Almira Lincoln Phelps

 

Almira Lincoln Phelps (née Hart; Julaị 15, 1793 – Julaị 15, 1884) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị America, onye nkuzi, ode akwụkwọ na onye ndezi. Ihe odide botany ya mere ka ụmụ nwanyị America oge mbụ bụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ, gụnyere Eunice Newton Foote na nwa ya nwanyị, Augusta Newton Foote Arnold. N'agbanyeghị na o dere n'ụzọ bụ́ isi banyere ọdịdị, ọ bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ, edemede na ihe ncheta.   

Phelps bụ nwa afọ Connecticut. Ogologo ndụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ maka agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ. O bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị a ma ama na ngalaba nke botany, chemistry, na geology. Ụfọdụ n’ime ọrụ ya ndị kwesịrị ncheta pụrụ iche gụnyere, The Blue Ribbon Society; Nnupụisi ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ akwụkwọ; Ezinụlọ Ndị Kraịst; Nkuzi ndị ama ama gbasara Botany; Obodo anyị na njikọ ya na ugbu a, gara aga na ọdịnihu; na Enyi Fireside.[5] Echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị sitere na elocution na corset dị na Lectures to Young Ladies, Comprising Outlines and Applications of the Different Branches of Female Education for the User of Female Schools, and Private Libraries. [6]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

A mụrụ Almira Hart na Julaị 15, 1793, na Berlin, Connecticut, nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ iri na asaa, na-etolite n'ime ebe ọgụgụ isi, iche echiche onwe onye, na okpukpe. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'ugbo. Nne ya, Lydia, nwere mmasị na anatomy, na-enyocha anụmanụ ndị ọ siri ma si otú a zụlite ihe ọmụma dị mfe banyere anatomy mmadụ. Nke a nyere ya ikike iweghachi nkwonkwo ndị gbawara agbawa ma mee enyemaka mbụ ndị ọzọ maka ezinụlọ ya na obodo ya, n'ọnọdụ ebe dọkịta na-adịghị ozugbo.

Lydia mụtakwara ihe ndị dị n'ihe ọkụkụ, o mechara soro nwa ya nwanyị Almira kwurịta ihe ndị a, mgbe e mesịrị mgbe ọ malitere inwe mmasị na botany. Lydia Hart kụziiri ụmụ ya uru nke ụwa gbara ha gburugburu, ha mụtara ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'ugbo ahụ. Site na nkuzi ndị a, Lydia kụziikwara ụmụ ya nwanyị ihe o kwenyere na ọ bụ ọnọdụ ha n'ụwa, dị ka ụmụ nwanyị.

Ebe obibi Hart bụ ebe ghe oghe ebe ndị otu obodo na-ezukọtakarị maka arụmụka gbasara ọtụtụ isiokwu. Nna Almira, Samuel Hart, n'onwe ya na-enwe mmasị n'ịrụrịta ụka na arụmụka, na-enwekarị onye na-emegiderịta onwe ya ma ọ bụ onye nkwusa n'ụlọ ha nke na-akwụsị ka ya na ya rụrịta ụka. A gbara ụmụaka Hart ume ịjụ ihe ajụjụ, na ịmepụta echiche nke ha n'okwu dị iche iche. Almira na ezinụlọ ya na-ezukọta gburugburu ọkụ ahụ, ebe nna ya na nne ya ga-ekerịta akụkọ banyere ndị nna nna ha na akụkọ ezinụlọ. Akụkọ kachasị amasị Almira metụtara Agha Mgbanwe.

Site na ezigbo ọbụbụenyi ya na nne meworo agadi nke onye na-ere akwụkwọ, Almira nwere ohere ịnweta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ site na nwata. Ọ hụrụ ịgụ akwụkwọ n'anya, na mbụ o yiri ka ọ na-enwe mmasị ịgụ ihe ọ bụla ọ nwere ike inweta. Otu n'ime ndị nduzi Almira kachasị emetụta ya bụ nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Emma Hart Willard. Emma ga-aghọ onye na-eme mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ nwanne ya nwanyị ọdụ n'oge ọ dị obere ka ọ họrọ ezigbo akwụkwọ iji zụọ onwe ya, kama ịgụ naanị maka ntụrụndụ ya. Mgbe Almira dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ gara soro Emma na di ya biri, ebe nwanne ya nwanyị bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na Middlebury.

