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Andrée Blouin

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Andrée Madeleine Blouin (16 Disemba 1921 - 9 Eprel 1986) bụ onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, na onye edemede si Central African Republic. [1] [2][3]

Oge ọ malitere

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A mụrụ ada Josephine Wouassimba, nwa agbọghọ Banziri dị afọ iri na anọ, na Pierre Gerbillat, onye ọchụnta ego France dị afọ iri anọ, Andrée Blouin, na Bessou, obodo dị na Oubangui-Chari (nke mechara bụrụ Central African Republic).

Mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, nna ya na nwunye ya ọhụrụ bụ́ Henriette Poussart kpọọrọ Andrée n'aka nne ya, ma tinye ya n'ụlọ nlekọta ụmụaka nke Sisters of St. Joseph nke Cluny maka ụmụ agbọghọ agbụrụ dị iche iche, na Brazzaville, na French Congo, ebe o nwetara nleghara anya na mmegbu. [1] [4] [5][6] E mepụtara ogige ụmụ mgbei a iji kpuchie ihe akaebe nke ndị Europe "ụzọ nnwere onwe" (gụnyere mpụ nke ndina n'ike) na "ichebe ụmụaka ndị ọcha site na ibi n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-eche na ọ bụ nke mbụ n'Africa".[7]

Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, ndị nọn ahụ gbalịrị ịmanye ya ka ọ lụọ di na nwunye.[6] Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na anọ n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei tupu ya na ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ndị ọzọ agbapụ na 1938.[1][5] Ka ọ na-etolite, ya na ndị enyi ya sonyere n'ọtụtụ obere ụdị nnupụisi. Ọ ga-anọgide na-aga ihe nkiri sinima ndị ọcha naanị ruo mgbe a nabatara ọnụnọ ya. N'ụlọ ahịa, ọ ga-arịọ maka ihe na French, mana ndị na-ere ahịa ga-eji ebumnuche "azaghachi na Lingala ma ọ bụ Kikongo iji weda ya ala". Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ nwa amaala France, mana enweghị ezigbo "ikike" iji asụsụ ahụ. [8] Ọ ga-arịọ maka bọta, nke bụ "ihe a na-apụghị ichetụ n'echiche ka onye Afrịka rie," mana o mechara kwuo na ọ "ga-amalite ebe ọ bụla" [8][8]

Ndụ onwe onye

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Mgbe Andrée si n'ogige ụmụ mgbei gbapụ, ya na nne ya kwagara Brazzaville wee malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwa ákwà. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri n'Osimiri Congo, Andrée zutere otu onye ọgaranya Belgium aha ya bụ Roger Serruys..[1] N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kwagara na Serruys gaa Banningville, ebe a họpụtara ya onye isi ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Belgian Kasai..[1] N'ịbụ onye nkụda mmụọ n'ihi na ọ na-achọsi ike na a ga-ezochi mmekọrịta ha, Andrée laghachiri n'ụlọ Brazzaville ọnwa atọ dị ime.[1] Ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị Rita n'ụbọchị ọ gbara afọ iri na itoolu, na Disemba 16, 1940. [1]

Andrée zutere onye France aha ya bụ Charles Greutz, ha wee nabata nwa nwoke René na ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke iri abụọ na otu, na Disemba 16, 1942. [1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, René dara ọrịa ịba mana a jụrụ ya ọgwụ quinine na-azọpụta ndụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi na "ndị nchịkwa nke France siri ọnwụ" na ọ bụ maka "ndị Europe naanị. " [1] Blouin " rịọrọ" onye isi obodo ka o mee ihe pụrụ iche mana a jụrụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu ndị metụtara ọrịa ahụ. [4] [6] N'ịbụ onye ahụmahụ ahụ mere, Andrée kpebiri na Rita ekwesịghị itolite n'Afrịka, mgbe ọ lụsịrị Greutz n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, ya na nwa ya nwanyị kwagara France na 1946.[1] Greutz nọrọ na Bangui iji rụọ ọrụ, ebe Andrée na Rita bi na ezinụlọ Greutz n'obodo Gebviller na Alsace.[1]

