwụkwọ na-akwalite echiche nkwekọrịta na-emegide ndị Juu nke na-adabere na The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ma na-ajụ Holocaust. Walker kwuru, sị: "N'akwụkwọ Icke, e nwere ihe Ntụle dị adị, na mbara ala a na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, iji chee echiche. Nrọ onye na-achọ ịmata ihe mezuru. " [38] Mbipụta nke ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ na "By the Book" kwa izu kpatara nkatọ dị ukwuu banyere Walker na New York Times Book Review. [39][40] A katọrọ nyocha ahụ maka ibipụta ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ yana maka ịghara ịkọwa ihe na eziokwu ga-eme ka ị tọhapụ gị dị ka ọrụ na-emegide ndị Juu.[41] Walker gbachitere mmasị ya maka Icke na akwụkwọ ya, na-ekwu, sị: "Ekwenyeghị m na ọ bụ onye na-emegide ndị Juu ma ọ bụ onye Juu". [42] Walker kwuru na "mgbalị ọ bụla iji kwutọọ David Icke, na site na njikọ, m, bụ n'ezie mgbalị iji belata mmetụta nke ikwu okwu anyị iji kwado ndị Palestine".[43] N'ịgbaso esemokwu ahụ, Roxane Gay kwuru na "Alice Walker abụwo onye na-emegide ndị Juu ruo ọtụtụ afọ". NYT wepụtara nkwupụta na ihe dị n'ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ "apụtaghị nkwado nke ndị nchịkọta akụkọ Times".[44]

N'afọ 2019, Ayanna Pressley jụrụ mmegide ndị Juu mgbe ọgba aghara sochiri mgbe o tweeting nke Alice Walker kwuru. O tweeted "M na-akatọ ma na-akatụ ndị na-emegide ndị Juu, ajọ mbunobi na nkwenye n'ụdị ha niile - na omume ịkpọasị ha na-akwalite" ma kwuo na ọ maghị ihe Walker kwuru na okwu ahụ.[45][46][47]

N'afọ 2020, mgbe ọ matara banyere nkwado Walker chere na ọ na-akwado ndị Juu, onye na-elekọta New York Times podcast Sugar Calling kọwara onwe ya dị ka "onye nwụrụ anwụ" maka ịnabata Walker na ihe ngosi ya ma o kwukwara, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na amaara m, agaraghị m agwa Alice Walker ka ọ nọrọ na ihe ngosi ahụ. "[48]

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, a katọrọ Gayle King nke CBS News maka ịgba Walker ajụjụ ọnụ n'agbaghaghị ihe odide ya na-emegide ndị Juu. Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ gasịrị, King wepụtara nkwupụta, na-ekwu, sị: "Ndị a abụghị naanị ajụjụ ziri ezi, ha bụ ajụjụ iwu. N'ezie, m gaara ajụọ ya banyere nkatọ ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na amaara m ha tupu ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Ms. Walker. "[49] 

N'afọ 2022, a chụpụrụ Walker na Bay Area Book Festival n'ihi ihe ndị na-ahazi ya kpọrọ "nkwado ya maka onye na-emegide ndị Juu David Icke".[50] A kwadoro oku maka Walker ka ọ kwuo okwu na San Diego Community College District n'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka ndị otu obodo na ndị na-ahazi ya na-ekwu na ha kwenyere na nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. Walker jụrụ nkatọ ahụ dị ka "atụmatụ imechi blog m: alicewalkersgarden.com".[51]

Ndụ onwe onye

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N'afọ 1965, Walker zutere Melvyn Rosenman Leventhal, onye ọka iwu ndị Juu. Ha lụrụ na March 17, 1967, na New York City. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Jackson, Mississippi, na-aghọ di na nwunye mbụ lụrụ n'ụzọ iwu na Mississippi kemgbe steeti ahụ gafere iwu alụmdi na nwunye agwakọtara.[1][2] Di na nwunye ahụ nwere nwa nwanyị, Rebecca, na 1969. Walker na di ya gbara alụkwaghịm na 1976. [3]

Na ngwụcha afọ 1970, Walker kwagara n'ebe ugwu California. N'afọ 1984, ya na onye edemede ibe ya bụ Robert L. Allen guzobere Wild Tree Press, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na Anderson Valley, California.[52] Walker gbakwunyere "Tallulah Kate" n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na aha ya na 1994 iji sọpụrụ nne ya, Minnie Tallulah Grant, na nne nne ya, Tallulah.[2] Nne nne Minnie Tallulah Grant, Tallulah, bụ Cherokee.[1]

