Amelia Edwards

Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards (7 Juun 1831 – 15 Eprel 1892), nke a makwaara dị ka Amelia B. Edwards, bụ onye England bụ ode akwụkwọ akụkọ (novelist), onye nta akụkọ (journalist), onye njem (traveller) na onye ọkà mmụta banyere Ijipt (Egyptologist).

Ihe ịga nke ọma ya n’akwụkwọ gụnyere akụkọ mmụọ The Phantom Coach (1864), akwụkwọ akụkọ Barbara's History (1864) na Lord Brackenbury (1880), nakwa akwụkwọ njem ya gbasara Ijipt A Thousand Miles up the Nile (1877). Ọ gakwara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ abụ (anthology) e bipụtara n’afọ 1878..

N’afọ 1882, ọ sonyere n’ịtọ ntọala Egypt Exploration Fund. N’ihi onyinye na nkwado ya n’ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Ijipt, e nyere ya aha a na-akpọ “Nne-nabata (Godmother) nke Egyptology.”

Bust nke Amelia Edwards, Petrie Museum, University College, London

Ebe a mụrụ Titian, na Pieve di Cadore, nke Amelia Edwards sere n'akwụkwọ ya Untrodden Peaks and Unfrequented Valleys .

A mụrụ ya n’ụbọchị 7 Juun 1831 na Islington, London, n’ezinụlọ nwere nne bụ onye Ireland na nna bụbu ọfịsa n’Agha Britain tupu ọ ghọọ onye ụlọ akụ (banker). Edwards nwetara agụmakwụkwọ n’ụlọ site n’aka nne ya, ma gosipụta nkà ide ihe n’oge nwata ya.

Ọ bipụtara abụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, ma bipụta akụkọ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o dere ọtụtụ abụ, akụkọ na edemede dị iche iche n’akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, gụnyere Chambers’s Journal, Household Words na All the Year Round. Ọ gakwara deere Saturday Review na Morning Post.

Na mgbakwunye, Edwards ghọrọkwa onye nka (artist). Ọ na-ese ihe iji kọwaa ụfọdụ n’ime ihe o dere, ma na-ese kwa ihe ngosi sitere n’akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ọ gụrụ. Ọ nwere nkà nke ukwuu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, nke mere ka George Cruikshank hụ ya n’anya ruo n’ókè o kwere ịkụziri ya nka, ma nne na nna Edwards akwadoghị nkà a ya. Ha hụrụ nka dịka ọrụ dị ala, ma hụkwa ụdị ndụ ndị na-ese ihe dịka ihe ihere.

Mkpebi ha jọgburu onwe ya sochiri Edwards n’oge nwata ya. Ọ na-ajụ onwe ya ugboro ugboro ma eleghị anya nka abụghị ezigbo ọrụ e kere ya ime n’eziokwu.

Nke atọ, Edwards malitere ide ma na-eme egwu ruo afọ ole na ole, ruo mgbe ọ rịara ọrịa typhus na 1849 nke akpịrị na-egbu mgbu na-esochi. Nke a mere ka o sie ike ịbụ abụ, na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe mmasị na egwu ma na-akwa ụta maka oge ọ nọrọ na opera. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-amasị ya gụnyere ịgba égbè, ịgba ịnyịnya na mgbakọ na mwepụ.

N’mmalite afọ 1850s, Edwards bidoro ilekwasị anya nke ukwuu n’ịbụ ode akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya mbụ zuru oke bụ My Brother's Wife (1855). A nabatara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya nke ọma, ma ọ bụ Barbara's History (1864)—akwụkwọ akụkọ metụtara inwe di ma ọ bụ nwunye abụọ n’otu oge (bigamy)—mere ka aha ya pụta ìhè nke ukwuu.

Ọ na-etinye oge na mgbalị dị ukwuu n’ịmepụta ebe na ndabere (settings na backgrounds) nke akwụkwọ ya, na-atụ aro na ọ na-ewe ya ihe dị ka afọ abụọ iji mezue nchọpụta na ide akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Mgbalị a mịrị mkpụrụ mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya, Lord Brackenbury (1880), bipụtara n’mbipụta dị iche iche.

Edwards dere ọtụtụ akụkọ mmụọ, gụnyere "The Phantom Coach" (1864), nke na-apụta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ihe omuma na ihe odide n'ọtụtụ ihe odide ya sitere na ahụmịhe onwe onye. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Barbara's History (1864) na-eji Suffolk dị ka ndabere, nke ọ gara maka ezumike oge okpomọkụ ole na ole dị ka nwatakịrị.

Ndụ onwe onye

Na Jenụwarị 1851, Amelia Edwards kwere Maazị Bacon nkwa ọlụlụ (aha mbụ a na-amaghị), ikekwe n'ihi nchebara echiche maka ndị nne na nna ya na-eme agadi, bụ ndị nwere ike ichegbu onwe ha maka nchekwa akụ na ụba nwa ha nwanyị n'ọdịnihu. Enweghị ihe ịrịba ama na-egosi mmekọrịta ịhụnanya; n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, Edwards yiri ka ọ nweghị ọmịiko ọ bụla maka onye ọ chọrọ ịlụ. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1851, ọ kwụsịrị nkwa ọlụlụ ahụ.

Amelia Edwards na-emekarị ka njikọ mmetụta uche ya bụrụ nke ọ na-eme fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị na ụmụ nwanyị. Site na mbido afọ 1860s, ọ biri na Ellen Drew Braysher (1804–1892), nwanyi di ya nwụrụ (widow) nke karịrị ya afọ 27, onye tufuru di ya na nwa ya nwaanyị obere oge ka nne na nna Edwards nwụsịrị. Braysher ghọrọ onye ibe ya na onye na-eso ya biri ruo mgbe ha abụọ nwụsịrị n’mmalite 1892.

Onye ọzọ dị mkpa n’ndụ Edwards bụ Ellen Byrne, nwunye onye ụkọchukwu na onye nlekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye Edwards yiri ka ya na ya nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n’ọkara nke abụọ nke afọ 1860s. Mmekọrịta ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe di Ellen, John Rice Byrne, natara ọrụ n’ógbè ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzọ, ha wee kwaga ebe ahụ. Nke a mere ka Edwards nwute nke ukwuu.

Akwụkwọ Edwards, nke echekwara na Somerville College, enweghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara mmekọrịta a, mana akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka onye edemede na onye na-ahụ maka nwoke idina nwoke John Addington Symonds nye onye na-amụ banyere mmekọahụ Havelock Ellis na-ekpughe na Edwards gwara Symonds ya mgbe ha abụọ ghọrọ ndị enyi n'ihe dị ka 1864. Dị ka Symonds si kwuo, John Rice Byrne maara ọdịdị nke mmetụta nwunye ya nwere maka Edwards ma kwado mmekọrịta ahụ. Ellis kpọrọ aha ozi a ma jiri ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ ya [./Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._<i id=]2" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2">Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2 dị ka ihe atụ nke ihe ọ kpọrọ "mmekọahụ".

Edwards gara n'ihu na-enwe mmekọrịta dị mkpa, nke chiri anya na onye na-ese ihe Marianne North (1830-1890), onye ya na ya na-eme njem Lucy Renshaw (1833-1919) na onye ya na-akọrọ ya obi n'oge afọ ndị sochirinụ, Kate Bradbury (mgbe e mesịrị Griffith), onye ghọkwara onye na-emezu uche Edwards.

Dolomites

Monte Pelmo, dị ka Edwards si dọrọ n'oge njem ya na Dolomites

Edwards nụrụ maka Dolomites nke mbụ ya n’afọ 1853, site n’eserese (sketches) e weghachiri England site na Italy. N’ụbọchị 27 Juun 1872, ọ malitere njem gafee ugwu ndị ahụ ya na enyi ya Lucy Renshaw.

N’ụbọchị ahụ, ha si Monte Generoso gawa Venice, otu n’ime ụzọ atọ a maara nke ọma esi abanye n’ógbè Dolomites, ma tupu ha apụ, ha kewapụrụ na odibo nwanyị na onye na-elekọta Renshaw, bụ ndị na-akwadoghị ụdị njem dị otu a.

Kama nke ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị Mbụ ahụ Agordo ndị nduzi ugwu site na mpaghara ahụ. Na 1 Julaị 1872, mgbe ha nọrọ ụbọchị atọ na Venice, Edwards na Renshaw hapụrụ Longarone, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Pieve di Cadore, Auronzo di Cadore.