Andrée laghachiri Bangui n'afọ 1948, wee mata na di ya Charles na-enwe mmekọahụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ zutere onye injinia French André Blouin, otu n'ime ndị ọgbọ di ya, onye nọ na ọrụ maka French Bureau of Mines.[1] Ha abụọ hụrụ onwe ha n'anya, mgbe ịgba alụkwaghịm Andrée na Greutz kwụsịrị, ya na André Blouin lụrụ n'afọ 1952.[6] Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu nwee ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Patrick na nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Sylviane.[1]

Mgbalị

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Andrée Blouin kwuru na ọnwụ mberede nke nwa ya nwoke bụ isi ihe kpaliri ya ịghọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe e mesịrị.[5] Enwere ike igbochi ọnwụ nwa ya nwoke site na ịba site na ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị; Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nna nna ya n'Afrịka, a jụrụ ya ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[5] Karịsịa, ebe ọ bụ na e kewara Andreé Blouin dị ka "metisse" ma ọ bụ "mgwakọta" n'ihi nne ya bụ onye Afrịka na nna ya bụ onye Europe, a na-etinyekwa akara a n'ahụ nwa ya nwoke, na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe ya omume inweta ọgwụgwọ ịba. Nwa ya nwoke bụ 3⁄4 ọcha ma ya na nwa ya nwoke bụ ụmụ amaala France, mana emeso ha abụọ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'ihi oji ha. Ahụmịhe a na-emebi ihe ma na-akpa ókè agbụrụ nwere ike ịkpalite mmasị ya n'ọrụ ngagharị iwe. Blouin malitere mkpọsa megide Iwu Quinine nke machibidoro ndị si n'agbụrụ Afrịka na French Equatorial Africa ịnata ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji gwọọ ịba.[5]

N'afọ 1950, ọ hapụrụ di ọhụrụ ya na nwa ya nwanyị ka ha gaa Guinea iji kwado nnwere onwe mba ahụ.[5] Blouin sonyeere Sékou Touré, onye ndú nke Guinean Democratic Party, n'ọgụ maka nnwere onwe site na France.[2] Blouin na ndị otu ya gbara ọsọ na mba ahụ niile, "na-ahazi nzukọ ma na-ekwu okwu na-akpọ maka nnwere onwe. " N'afọ 1958, Guinea bụ naanị mpaghara France họọrọ nnwere onwe .[6] Na 1958, Guinea bụ naanị mpaghara French họọrọ nnwere onwe. Site n'ọrụ ya na Touré, ọ zutere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado ọchịchị, dịka Praịm Minista Kwame Nkrumah nke Ghana na Félix Houphouet-Boigny nke Ivory Coast..[6]

Mgbe Onye isi ala France bụ Charles de Gaulle chụpụrụ ya na Guinea maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ laghachiri Central Africa iji kwado ọgụ maka nnwere onwe site na France. Ọ haziri ma kpụzie ụmụ nwanyị maka Parti Solidaire Africain, (PSA) [2][9] otu nzukọ sitere na Belgian Congo nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịtọhapụ Africa site na ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị. Blouin kọwara otú otu ọnwa gachara na Mee 1960, o debanyere aha ndị otu 45,000 na PSA. Ụfọdụ n'ime nchegbu ndị ikpo okwu ahụ gosipụtara bụ ndị a:

  • Iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị niile, n'agbanyeghị afọ ole ha dị, gụọ akwụkwọ.
  • Iji kwalite nghọta banyere ahụike na ịdị ọcha.
  • Iji lụso ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ọgụ.
  • Ịrụ ọrụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị.
  • Ịrụ ọrụ maka ichebe nwanyị na nwatakịrị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ.
  • Ịrụ ọrụ maka ọganihu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ndị Africa.[8]