Mgbe ya na nwanne ya nwanyị bi, John Willard na ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya atọ bụkwa ndị bịara biri n'ezinụlọ Willard duziri ya. Ọ gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na nkà ihe ọmụma. [8] Ụmụ okorobịa si Middlebury College na Willards na-ebukarị, ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ ndị dị nso, mgbe ha na-aga kọleji. Nke a nyere Almira, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ka ya, ohere inweta agụmakwụkwọ kọleji nke abụọ, na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka na ndị bi na ya ma si otú ahụ na-amụta ihe ọmụmụ nke a na-akụzighị n'oge ahụ, ma ọ bụ na-akụrụ naanị n'ụzọ bụ isi, na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ n'ụzọ a ka Almira nwere ike ịmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ dị elu.

Ọrụ

Peeji nnwale sitere n'akwụkwọ mbụ Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Familiar Lectures on BotanyOkwuchukwu Ndị A Ma Ama Banyere Ihe Osise

Mgbe Almira dị afọ iri na isii, ọ malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara. O mesịrị gaa n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ nke ya. Na 1814, o mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ maka ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụlọ ya na Berlin; na afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Sandy Hill, New York.

Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Ihe Ụmụ nwanyị nke Troy

Na 1817, Almira lụrụ Simeon Lincoln wee hapụ ọrụ ya ruo afọ isii ka ọ bụrụ nwunye na nne nye ụmụ ya atọ. Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1823, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi na mgbe e mesịrị, na 1829, osote onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, na Troy Female Seminary a ma ama na Troy, New York, nke nwanne ya nwanyị Emma na-elekọta.

Mgbe ọ na-akụzi na Troy, mmasị ya na sayensị mụbara, ọrụ botanical ya malitere n'okpuru mmetụta nke Amos Eaton. Dị ka onye nkuzi, Almira chọpụtara enweghị akwụkwọ sayensị nke kwadoro ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na-amalite, ma kpebie idozi nsogbu ahụ. Ọ chọrọ ide akwụkwọ nkuzi nke dị mfe nghọta na nke ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ndị ọkà mmụta na-eto eto mfe, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ, ịmụ sayensị. Mgbe Almira kụziri na Troy Seminary, ọmụmụ sayensị ghọrọ isiokwu a ma ama. Ọ duziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na nyocha nke ihe ọkụkụ na nso seminarị ahụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị gara nkuzi ya nwere obi ụtọ banyere ihe ọkụkụ.

N'okpuru mmetụta Eaton, ọ malitekwara inwe mmasị na kemịkal. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ seminarị Troy gbakwunyere ụlọ nyocha maka ọmụmụ nke kemịkal, Almira rụsiri ọrụ ike iji jide n'aka na e tinyere kemịkalụ, ka ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya wee nwee ike isonye na nnwale sayensị. N'ụzọ dị otú a, o nwere ike inye nkuzi banyere kemịkalụ nke e gosipụtara site na nnwale, si otú ahụ mee ka ogo agụmakwụkwọ sayensị dị mma na Troy Seminary.

Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Ihe Ụmụ nwanyị nke Troy

N'ịbụ onye ihe ịga nke ọma Eaton na nwanne ya nwanyị gbara ume na mkpa ego nke ya, Lincoln malitere ide akwụkwọ nkuzi dị otú ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1820. E bipụtara akwụkwọ nkuzi mbụ ya na nke a ma ama bụ Familiar Lectures on Botany na 1829, na-agafe mbipụta iri na asaa ma na-ere ihe karịrị 275,000 site na 1872.

Amos Eaton kwenyere na ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere maka agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha mkpa ịkpọ ụmụ nwanyị sitere na Seminary Troy ka ha bịa na nkuzi ya na Renesselaer Polytechnic Institute mgbe ọ bụla enwere ike. Eaton kwenyere na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịgụkọ ihe ọnụ, ma mee mgbalị n'oge ndụ ya niile itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ntụziaka sayensị. Site na Eaton, Almira mụtara ọtụtụ ihe banyere ọtụtụ ngalaba, gụnyere botany, chemistry, geology, na nkà ihe ọmụma okike.

Onye nkuzi ọkachamara nke abụọ nke Almira bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ William Darlington . O nwere mmetụta n'ihe ngosi ya nke botany n'akwụkwọ nkuzi ya, ma gbaa ya ume ịgbakwunye ihe mmeghe na Natural System of Botanical Classification, kama itinye naanị Linnean System n'akwụkwọ ya. Almira weere aro a na mbipụta ndị sochirinụ nke akwụkwọ nkuzi ya.

N'afọ 1830, mgbe nwanne ya nwanyị na-anọghị ya, Phelps jere ozi dị ka onye isi na-anọchite anya Troy Female Seminary ma nye usoro nkuzi metụtara agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke ọ ga-emesị bipụta dị ka akwụkwọ nke abụọ ya, Lectures to Young Ladies . N'oge a, Almira nwetara ahụmịhe njikwa dị mkpa, wee malite ide ụfọdụ echiche nke ya maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. N'oge ọ na-eme ihe nkiri, Almira gbasaa ihe onwunwe nke Troy Seminary iji tinye ohere maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ịzụlite ụdị osisi nke ha n'ala ahụ.