N’oge Edwards gara leta ya, a na-akọwa Dolomites dịka terra incognita (ala a na-amaghị nke ọma), ma ọbụna ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma anụbeghị aha ya. E kọwara njem a n’akwụkwọ ya A Midsummer Ramble in the Dolomites (1873), nke e mechara gbanwee aha ya bụrụ Untrodden Peaks and Infrequent Valleys.

N’oge njem a, Edwards chọkwara ọrụ nka nke Titian, ma chọta ihe osise Madonna na Nwa na Serravalle (Vittorio Veneto), yana osise abụọ ndị ọzọ n’ụlọ ụka otu obodo dị na Cadore.

Mgbe o si n'ugwu gbadata, Edwards kọwara ndụ mepere emepe dị ka "ụwa nke ebe a na-ahụkarị". N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1873, n'enweghị afọ ojuju na njedebe nke njem ha, Edwards na Renshawe gara njem ije na France. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kwụsịrị nke a, ihe mere ka ha na-ele anya n'Ijipt.

Akụkụ dị n'elu ihe oyiyi nke nwanyị Ijipt na di ya. Ọchịchị nke 18. Site n'Ijipt. Site na Amelia Edwards Collection. Ugbu a dị na Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.

Philae (ihe osise sitere na A Thousand Miles up the Nile)

Edwards, ya na Lucy Renshaw ọzọ, gara njem n’Egypt n’oge oyi nke 1873–1874, ma nwee oke mmasị na ala ahụ na omenala ya—ma nke oge ochie ma nke oge a. Ka ha na-aga n’ebe ndịda site na Cairo, ha jiri dahabiyeh (ụgbọ mmiri a na-ebido ma biri n’ime ya) ha gbazitere mee njem. Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ gara Philae ma n’ikpeazụ rute Abu Simbel, ebe ha nọrọ izu isii.

Otu onye ọzọ so n’otu ha bụ onye na-ese ihe England, Andrew McCallum, bụ́ onye chọpụtara otu ebe nsọ nke mechara were aha ya ruo oge ụfọdụ. Ụgbọ mmiri ha sonyere n’ìgwè ụgbọ mmiri (flotilla) nke gụnyere onye njem England ọzọ bụ nwanyị, Marianne Brocklehurst, onye ya na otu enyi nwanyị na-eme njem. Brocklehurst na Edwards nọgidere bụrụ enyi, ma Brocklehurst mechara kwado Egypt Exploration Fund nke Edwards.

Edwards wrote a successful, self-illustrated description of her Nile voyage entitled A Thousand Miles up the Nile (1877). Her travels in Egypt made her aware of increasing threats to ancient monuments from tourism and modern development. She set out to hinder these through public awareness and scientific endeavour, becoming an advocate for research and preservation of them. In 1882, she co-founded the Egypt Exploration Fund with Reginald Stuart Poole, Curator of the Department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum. Edwards became joint Honorary Secretary of the Fund until her death. 

Nnukwu ụlọ nsọ dị na Abu Simbel (site na Otu puku kilomita n'elu Osimiri Naịl)

Iji kwalite ọrụ nke Fund ahụ, Edwards hapụrụ ihe odide ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka Egyptology. O nyere aka na mbipụta nke 9 nke Encyclopædia Britannica, ary. Na mgbakwunye, Edwards gara njem nkuzi siri ike na United States na 1889-1890. Okwu ndị ahụ mechara pụta dị ka Fero, Fellahs na Explorers. Iji mee ka ọrụ Fund na-aga nke ọma, Edwards hapụrụ ọtụtụ ide akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ma lekwasị anya na Egyptology. Ọ nyere aka na mbipụta nke 9 nke Encyclopædia Britannica, nakwa na mgbakwunye Amerịka nke ya, tinyere na Standard Dictionary.

Na mgbakwunye, Edwards gara ọkụkọsịrị ike (strenuous lecture tour) na United States n’afọ 1889–1890. Akwụkwọ nke okwu ya mechara pụta bụ Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers.

Ọnwụ na ihe nketa

Mgbe ọ butere influenza, Edwards nwụrụ na 15 Eprel 1892 na Weston-super-Mare, ebe ọ biri na Westbury-on-Trym, nso Bristol, kemgbe 1864. E liri ya n'ogige ụka nke St Mary the Virgin, Henbury, Bristol, ebe ili ya nwere obelisk nwere nkume ankh n'ụkwụ. N'akụkụ ya bụ ili nke onye ya na ya biri ndụ ruo afọ 30, Ellen Drew Braysher (9 Eprel 1804 - 9 Jenụwarị 1892), onye ya na onye ya biri na Westbury-on-Trym na nwa Ellen, Sarah Harriet Brayshers (1832-1864). Na Septemba 2016, Historic England họpụtara ili ahụ Grade II depụtara, dị ka ihe ịrịba ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme LGBT nke Bekee.

Edwards nyere Mahadum College London ihe ncheta ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ya, na ego nke £ 2,500 iji chọta oche Edwards nke Egyptology nke nwere nnukwu mmetụta na mmepe nke Egyptology dị ka ọzụzụ. Nraranye ya na sayensị a mere ka a kpọọ ya "Nne Nlekọta nke Egyptology". Edwards kwadokwara ọbá akwụkwọ kọleji Somerville, ebe ọ hapụrụ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ na ihe osise mmiri na Somerville College, Oxford, yana obere nchịkọta nke ite ndị Gris na ndị Rom.

N'omenala a ma ama

• N'afọ 2012, e gosipụtara Edwards dị ka onye na-adịghị abụ abụ na mmepụta Stephen Medcalf nke Aida na Royal Albert Hall nke London. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-amalite site na "igwu" Victorian n'etiti ili ndị Ijipt na ihe omume ahụ na-aga n'ihu ka Edwards na-eche na atụmatụ ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ dabere na nyocha ya nke saịtị ahụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ dabeere na ihe omume nke onye Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, onye ya na Edwards dịkọrọ ndụ.
• Onye Egyptologist na onye edemede Elizabeth Peters (Barbara Mertz) kpọrọ onye ya Amelia Peabody n'aha Amelia Edwards.
• N'afọ 2014, otu egwu ọhụrụ, Alarm Will Sound, mere ihe nkiri egwu, I Was Here I Was I, nke dabeere na Amelia Edwards's A Thousand Miles Up the Nile, na Temple of Dendur na Metropolitan Museum of Arts' Sackler Wing. Ọ bụ Nigel Maister dere ya ma duzie ya na egwu Kate Soper.
• E mere ihe ngosi otu nwanyị dabere na ndụ Edwards, Hers Was the Earth, nke Kim Hicks, na Petrie Museum n'oge emume ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 2011.
• Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi Edwards "Was It an Illusion?" (1881), banyere onye nyocha ụlọ akwụkwọ nke nwere ihe na-agbagwoju anya na nleta ya n'ebe ugwu England, gosipụtara na Audible's 2017 Ghostly Tales anthology, nke Simon Callow kọrọ.

Akwụkwọ

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà mmụta ihe ochie

• Nchịkọta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Bekee: site na mmeri Rom ruo n'oge a, 1856
• Nchịkọta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Bekee: site na mmeri ndị Rom ruo n'oge a: na nchọpụta banyere ọganihu nke nka, sayensị na mmepeanya na ajụjụ ndị kwekọrọ na paragraf ọ bụla: maka iji ụlọ akwụkwọ, c. 1857
• Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France; site na mmeri nke Gaul site n'aka ndị Rom ruo na Udo nke 1856, 1858
• Akụkọ Cervantes, wdg, 1862
• A Thousand Miles Up the Nile London: George Routledge and Sons Ltd, 1877 (1st mbipụta) na 1888 (2nd mbipụta, )  
• Fero, Fellahs na ndị nchọpụta. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1891

Akụkọ ifo

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

• Her's Nwunye Nwanne m. Akụkọ Ndụ, 1855
• Steepụ nke Ndụ. Akụkọ Obi, 1857
• The Young Marquis, ma ọ bụ, Akụkọ sitere na Ọchịchị, c. 1857
• Nke iri na otu nke Machị. (Site n'akwụkwọ akpa nke afọ iri anọ gara aga) , 1863
• Enweghị dike: Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, 1863
• Akụkọ Barbara, 1864
• Aka na Glove. Akwụkwọ akụkọ, 1865
• Ọkara Nde Ego, c. 1868
• Nkwa Debenham, 1870
• N'ụbọchị nke ntorobịa m, 1873
• Lord Brackenbury, 1880

Akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi

• Miss Carew (nchịkọta), 1865
• Monsieur Maurice na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ, 1873 "Monsieur Maurice" "Akụkọ onye injinia" "The Cabaret of the Break of Day" "The Story of Ernst Christian Schoeffer" "The New Pass" "A Service of Danger" "A Night on the Borders of the Black Forest" "The History of Salome" "In the Confessional" "The Tragedy in the Palazzo Bardell" "The Four Fifteen Express" "Sister Johanna's Story" "All Saints' Eve"
  • "Maazị Maurice"
  • "Akụkọ Injinia"
  • "Cabaret nke Oge Ezumike"
  • "Akụkọ Ernst Christian Schoeffer"
  • "Nzọụkwụ Ọhụrụ"
  • "Ọrụ nke Ihe Iche"
  • "N'abalị n'ókè nke Oké Ọhịa Ojii"
  • "Akụkọ Salome"
  • "N'ime Nkwupụta"
  • "Ọdachi ahụ mere na Palazzo Bardell"
  • "The Fourteen Express"
  • "Akụkọ Nwanne nwanyị Johanna"
  • "Hawa Ndị Nsọ Nile"
• The Phantom Coach, nke Amelia B. Edwards, nke I. M. Richardson kwadoro, nke Hal Ashmead sere, c. 1982

Abụ uri

• Egwú ndị a na-akpọ ballads London: Tinsley, 1865
• Akwụkwọ uri nke ndị okenye na-ede uri, nke nwere abụ na sonnets, odes na okwu, ahọpụtara ma hazie, na ihe edeturu, site na ọrụ nke ndị okenye England na-ede abụ, site na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke asatọ. 1878

Nsụgharị

• Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Egyptian Archaeology na Ntuziaka maka Ọmụmụ Ihe Ochie na Egypt: maka iji ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị njem site na Sir G. Maspero, nke Amelia B. Edwards sụgharịrị

Njem

• Ihe ngosi na Akụkọ: Ịbụ Akụkọ ụfọdụ nke njem ezumike site na North nke Belgium, 1862
• Otu puku kilomita n'elu Osimiri Naịl, 1877
• Ugwu ndị a na-amaghị ama na ndagwurugwu ndị a naghị agafe agafe: A Midsummer Ramble na Dolomites. London: Longman's, Green and Co., 1873

Akụkọ ndụ

• Carl Graves, (2025) Amelia B. Edwards: 'Queen of Egyptology. ': The Egypt Exploration Society.
• Deborah Manley, (2015). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry.
• Adams, Amanda (2010). Ladies of the Field. Greystone Books. 
• Moon, Brenda E. (2006). More usefully employed: Amelia B. Edwards, writer, traveller and campaigner for ancient Egypt. London: Egypt Exploration Society. 
• Rees, Joan (1995). Women on the Nile: Writings of Harriet Martineau, Florence Nightingale and Amelia Edwards. Rubicon Press. 
• Rees, Joan (1998). Amelia Edwards: traveller, novelist & Egyptologist. London: Rubicon Press. 

Njikọ mpụga

• Online books, na ihe onwunwe nke ọbá akwụkwọn'ọbá akwụkwọ gịnan'ọbá akwụkwọ ndị ọzọbanyere Amelia Edwards
• Online books, na ihe onwunwe nke ọbá akwụkwọn'ọbá akwụkwọ gịnan'ọbá akwụkwọ ndị ọzọnke Amelia Edwards dere
• Works by Amelia EdwardsnaỌrụ Gutenberg
• Works by or about Amelia EdwardsnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
• Works by Amelia EdwardsnaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze)
• Ockerbloom, Mary Mark:Amelia Edwards biography. UPenn Digital Library.
• Ockerbloom, Mary Mark:A Celebration of Women Writers. UPenn Digital Library.
• Walther, Bianca (22 April 2021). The Eminent Lesbian or the Passionate Spinster? Posthumous Representations of Amelia Edwards' Love for Women. hsl.hypotheses.org. DOI:10.58079/ppwq.