Walker ekwuola na ya na onye na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ Tracy Chapman na-enwe mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n'etiti 1990s: "Ọ dị ụtọ ma mara mma ma dị ebube na ọ masịrị m na ọ hụrụ ya n'anya kpamkpam ma ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla bụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụghị nke anyị." [1] Chapman ekwubeghị n'ihu ọha banyere ịdị adị nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ya na Walker ma na-edobe nkewa siri ike n'etiti ndụ onwe ya na nke ọha.[2][3]

Mmụọ nke Walker emetụtala ụfọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya a ma ama, gụnyere The Color Purple . [53] O dere banyere mmasị ya na Transcendental Meditation . [54] Nnyocha Walker banyere okpukpe n'ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ya na-adabere na ọdịnala edemede nke gụnyere ndị edemede dị ka Zora Neale Hurston.[55]

Walker agọnahụbeghị na e nwere akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akụkọ ndụ ya. Mgbe mbụ e bipụtara "Advancing Luna - and Ida B. Wells" na Magazin <i id="mwAug">Ms.</i>, Walker gụnyere nkwupụta na "Luna na Freddie Pye bụ ihe odide, a na-edekwa aha ha. Nke a bụ akụkọ ifo nke ọtụtụ ihe mere n'ezie tụrụ aro ya".[56] Ajụjụ ọnụ John O' Brien gbara Walker na 1973 na-enye nkọwa ndị ọzọ.[57]

Mgbalị Mmụta na Ihe Ndị Ruuru Ụmụ nwanyị

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Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ikike obodo ya, Walker kụziri n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1972, Walker kuziri nkuzi na ndị ode akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Mahadum Massachusetts Boston. [1] na Wellesley College na 1973. Ọzọkwa n'otu afọ ahụ, o bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ nke mkpirisi ya, Na ịhụnanya na nsogbu: Akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii, yana Revolutionary Petunias na Poems ndị ọzọ, bụ nke jere ozi dị ka mpịakọta nke abụọ nke uri ya. [2] Na mgbakwunye, ọ kuziri klaasị na ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa America na Mahadum Brandeis na Waltham. Na mgbakwunye na nkuzi ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Massachusetts, ọ kuziri na Mahadum Yale na Mahadum California, Berkeley. N'ozuzu, Walker kụziri n'ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na America dum, nke nyere ya ohere ịgbasa echiche nke òtù nwanyị ojii. [3]

Nnọchiteanya na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ

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Beauty in Truth (2013) bụ ihe nkiri banyere Walker nke Pratibha Parmar duziri. Phalia (Portrait of Alice Walker) (1989) bụ foto nke Maud Sulter si na usoro Zabat ya nke e mepụtara maka Rochdale Art Gallery na England.

Onyinye na nsọpụrụ

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  • MacDowell Colony Fellowships (1967 na 1974)
  • Ingram Merrill Foundation Fellowship (1967)
  • Candace Award, Arts and Letters, National Coalition of 100 Black Women (1982) [58]
  • Ihe nrite Pulitzer maka akụkọ ifo (1983) maka The Color Purple
  • National Book Award for Fiction (1983) maka The Color Purple
  • O. Henry Award maka "Ezigbo Mmụọ" (1985)
  • Ihe nrite Langston Hughes, (1988), City College of New YorkKọleji Obodo nke New York
  • Degree nsọpụrụ site na California Institute of the Arts (1995)
  • American Humanist Association kpọrọ ya "Humanist of the Year" (1997)
  • Onyinye Lillian Smith site na National Endowment for the Arts
  • Ihe nrite Rosenthal sitere na National Institute of Arts &amp; Letters
  • Radcliffe Institute Fellowship, Merrill Fellowsship, na Guggenheim Fellowship
  • Ihe nrite ihu maka Best Magazine Criticism site na Newswoman's Club of New York
  • Ntinye n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị edemede Georgia (2001)
  • Ntinye n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke California na California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts (2006)
  • Ihe nrite nke ikike mmadụ n'ụlọ site na Global Exchange (2007)
  • Onyinye LennonOno Maka Udo (2010)
  • Ihe nrite Haydée Santamaría (2024) [59]

Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

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Edensibia

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Ihe edeturu

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Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Bates (2005). Alice Walker: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313069093. OCLC 62321382. 
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 The Officers of the Alice Walker Literary Society. About Alice Walker. Alice Walker Literary Society. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved on June 15, 2015.
  3. ↑ Once (1968). Alice Walker The Official Website for the American Novelist & Poet (September 28, 2010). Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved on March 12, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Muriel Rukeyser was 21 when he ...", The Washington Post, September 16, 2001. Retrieved on March 26, 2018. (in en-US)
  5. ↑ A Headstone for an Aunt: How Alice Walker Found Zora Neale Hurston – The Urchin Movement. www.urchinmovement.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved on May 7, 2018.
  6. 1 2 Plant (2007). Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit. Greenwood Publishing Group, 57–. ISBN 978-0-275-98751-0. 
  7. ↑ Boyd (2003). Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-84230-1. 
  8. ↑ Hurston (2004). Speak, So You Can Speak Again: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-49375-8. 
  9. ↑ Alice Walker Booking Agent for Corporate Functions, Events, Keynote Speaking, or Celebrity Appearances. celebritytalent.net. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved on October 23, 2015.
  10. ↑ Alice Walker. blackhistory.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved on October 23, 2015.
  11. ↑ Alice Walker. biblio.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved on October 23, 2015.
  12. ↑ Lundquist. The Color Purple – Alice Walker – Author Biography – LitLovers. litlovers.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved on October 23, 2015.
  13. ↑ Campbell. "Interview: Alice Walker", The Observer, February 25, 2001. Retrieved on March 26, 2018. (in en)
  14. 1 2 Rosenbloom. "Alice Walker – Rebecca Walker – Feminist – Feminist Movement – Children", The New York Times, March 18, 2007. Retrieved on March 26, 2018. (in en-US)
  15. ↑ test (January 5, 2011). Third Wave Foundation (en). Center for Nonprofit Excellence in Central New Mexico. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved on March 26, 2018.
  16. ↑ Third Wave History (en). Third Wave Fund. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved on August 2, 2019.
  17. 1 2 (2006) in Floyd-Thomas: Deeper shades of purple : womanism in religion and society. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814727522. OCLC 64688636. 
  18. ↑ Henry. A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States (en). library.law.howard.edu. Archived from the original on November 2, 2024. Retrieved on 2024-11-01.
  19. ↑ Walker (1966). If the Present Looks Like the Past. 
  20. ↑ Tiberias. "Palestinians in Israel: Boycotting the boycotters", The Economist, May 11, 2013. Retrieved on August 24, 2017.
  21. ↑ Gavin (June 19, 2013). Celeb video: 'I am Bradley Manning'. Politico. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved on June 24, 2025.
  22. ↑ Chomsky (September 9, 2020). Julian Assange is not on trial for his personality – but here's how the US government made you focus on it. Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-09-09.
  23. ↑ Assange Defence Committee: Launch Event. YouTube (September 5, 2020). Archived from the original on 2021-10-31.
  24. ↑ Artist Alice Walker. Artists for Assange. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved on September 15, 2021.
  25. ↑ CourageA (2022-10-10). Alice Walker pens Kansas City Star op-ed: Biden must end Trump's war on the press. Drop the Julian Assange case (en-US). Assange Defense. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved on 2024-11-01.
  26. ↑ Harrison, Mary Hanson (January 20, 2015). From the President's Corner. WILPF. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved on January 26, 2019.
  27. ↑ EXCERPT FROM WE ARE THE ONES WE HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR BY ALICE WALKER. www.feminist.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved on 2024-10-28.
  28. ↑ Walker, Alice (December 2012). Commentary: David Icke and Malcolm X. Alice Walker's Garden. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved on June 4, 2013.
  29. 1 2 O'Brien. "Prize-winning author Alice Walker gives support to David Icke on Desert Island Discs", The Independent on Sunday, May 19, 2013. Retrieved on April 2, 2020.
  30. ↑ Walker, Alice (July 2013). David Icke: The People's Voice. Alice Walker's Garden. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved on October 21, 2013.
  31. ↑ Kay (June 7, 2013). Where Israel hatred meets space lizards. National Post. Archived from the original on November 30, 2013.
  32. ↑ Informer (2013-06-25). Alice Walker Writings Draw Fresh Attack from Anti-Defamation League (en-US). The Washington Informer. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved on 2022-10-13.
  33. ↑ "ADL: Alice Walker Conveys 'Fervently anti-Jewish Ideas' in New Book", Haaretz, June 18, 2013. Retrieved on 2022-10-13. (in en)
  34. ↑ Walker (November 2, 2017). It Is Our (Frightful) Duty. Alice Walker: The Official Website. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved on December 17, 2018.
  35. ↑ Grady (2018-12-20). The Alice Walker anti-Semitism controversy, explained (en). Vox. Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved on 2022-07-03.
  36. ↑ Stanley-Becker. "The New York Times assailed for Alice Walker interview endorsing 'anti-Semitic' conspiracy theorist", The Washington Post, December 18, 2018. Retrieved on 2022-07-03. (in en-US)
  37. ↑ Harris. "Alice Walker Has 'No Regrets'", The New York Times, 24 April 2022. Retrieved on October 13, 2022.
  38. ↑ Alter. "Alice Walker, Answering Backlash, Praises Anti-Semitic Author as 'Brave'", The New York Times, December 21, 2018. Retrieved on April 2, 2020.
  39. ↑ Doherty. "Acclaimed author Alice Walker recommends book by notorious conspiracy theorist David Icke", The Jewish Chronicle, December 17, 2018. Retrieved on April 2, 2020.
  40. ↑ Miller (December 19, 2018). Why Alice Walker Got All That Space in the Times to Tout the Anti-Semitic Lizard People Guy. slate.com. Slate. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved on 13 October 2022.
  41. ↑ Branigin (December 18, 2018). Pulitzer Prize Winner Alice Walker, New York Times Catch Heat After She Recommends Anti-Semitic Book. theroot.com. The Root. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved on 13 October 2022.
  42. ↑ "Alice Walker Defends Endorsement of anti-Semitic Book", Haaretz, December 22, 2018. Retrieved on December 24, 2018.
  43. ↑ Spiro. "Alice Walker: Antisemitism claims 'smears' against me", The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com, The Jerusalem Post, 20 December 2018. Retrieved on 13 October 2022.
  44. ↑ Schaub (December 18, 2018). Author Alice Walker under fire for endorsing book by 'anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist'. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved on 13 October 2022.
  45. ↑ DeCosta-Klipa (January 14, 2019). Ayanna Pressley condemns anti-Semitism after quoting Alice Walker. boston.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved on 13 October 2022.
  46. ↑ Birnbaum (January 14, 2019). Dem rep apologizes for quoting Alice Walker: 'I was unaware of the author's past statements'. thehill.com. The Hill. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved on 13 October 2022.
  47. ↑ Bollag (January 15, 2019). Congresswoman apologizes for quoting Alice Walker; condemns antisemitism. jpost.com. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved on 13 October 2022.
  48. ↑ Rosenberg. "The New York Times Accidentally, Uncritically Promotes Alice Walker–Again", Tablet Magazine, 2020-05-08. Retrieved on 2022-05-05.
  49. ↑ Decker (April 17, 2022). Gayle King Under Fire For Not Grilling Alice Walker About Anti-Semitism In Recent Interview (en-US). www.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved on 2022-05-05.
  50. ↑ Carter (April 19, 2022). Mississippi Book Festival sticking with Alice Walker despite her link to conspiracy theorist. wlbt.com. WLBT. Retrieved on 13 October 2022.
  51. ↑ Robbins (May 3, 2022). Author Alice Walker's controversial remarks will not cost her a speaking engagement in San Diego. San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved on 31 March 2023.
  52. ↑ Joyce (1991). Black Book Publishers in the United States: A Historical Dictionary of the Presses, 1817–1990. The African American Experience. Greenwood Press. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
  53. ↑ Lackey (Spring 2002). "Soul Talk: The New Spirituality of African American Women". MultiCultural Review 11. 
  54. ↑ Reed, Wendy (2012). Circling Faith: Southern women on spirituality. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817317676. 
  55. ↑ Freeman (Spring 1985). "Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker: A Spiritual Kinship". Sage 103: 37–40. 
  56. ↑ Petry (1989). "Alice Walker: The Achievement of the Short Fiction". Modern Language Studies 19 (1): 12–27. DOI:10.2307/3195263. ISSN 0047-7729. Retrieved on March 13, 2023. 
  57. ↑ O'Brien (1973). Interviews with Black Writers, 1st (in English), New York: Liveright, 196. 
  58. ↑ Candace Award Recipients 1982–1990. National Coalition of 100 Black Women. Archived from the original on March 14, 2003.
  59. ↑ Hermanamiento, desde una honda raíz cultural (es). Granma.cu (2024-02-01). Archived from the original on February 2, 2024. Retrieved on 2024-02-02.

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