West Chester Young Ladies Seminary

Na 1831, Almira lụrụ John Phelps, onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Vermont. N'ịbụ onye na-akpọ "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps", ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya ọzọ ịzụlite ezinụlọ nke abụọ mana ọ nọgidere na-ede akwụkwọ ọhụrụ banyere kemịkalụ, nkà ihe ọmụma okike, na agụmakwụkwọ.

Na 1838, a họpụtara Phelps onye isi na ngalaba agụmagụ nke West Chester Young Ladies Seminary na West Chester, Pennsylvania nke otu dọkịta nọ n'ógbè ahụ, Jesse W. Cook na-achị. A họpụtara onye nnochi anya Phelps Eunice onye osote onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, a họpụtara nwa nwanyị ọzọ Ann na nwa nwanyị Emma Lincoln ndị nkuzi. A na-eji akwụkwọ nkuzi Phelps mee ihe n'ọtụtụ klas.

Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ site na mmalite enwere esemokwu n'etiti ndị isi nri na ndị Phelpses. A kọrọ na ndị Phelps enweghị obi ụtọ maka ntinye aka nke Mrs. Cook na-achịkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, gụnyere inye ndị ọrụ nsogbu. John Phelps weere Dr. Cook dị ka nwoke nwere omume enyi na omume ọma, mana enweghị ike iduzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke ọma na enweghị echiche banyere otu esi akụzi ụmụ agbọghọ nke ọma. Isi ihe ọzọ dị n'etiti Almira na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị nlekọta seminarị ahụ bụ ebe okpukpe dị na usoro mmụta. Almira chọrọ itinye ntụziaka okpukpe na ofufe n'ime usoro mmụta, na ndị nlekọta chọrọ ịnọgide na-abụ ndị ụwa. Almira mechara kwuo nke a dị ka otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara ọpụpụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.

Na mbido Disemba 1838, Almira Phelps na-atụle ịhapụ. Ọ gakwuuru onye otu ezinụlọ Biddle na-anwa inweta nkwado maka imeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na Philadelphia. Enweghị nkwado na-abịa ma Almira nọgidere na West Chester. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1839, Almira nyere nwa ya nwanyị, Helen Phelps, ọkwá ya. Almira weere ọnọdụ ya dị ka Dr. Cook si kọwaa dị ka nke dị n'okpuru ya. Helen jụrụ onyinye ahụ. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1839, John Phelps gbazitere ụlọ na Philadelphia, ka Almira wee nwee ike imeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya. Otú ọ dị, Almira jụrụ ịhapụ West Chester. Ya na John nọ n'ọgba aghara. O kwenyere na nwunye ya siri ike ekwesịghị ịrụ ọrụ maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Almira nwere nchegbu banyere ego onwe ya maka ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya. Oge ezumike ya na ndị isi nri bụ nke ikpeazụ n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1839. Almira Phelps gara New York iji gbaa Reverend John F. Schroeder (1800-1857) ajụjụ ọnụ bụ onye meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ, St. Ann's Hall na Flushing, Queens County, New York (nke a na-akpọ "Flushing, Long Island") n'afọ ahụ. John Phelps sooro nwunye ya ma mesịa mee ka o kwenye imeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya. John Phelps mere ndokwa ịgbazite ụlọ na Rahway, New Jersey na Almira Phelps guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya na 1839. Ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ si West Chester so ya gaa Rahway. Ụlọ akwụkwọ West Chester anwụghị nkewa n'etiti Almira Phelps na Dr. Cook wee mechie. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Almira kụziri na Rahway. Eunice lụrụ ma nọgide na West Chester, Ann kwagara Camden, South Carolina ka ọ kụziere nwanne ya nwanyị Stella ihe, Helen nwekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya na Brooklyn, New York.