Òtù ahụ depụtakwara isiakwụkwọ n'ógbè niile ma nye ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'óù ahụ ikike iwere ọrụ idu ndú n'òtù ahụ.[10] Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke usoro na gọọmentị Patrice Lumumba, nke e guzobere n'oge nnwere onwe Congolese si na Belgium.[8][4] Ọnọdụ ya gụnyere ịbụ "onye na-ede okwu ma na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba na mba na gọọmentị Europe n'oge mgbanwe maka nnwere onwe" na Congo.[8] Tupu nke ahụ, o gosipụtara ya "na-agbagwoju anya n'ime izu ndị na-agwụ ike n'okporo ụzọ mkpọsa" na PSA.[8] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ mgbe niile na Lumumba, Gizenga, na Mulele na Leopoldville . [8]

Blouin na Lumumba rụkọrọ ọrụ nke ọma na "ndị nọ n'ime" ya nke na ndị nta akụkọ kpọrọ ha "otu Lumum-Blouin. " [4] Otú ọ dị, a na-ewerekwa Blouin ka ọ na-enwe mmekọahụ" na ndị ikom dị ike dị iche iche, naanị n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị nwere "onye na-emebi ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. "ndị na-eme ihe n'ọrụ nke ọchịchị Kọmunist, a na ọtụtụ akụkọ" ka ọ rụzuru na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị "n'ọrụ".[8] Ọzọkwa, ọ maara otu esi ege ndị mmadụ ntị, otu esi "gwakọta" ihe dị mkpa n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, na otu esi "ịtụle ntinye aka ya n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ya". N'ihi ahụmịhe onwe ya na usoro ọchịchị, ọ nwere ike "ịghọta atụmatụ nke ndị Belgium na ndị na-akwado ha na Congo" na "ịkwụsị mmetụta dị ukwuu nke usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke ọchịchị, ọkachasị na ụmụ nwanyị. [8] Ọzọkwa, mbọ ọ na-agba inye ndị ọrụ ya na njem ikwu okwu "mere ka nghọta nke ihe ịga nke ọma".[8]

Mgbe ndị Congo "na-emegide onye ọchịchị aka ike nke mba ahụ," Joseph Mobutu, Blouin bụ "onye na-ekwuchitere ha, nke mbụ si Algiers wee si Brazzaville, ebe Onye isi ala Ahmed Ben Bella nke Algeria zigara ya ọrụ ebere iji nyere ụmụaka ndị nnupụisi ahụ nyere aka". [6] Nye ndị nnọchi anya mba ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị nta akụkọ, ọnụnọ Blouin pụtara na Congo na-aghọ onye Kọmunist. Mgbe e gburu Lumumba, Blouin ghọrọ onye a lekwasịrị anya.[4] Nwa ya nwanyị Eve na-akọ otú a mara nne ya ikpe ọnwụ ma manye ya ịgbapụ na Congo.[4]

N'afọ 1973, di ya gbara ya alụkwaghịm wee kpebie ibi na Paris.[6] Na Europe, ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, yana ikpe ziri ezi na mba Afrịka dị iche iche.[5][11]

N'oge ndụ ya, ngagharị iwe ya kpalitere nchegbu n'ụwa ndị ọdịda anyanwụ: ọchịchị Eisenhower na ndị ọchịchị Belgium na-echegbu onwe ha maka njikọ Kọmunist ya na New York Times kpọrọ ya "onye na-akwado oke mba Afrịka." [6] Otú ọ dị, ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke raara onwe ya nye ịhụ mba n" Afrịka. Nwa nwanyị Blouin kọrọ otú o si ghọọ "nne dị nro" nye "ndị mmegide na ndị na-eme mgbanwe" n'Afrịka bụ ndị chọrọ ebe ha ga-anọ.[6]

Ọgwụgwụ nke ndụ

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A chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa lymphoma ma "na-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'ihi mmegbu nke gara n'ihu ọbụna mgbe njedebe nke ọchịchị ala ọzọ gasịrị". [6] Ọ nwụrụ na 9 Eprel 1986. [6]

Akwụkwọ edemede

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Blouin's autobiography, My Country, Africa: Autobiography of a Black Pasionaria, was published in English in 1983.[5][12] Jean MacKellar collaborated with Blouin and completed interviews and the editing of the book.[8] Agbanyeghị, Blouin jụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ ma nwaa ịgba MacKellar akwụkwọ iji gbochie mbipụta ahụ n'ihi na afọ ejughị ya na akụkọ ahụ e gosipụtara n'ụzọ "okwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke uche" kama ịbụ "nkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị"."[8]

N'omenala a ma ama

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Ọ pụtara ìhè na ihe nkiri 2024 Soundtrack to a Coup d'Etat nke gosipụtara usoro nnwere onwe Congolese na ọnwụ Lumumba.[13]

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Mba m, Africa. Akụkọ ndụ nke Black Pasionaria, akụkọ ndụ onwe onye na Jean MacKellar, Okwu Mmalite nke Adom Getachew na Thomas Meaney, Verso Books, 2025.
  • Bouwer Karen, "Andrée Blouin: A Sister among Brothers in Struggle", na Gender and Decolonization in the Congo: The Legacy of Patrice Lumumba, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, peeji nke 71-99. .   

Hụkwa

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Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Blouin (1983). My Country Africa: Autobiography of the Black Pasionaria. New York, NY: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-03-062759-0. Blouin, Andree; MacKellar, Jean (1983). My Country Africa: Autobiography of the Black Pasionaria. New York, NY: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-03-062759-0.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Andrée Blouin. Francophone African Women Writers. University of Western Australia."Andrée Blouin". Francophone African Women Writers. University of Western Australia.
  3. ↑ Andrée Blouin. Retrieved on 25 November 2018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Who was the woman behind Lumumba? (en-US). africasacountry.com (9 April 2019). Retrieved on 2022-06-07."Who was the woman behind Lumumba?". africasacountry.com. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Ormerod and Volet (1 February 1996). "le cas des Africaines d'expression française". The French Review 3 (3): 426–444. Ormerod and Volet, Beverly and Jean-Marie (1 February 1996). "le cas des Africaines d'expression française". The French Review. 3 (3): 426–444. JSTOR 396492.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Reid. "Overlooked No More: Andrée Blouin, Voice for Independence in Africa", The New York Times, 2020-02-14. Retrieved on 2020-08-07. (in en-US)Reid, Stuart A. (2020-02-14). "Overlooked No More: Andrée Blouin, Voice for Independence in Africa". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
  7. ↑ Reid. "Overlooked No More: Andrée Blouin, Voice for Independence in Africa", The New York Times, 2020-02-14. Retrieved on 2022-06-07. (in en-US)
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 Bouwer (2010). Gender and Decolonization in the Congo: The Legacy of Patrice Lumumba. Springer, 82–83. ISBN 978-0230316294. Bouwer, Karen (2010). Gender and Decolonization in the Congo: The Legacy of Patrice Lumumba. Springer. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0230316294.
  9. ↑ Joseph-Gabriel. Remembering the Congolese women who fought for independence. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved on 2020-08-07.
  10. ↑ Joseph-Gabriel. Remembering the Congolese women who fought for independence (en). www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved on 2022-06-07.
  11. ↑ Sheldon (2005). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Scarecrow Press, 34–35. ISBN 978-0810865471. 
  12. ↑ African literature. Reading Women Writers and Literatures. Retrieved on 25 November 2018.
  13. ↑ Wilkinson. "'Soundtrack to a Coup d'Etat' Review: What Lies Beneath", The New York Times, October 31, 2024. Retrieved on November 5, 2024.
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