Patapsco Female Institute

Ellicott Mills (ugbu a Ellicott City) nwere ma ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke, Rock Hill, na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, Patapsco Female Institute (PFI). Ka ọ na-erule 1840, ọ dịghị nke ọma. Bishọp Episcopal Protestant nke Maryland, William R. Whittingham, nwere mmasị onwe ya na agụmakwụkwọ ma tinye aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ. Rev. Alfred Holmead bufere Baltimore County ka ọ gbaa Rock Hill na Bishop Whittingham, gbara Almira Phelps ajụjụ n'onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi PFI. Otu n'ime ihe ndị e ji ewere ya bụ na ọ ga-enwe onye ụkọchukwu n'akwụkwọ ndekọ ego. Rev. Holmead ghọrọ ụkọchukwu mbụ na PFI. Na 1841, Phelpses mechiri ụlọ akwụkwọ Rahway wee weghara PFI na mgbazinye afọ asaa. Almira Phelps bụụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya aka, ma soro ha nwee ezi mmekọrịta. O kwusiri ike na mmezu nke agụmakwụkwọ iji mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ nwee ike ịkwado onwe ha, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, dịka ndị nkuzi ma ọ bụ ndị ọchịchị. Iji mezuo nke ahụ, Almira chọsiri ike ọkwá maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya.

Mgbe ọ nọ na PFI, ahịa akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Almira mere ka ọ bụrụ onye edemede na-aga nke ọma. Nwa ya nwanyị, Jane Lincoln na nwa ya nwanyị Helen Phelps nyere aka dezie mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ edemede ya. Ndị Phelps mezigharịrị nkwekọrịta ha na 1848 maka afọ asaa ọzọ, John Phelps nwụkwara na 1849. Almira gara Europe na 1854 na nwa ya nwanyị nke okenye, Emma Phelps O'Brien, na-elekọta PFI mgbe ọ na-apụ. N'afọ 1855, nkwekọrịta ịgbazite ya nke abụọ agwụla. Ọ nọrọ otu afọ ọzọ. A gbasaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ka onye nọchiri ya, Robert H. Archer, wee nwee ike ịnabata ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na Baltimore.

N'afọ 1859, Almira Phelps bụ nwanyị nke atọ a họpụtara dịka onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ndị otu ya, ọ gara n'ihu na-ede, na-akụzi ihe, ma na-enyocha akwụkwọ nkuzi ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Baltimore na July 15, 1884, ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 91.

Echiche onwe onye na nkà ihe ọmụma

Almira Phelps hụrụ sayensị dị ka ihe enyemaka maka okpukpe, yana dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị ịmụta. O kwenyere na ọmụmụ sayensị ga-eme ka uche ụmụ nwanyị baa ọgaranya ma kwadebe ha ka ha bụrụ ndị nwunye nwere ọgụgụ isi maka ụmụ nwoke sayensị, na ndị nne maara ihe nke ọma bụ ndị nwere ike ịzụlite ụmụ. N'ịbụ onye a zụlitere ikwere na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọrụ ụfọdụ n'ụwa, Almira hụrụ ihe ndị ọ kụziiri dị ka enyemaka dị mkpa iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itolite n'ọrụ ha dị ka ndị nwunye na ndị nne. N'otu aka ahụ, Almira kwenyere na sayensị na okpukpe na-akwado ibe ha, ma gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ume ịmụ sayensị dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka nkwenye okpukpe ha sie ike. O kwenyesiri ike na okwukwe siri ike dị otú ahụ ga-abara ndị nne ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu uru, ndị nwere ike ịzụlite ụmụ ha iji sọpụrụ Chineke.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye nkwado siri ike maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Almira n'onwe ya megidere ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ kwadoro amara na nri dị ụtọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, ma kwenyesie ike na ọnọdụ nwanyị bụ n'ụlọ. N'etiti ọgbọ ụmụ akwụkwọ Almira karịsịa, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị suffragists na-akwado ikike nhata.

 

Hụkwa

 

• Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị

Ihe odide

Akwụkwọ

• Abir-Am (1987). Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789–1979. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1256-3. 
• Arnold (1984). "3: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps", Four Lives in Science: Women's Education in the Nineteenth Century. New York, NY: Schocken Books, 37–60. ISBN 9780805238655. 
• Blandin (1909). History of Higher Education of Women in the South Prior to 1860, Public domain, Neale Publishing Company.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Bolzau, E. L. (1936). Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, her life and work. In Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, her life and work. Science press printing company], 1936.
• Gold (May 2, 2013). Rhetoric, History, and Women's Oratorical Education: American Women Learn to Speak. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-10494-8. 
• Patterson (2008). Early American Nature Writers: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-34680-4. 
• Rudolph, E. (1984). Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793-1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America. American Journal of Botany, 71(8), 1161–1167. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from JSTOR 2443392
• Salvatori (August 1, 2003). Pedagogy: Disturbing History, 1820–1930. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-7246-4. 
• Shepherd (1911). The Representative Authors of Maryland: From the Earliest Time to the Present Day, with Biographical Notes and Comments Upon Their Work, Public domain, Whitehall Publishing Company.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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• Works by or about Almira Lincoln PhelpsnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet