Anemometer

Na meteorology, Annemometer (nke sitere na άνεμος (ánemos) 'ikuku' na () 'ihe ọ̀tụ̀') bụ ngwaọrụ na-atụ ọsọ na ntụziaka nke . Ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ọnọdụ ụgbọ ihu igwe. Nkọwa mbụ a maara nke anemometer bụ nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye edemede Italian Leon Battista Alberti (site n'afọ 1404 rụọ afọ 1472) n'afọ 1450.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Anemometer agbanweela ntakịrị nke kemgbe mmepe ya na narị afọ nke iri na ise. A na-ekwu na Alberti mepụtara ya n'ihe dịka n'afọ 1450. N'ime narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Robert Hooke (site n'afọ 1635 rụọ afọ 1703), mepụtara nsụgharị nke ha, na ụfọdụ ndị e nyere otuto na-ezighị ezi dị ka onye mepụtara ya. N'afọ 1846, Thomas Romney Robinson (site n'afọ 1792 rụọ n'afọ 1882) meziwanyere imewe ahụ site na iji iko anọ na wiil igwe. N'afọ 1926, onye Canada na-ahụ maka ihu igwe bụ John Patterson (site n'afọ 1872 rụọ afọ 1956) mepụtara anemometer nwere iko atọ, nke Brevoort na Joiner meziwanyere n'afọ 1935. N'afọ 1991, Derek Weston gbakwunyere ikike iji tụọ ụzọ ifufe. N'afọ 1994, Andreas Pflitsch mepụtara sonic anemometer.^[1]

Anemometers nke ọsọ

Anemometers nke iko

Ụdị anemometer dị mfe bụ nke Rev. Dr. John Thomas Romney Robinson nke Armagh Observatory chepụtara n'afọ 1845. O nwere iko anọ nke dị n'akụkụ anọ n'ogwe aka dị larịị nke a na-etinye n'elu ogwe aka kwụ ọtọ. Mmiri na-agafe iko ahụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla dị larịị tụgharịrị oghere ahụ na ọnụego nke kwekọrọ na ọsọ nke ifufe. Ya mere, ịgụta ntụgharị nke oghere ahụ n'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ mepụtara uru kwekọrọ na nkezi ọsọ ifufe maka ọsọ dịgasị iche iche. Ụdị mgwa ọrụ a ka ana akpọkwa ụdị ngwá ọrụ a rotational anemometer.

Iko anọ

N'iji anemometer nwere iko anọ, ifufe na-enwekari oghere nke otu iko, ma na-efekwa n'azụ iko nke na-emegide ya. Ebe ọ bụ na oghere oghere nwere coefficient drag nke .38 n'akụkụ okirikiri na 1.42 n'akụkụ oghere, a na-emepụta ike ọzọ na iko na-egosi akụkụ ya oghere n'ikuku. N'ihi ike a na-enweghị atụ, a na-emepụta torque na axis nke anemometer, na-eme ka ọ na-agbagharị.

N'echiche, ọsọ ntụgharị nke anemometer kwesịrị ịdị ka ọsọ ifufe n'ihi na ike a na-emepụta n'ihe na-adabere na ọsọ nke gas ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agafe ya. Otú ọ dị, n'omume, ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ọsọ ntụgharị, gụnyere ọgba aghara nke ngwaọrụ ahụ na-emepụta, na-abawanye drag na-emegide torque nke iko na-emepụta na aka nkwado, na ịfụkọta na ebe a na-arịgo. Mgbe Robinson bu ụzọ mepụta anemometer ya, o kwuru na iko ndị ahụ na-aga otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọsọ nke ifufe, na-emetụtaghị nha iko ma ọ bụ ogologo aka. O doro anya na nke a gosipụtara site na nnwale onwe mbụ, mana ọ bụghị eziokwu. Kama nke ahụ, oke nke ọsọ nke ifufe na nke iko, ihe anemometer, dabere na nha nke iko na ogwe aka, ma nwee uru n'etiti abụọ na obere karịa atọ. Ozugbo a chọpụtara njehie ahụ, aghaghị imeghachi nnwale niile gara aga metụtara anemometers.

Iko Atọ

Anemometer nwere iko atọ nke Canadian John Patterson mepụtara n'afọ 1926, ya na nkwalite iko sochirinụ nke Brevoort & Joiner nke United States mepụtara n'afọ 1935, dugara na imewe iko nwere nzaghachi fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akara na njehie nke ihe na-erughị 3% rụọ 60 mph (97 km/h). Patterson chọpụtara na iko ọ bụla na-emepụta torque kachasị elu mgbe ọ dị na 45° na ikuku. Anemometer nwere iko atọ nwekwara torque na-adịgide adịgide ma meghachi omume ngwa ngwa na gusts karịa anemometer nwere iko anọ.

Ebe ikuku na-aga iko atọ

Ọstrelia Dr. Derek Weston mezigharịrị anemometer nke nwere iko atọ n'afọ 1991 iji tụọ ụzọ ifufe. Ọ gbakwunyere mkpado na otu iko, na-eme ka ọsọ cupwheel mụbaa ma belata ka mkpado ahụ na-agagharị na ikuku. A na-agbakọ ntụziaka ifufe site na mgbanwe ndị a na-agba ọsọ, ebe a na-ekpebi ọsọ ifufe site n'ọsọ nkezi cupwheel.

Anemometers nke iko atọ ugbu a bụ ọkọlọtọ ụlọ ọrụ maka ọmụmụ nyocha na omume ikuku.

Anemometers nke eriri

Otu n'ime ụdị ndị ọzọ nke anemometer na-agba ọsọ bụ anemometer vane. Enwere ike ịkọwa ya dị ka ihe igwe ikuku ma ọ bụ anemoneometer propeller. N'adịghị ka Robinson anemometer, nke axis nke ntụgharị ya kwụ ọtọ, vane anemometer ga-enwerịrị axis ya kwụ ọtọ na ntụziaka nke ifufe ma yabụ ọ dị larịị. Ọzọkwa, ebe ọ bụ na ifufe na-agbanwe n'ụzọ na axis ga-agbaso mgbanwe ya, a ghaghị iji wind vane ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ iji mezuo otu nzube ahụ.

Anemometer vane si otú a jikọta propeller na ọdụ n'otu axis iji nweta ọsọ ikuku ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi na ntụziaka site n'otu ngwá ọrụ ahụ.^[2] A na-atụle ọsọ nke fan site na counter revolution ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ọsọ ifufe site na chip eletrọniki. N'ihi ya, enwere ike ịgbakọ ọnụego mmụba ma ọ bụrụ na amaara mpaghara mpaghara.

N'ọnọdụ ebe ntụziaka nke mmegharị ikuku na-adị mgbe niile, dịka na ikuku ikuku ogbunigwe na ụlọ, a na-arụ ọrụ ikuku ikuku a maara dị ka mita ikuku, ma na-enye nsonaazụ na-eju afọ.^[3]

Vane anemometers
Vane style of anemometer
Helicoid propeller anemometer incorporating a wind vane for orientation
Hand-held low-speed vane anemometer
Hand-held digital anemometer or Byram anenometer.

Anemometers nke eriri ọkụ

Anemometer waya na-ekpo ọkụ na-eji eriri dị mma (n'usoro nke ọtụtụ micrometers) na-ekpo ọkụ eletrik ruo okpomọkụ ụfọdụ n'elu gburugburu. Ikuku na-agafe waya na-eme ka waya ahụ jụọ oyi. Dịka nguzogide eletrik nke ọtụtụ ọla na-adabere na okpomọkụ nke ọla (tungsten bụ nhọrọ a ma ama maka waya ọkụ), enwere ike inweta mmekọrịta n'etiti nguzogide nke waya na ọsọ nke ikuku.^[4] N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a enweghị ike iji ha tụọ ntụziaka nke ikuku na-eru, ọ bụrụ na ejikọtara ya na ikuku ikuku.

Ọtụtụ ụzọ esi emejuputa atụmatụ a dị, enwere ike kewaa ngwaọrụ waya ọkụ dị ka CCA (anemometer ugbu a), CVA (anemometer voltaji na-aga n'ihu) na CTA (anemometer okpomọkụ na-aga mgbe niile). N'ihi ya, mmepụta voltaji sitere na anemometers ndị a bụ nsonaazụ nke ụdị circuit ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaọrụ ahụ na-anwa ịnọgide na-enwe mgbanwe a kapịrị ọnụ (oge, voltaji ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ), na-agbaso Iwu Ohm.

Na Mgbakwunye, a na-eji kwa anemometers PWM (ụkpụrụ obosara nke pulse) anemometers, ebe a na-ekwu na ọsọ ahụ bụ ogologo oge nke pulse na-emegharị nke na-eweta waya ruo na nguzogide a kapịrị ọnụ wee kwụsị ruo mgbe a ruru "ala", mgbe ahụ a na-eziga pulse ọzọ.

Anemometer na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe ọ na-esikwa ike nke ukwuu, nwere nzaghachi ugboro ugboro dị elu na mkpebi dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro nyocha ndị ọzọ, n'ihi ya, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ya eme ihe maka nyocha zuru ezu nke ọgba aghara, ma ọ bụ ọ bụla na-agafe nke mgbanwe ọsọ na-adọrọ mmasị.

Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke anemometer wires dị mma bụ mita ọkụ ọkụ, nke na-agbaso otu echiche ahụ, mana ọ na-eji pin abụọ ma ọ bụ eriri iji nyochaa mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ. Akara ndị ahụ nwere eriri dị mma, mana ikpuchi wires na-eme ka ha sie ike ma nwee ike ịlele ikuku, gas, na ikuku na-agafe na paịpụ, paịpụs, na stacks. Ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-enwekarị unyi nke ga-emebi anemometer ọkụ ọkụ.

Laser Doppler anemometers

Na laser Doppler velocimetry, laser Doppler anemometers na-eji ọkụ ọkụ sitere laser nke kewara ụzọ abụọ, nke a na-agbasa na anemometer. Particulates (ma ọ bụ kpachaara anya webatara ihe mkpụrụ) na-asọba yana ikuku ikuku nso ebe ọkụ na-apụ apụ na-egosipụta, ma ọ bụ na-atụgharị azụ, ìhè na-alaghachi n'ime ihe nchọpụta, ebe a na-atụ ya n'ihe metụtara ọkụ laser mbụ. Mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ na-aga nke ọma, ha na-emepụta mgbanwe Doppler shift maka ịlele ọsọ ifufe na ọkụ laser, nke a na-eji gbakọọ ọsọ nke ihe ndị ahụ, ya mere ikuku gburugburu anemometer.^[5]

Ultrasonic anemometers, nke mbụ mepụtara na 1950s, na-eji ebili mmiri ụda ultrasonic iji tụọ ọsọ ifufe. Ha na-atụle ọsọ ifufe dabere na oge ụgbọ elu nke ụda n'etiti abụọ nke transducers.

Oge ụda na-ewe iji gaa site n'otu transducer gaa na abụọ ya na-adabere na ọsọ nke ụda na ikuku tinyere ọsọ nke ifufe n'otu ụzọ ahụ:

t =

L

(c + v)

{\displaystyle t={\frac {L}{ (c+v) }}}

ebe

t

{\displaystyle t}

bụ oge ụgbọ elu,

L

{\displaystyle L}

bụ anya dị n'etiti transducers,

c

{\displaystyle c}

bụ ọsọ nke ụda na ikuku na

v

{\displaystyle v}

bụ ọsọ ifufe. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ka ifufe na-afụ ngwa ngwa, otú ahụ ka ụda na-aga ngwa ngwa. Iji dozie ọsọ nke ụda na ikuku (nke dịgasị iche dabere na okpomọkụ, nrụgide na iru mmiri) a na-eziga ụda ụda n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ ma na-agbakọ ọsọ nke ifufe site na iji oge ihu na azụ nke ụgbọ elu:

v =

1 2

L (

1

t

1

−

1

t

2

)

{\displaystyle v={\frac {1}{2}}L ({\fraic {1}}{t_{1}}}-{\frach {1} {t_{2}}}) }

ebe

t

1

{\displaystyle t_{1}}

bụ oge ụgbọ elu na-aga n'ihu na

t

2

{\displaystyle t_{2}}

n'ụzọ dị iche.

N'ihi na ultrasonic anenometers enweghị akụkụ na-agagharị agagharị, ha chọrọ obere mmezi ma enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na gburugburu ebe siri ike. Ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọsọ ifufe. Ha nwere ike ịlele mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na ọsọ na ntụziaka nke ifufe, na-ewere ọtụtụ nha kwa sekọnd, ya mere ha bara uru n'ịtụle usoro ikuku na-agagharị agagharị.

Isi ihe na-adịghị mma ha bụ mgbagwoju anya nke ikuku na-aga site na nhazi na-akwado transducers, nke chọrọ mgbazi dabere na ọnụọgụ nke ikuku iji belata mmetụta ahụ. Mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ice na transducers nwekwara ike ịkpata ihe na-ezighị ezi.

Ebe ọ bụ na ọsọ nke ụda na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsie ike na mgbanwe nrụgide, a na-ejikwa anemometers ultrasonic dị ka Thermometers.

Enwere ike ijikọta ọnụọgụ site na transducers abụọ iji nweta ọnụọgụ nke ọsọ na 1-, 2-, ma ọ bụ 3-dimensional flow. A na-eji ọnụọgụ abụọ (ọsọ ifufe na ntụziaka ifufe) sonic anemometers eme ihe na ngwa ndị dị ka ọdụ ihu igwe, ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọelu, ihu igwe buoys na turbines ifufe. Nlekota nke ikuku na-achọkarị ọnụego ume ọhụrụ nke ọnụọgụ ọsọ ifufe nke 3 Hz, ^[6] nke a na-enweta n'ụzọ dị mfe site na anemometers. A na-eji anemometers ụda atọ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe iji tụọ ikuku gas na usoro okike site na iji usoro mkpuchi eddy mgbe ejiri ya na ngwa ngwa ngwa Infrared gas analyzers ma ọ bụ laser-based analyzers.

Anemometers nke ụda olu

Acoustic resonance anemometers bụ ụdị ọhụrụ nke sonic anemometer. Ọ bụ Savvas Kapartis mepụtara teknụzụ ahụ ma nye ya ikike n'afọ 1999. Ọ bụ ezie na anemometers ụda na-adabere n'oge nke ịtụle ụgbọ elu, ihe mmetụta ụda na-eji ụda olu (ultrasonic) na-ada ụda n'ime obere oghere e wuru iji mee nyocha ha.

E wuru n'ime oghere ahụ bụ usoro transducers ultrasonic, nke a na-eji emepụta usoro dị iche iche na-eguzo na ultrasonic frequencies. Ka ifufe na-agafe n'ime oghere ahụ, mgbanwe na ihe onwunwe nke ebili mmiri ahụ na-eme (mgbanwe nke oge). Site n'ịtụle ọnụọgụ nke mgbanwe nke oge na mgbaàmà natara site na transducer ọ bụla, wee site na nhazi data, ihe mmetụta ahụ nwere ike inye nyocha ziri ezi nke ọsọ na ntụziaka ifufe.

N'ihi na teknụzụ ụda olu na-eme ka a tụọ ya n'ime obere oghere, ihe mmetụta na-adịkarị obere karịa ihe mmetụta ultrasonic ndị ọzọ. Obere nha nke acoustic resonance anemometers na-eme ka ha sie ike ma dị mfe iji kpoo ọkụ, ya mere na-eguzogide ice. Njikọ nke atụmatụ a pụtara na ha na-enweta ọkwa dị elu nke data ma dabara adaba maka njikwa turbine ikuku na ojiji ndị ọzọ chọrọ obere ihe mmetụta siri ike dị ka ihu igwe agha. Otu nsogbu na ụdị ihe mmetụta a bụ izi ezi n'ịtụle ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe mmetụta igwe. Maka ọtụtụ ojiji njedebe, a na-akwụ ụgwọ adịghị ike a site na ogologo ndụ nke ihe mmetụta na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ chọghị recalibration ozugbo etinyela.

Anemometers nke nrụgide

E kewara atụmatụ mbụ nke anemometers na-atụle nrụgide n'ime ụdị efere na tube.

Anemometers nke efere

Ndị a bụ anemometers nke oge a. Ha nwere efere dị larịị nke a kwụnyere n'elu ka ifufe wee tụgharịa efere ahụ. N'afọ 1450, onye Ịtali na-ese ihe osise Leon Battista Alberti mepụtara anemometer mbụ dị otú ahụ; ^[7] n'afọ 1663, Robert Hooke mepụtara ya ọzọ.^[8]^[9] Ụdị nke a na-esote nwere efere dị larịị, ma ọ bụ square ma ọ bụ okirikiri, nke ikuku na-eme ka ikuku dị mma. A na-eji isi iyi eme ka ikuku na-efe n'ihu ya. Mkpịsị nke isi iyi na-ekpebi ike nke ifufe na-etinye na efere ahụ, a na-agụkwa nke a na gauge kwesịrị ekwesị, ma ọ bụ na ihe ndekọ. Ngwá ọrụ ndị a anaghị emeghachi omume na ifufe dị mfe, ha ezighị ezi maka ọgụgụ ifufe dị elu, ma jiri nwayọ meghachi omume na ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe. A na-eji plate anemometers eme ihe iji mee ka ikuku na-ada ụda na àkwà mmiri.

Anemometers tube

Anemometer James Lind nke 1775 nwere tube U nke a kwụnyere n'elu nke nwere mmiri Manometer (nchekwa nrụgide), nke otu nsọtụ gbagọrọ agbagọ n'akụkụ dị larịị iji chee ihu n'ikuku na njedebe nke ọzọ kwụ ọtọ. Ọ bụ ezie na Lind abụghị nke mbụ, ọ bụ anemometer kachasị mma na nke a maara nke ọma nke ụdị a. Ọ bụrụ na ifufe na-efe n'ọnụ tube, ọ na-akpata mmụba nke nrụgide n'otu akụkụ nke manometer. Ifufe na-efe n'elu njedebe mepere emepe nke tube kwụ ọtọ na-akpata obere mgbanwe na nrụgide n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke manometer. Ọdị iche dị n'elu n'ụkwụ abụọ nke tube U bụ ihe na-egosi ọsọ ifufe. Otú ọ dị, nha ziri ezi chọrọ ka ọsọ ifufe banye kpọmkwem na njedebe mepere emepe nke tube ahụ; obere ọpụpụ site na ntụziaka nke ifufe na-akpata nnukwu ọdịiche na ọgụgụ.

Anemometer nke ọma nke William Henry Dines n'afọ 1892 jiri otu ọdịiche nrụgide dị n'etiti ọnụ na-emeghe nke tube kwụ ọtọ na-eche ihu n'ikuku na mgbanaka nke obere oghere dị na tube kwụ ọtọ nke mechiri na njedebe elu. A na-etinye ha abụọ n'otu ịdị elu. Mgbanwe nrụgide nke omume ahụ dabere na ya dị obere, a chọkwara ụzọ pụrụ iche iji debanye aha ha. Ihe ndekọ ahụ nwere ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri n'ime ụlọ a mechiri emechi nke jupụtara na mmiri. A na-ejikọta ọkpọkọ ahụ sitere na ọkpọkọ kwụ ọtọ n'elu ụlọ ahụ a na-emechi emechi ma na-eduzi ọkpọkọ sitere na obere ọkpọkọ n'ime ala n'ime ihe na-ese n'elu. Ebe ọ bụ na ọdịiche dị n'ime nrụgide na-ekpebi ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri nke a bụ ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe.^[10]

Uru dị ukwuu nke anemometer tube na-adabere n'eziokwu na akụkụ ekpughere nwere ike ikwado ya n'eluogwe osisi dị elu, ọ dịghikwa achọ mmanụ ma ọ bụ nlebara anya ruo ọtụtụ afọ; enwere ike itinye mpaghara ndebanye aha n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla dị mma. A chọrọ tubes njikọ abụọ. Ọ nwere ike ịpụta na mbụ dịka a ga-asị na otu njikọ ga-eje ozi, mana ọdị iche dị na nrụgide nke ngwá ọrụ ndị a dabere na ya dị obere, nke na a ga-atụle nrụgide nke ikuku n'ime ụlọ ebe a na-etinye akụkụ ndekọ ahụ. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na ngwá ọrụ ahụ dabere na nrụgide ma ọ bụ mmetụta ịmị naanị ya, a na-atụkwa nrụgide maọbụ ịmịpụta a megide nrụgide ikuku n'ime ụlọ nkịtị ebe a na-emechi ọnụ ụzọ na windo ma na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ ọkụ na anwụrụ ọkụ, enwere ike ịmepụta mmetụta dịka ifufe nke 10 mi/h (16 km/h); na imeghe windo na ihu igwe siri ike, ma ọ bụ imeghe ọnụ ụzọ, nwere ike ịgbanwe ndebanye aha kpamkpam.

Ọ bụ ezie na anemometer Dines nwere mperi nke naanị 1% na 10 (16 km/h), ọ meghị nke ọma na ifufe dị ala n'ihi mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma nke plate vane dị larịị achọrọ iji tụgharịa isi n'ime ifufe. N'afọ 1918, a na-eji ikuku eme ihe nke nwere okpukpu asatọ karịa nke efere dị larịị meriri nsogbu a.

Anemometers nke tube Pitot

Igwe ikuku tube nke oge a na-eji otu ụkpụrụ ahụ dị na anemometer Dines, ma na-eji ụdị dị iche. Ihe mmejuputa a na-eji pitot-static tube, nke bụ pitot tube nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ, pitot na static, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ịleta ikuku nke ụgbọ elu. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri pitot na-atụle nrụgide dị ike nke ọnụ na-emeghe nke tube nwere isi dị nkọ na-eche ihu n'ikuku, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kwụ otu ebe na-atụkwa nrụgide kwụ otu ebe site na obere oghere dị n'akụkụ na tube ahụ. A na-ejikọta tube pitot na ọdụ ka o wee mee ka isi tube chee ihu n'ikuku. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-eme ka tube ahụ dị ọkụ iji gbochie mmepụta ice na tube ahụ.^[11] E nwere ahịrị abụọ site na tube ruo na ngwaọrụ iji tụọ ọdịiche dị na nrụgide nke ahịrị abụọ ahụ. Ngwaọrụ nyocha nwere ike ịbụ Manometers, transducers nrụgide, ma ọ bụ analog chart recorders.^[12]

Anemometers bọọlụ Ping-pong

A na-eji boolu ping-pong arụ ọrụ anemometer a na-ejikarị eme ihe na eriri. Mgbe ifufe na-efegharị n'akụkụ, ọ na-agbanye ma na-ebugharị bọọlụ ahụ; n'ihi na bọọlụ ping-pong dị arọ nke ukwuu, ha na-aga n'ụzọ dị mfe na ifufe dị mfe. Ịtụle oghere dị n'etiti ngwaọrụ eriri na nke kwụ ọtọ na-enye atụmatụ nke ọsọ ifufe.

A na-ejikarị ụdị anemometer a eme ihe maka ntụziaka nke ụlọakwụkwọ etiti, nke ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme n'onwe ha, mana a na ejikwa ngwaọrụ yiri ya na Phoenix Mars Lander.

Mmetụta nke njupụta na nha

N'ime tube anemometer a na-atụle nrụgide dị ike n'ezie, ọ bụ ezie na a na-agbanwekarị ọkwa dịka ọkwa ọsọ. Ọ bụrụ na ikuku dị iche na uru calibration, n'ihi ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpomọkụ, ịdị elu ma ọ bụ nrụgide barometric, a chọrọ mgbazi iji nweta ọsọ ifufe n'ezie. A ga-agbakwunye ihe dịka 1.5% (1.6% n'elu 6,000 ụkwụ) na ọsọ nke tube anemometer dekọrọ maka 1000 ft ọ bụla (5% maka kilomita ọ bụla) n'elu oke osimiri.

Mmetụta nke ice

N'ọdụ ụgbọ elu, ọ dị mkpa ịnweta data ikuku ziri ezi n'okpuru n'ọnọdụ niile, gụnyere oke mmiri ozuzo. A chọkwara anemometry na nlekọta ma na-achịkwa ọrụ nke ikuku ikuku, nke na gburugburu ebe oyi na-enwekarị ice na igwe ojii. Icing na-agbanwe aerodynamics nke anemometer ma nwee ike igbochi ya kpamkpam ịrụ ọrụ. Ya mere, anemometers eji eme ihe ndị a ga-enwerịrị okpomọkụ n'ime. Ma anemometers ịkọ na sonic anemometers dị ugbu nwere ụdị ọkụ.

Ebe ngwá egwú dị

Ka ikuku na agba ọsọ wee tụnyere site na ebe ruo na ebe, ọ dị mkpa ka a tụlee mmetụta nke ala ahụ, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ịdị elu. Ihe ndị ọzọ a na eche echiche ọnụnọ nke osisi, na ma canyons okike na canyons aka mere (ụlọ ime obodo). Ogo anemometer ọkọlọtọ dị n'ime ime obodo mepere emepe bụ mita iri.^[13]

Hụkwa

↑ History of the Anemometer. Logic Energy (2012-06-18).
↑ World Meteorological Organization. Vane anemometer. Eumetcal. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved on 6 April 2014.
↑ Various (2018-01-01). Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1 (in en). Prabhat Prakashan.
↑ Hot-wire Anemometer explanation. eFunda. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved on 18 September 2006.
↑ Iten (29 June 1976). Laser Doppler Anemometer. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved on 18 September 2006.
↑ Giebhardt (December 20, 2010). "Chapter 11: Wind turbine condition monitoring systems and techniques", in Dalsgaard Sørensen: Wind Energy Systems: Optimising design and construction for safe and reliable operation. Elsevier, 329–349. ISBN 9780857090638.
↑ Windvanes and anemometers. Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza.
↑ Sprat [1663] (1746). "A Method for making a History of the Weather", The History of the Royal Society of London.
↑ Walker. History of the Meteorological Office. Cambridge University Press. “The habit of making weather observations regularly and systematically was encouraged by the Royal Society, and as early as 1663 Hooke presented to the Society his paper titled 'A method for making a history of the weather'”
↑ Dines (1892). "Anemometer Comparisons". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 18 (83). DOI:10.1002/qj.4970188303. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
↑ Instrumentation: Pitot Tube Static Anemometer, Part 1. Mt. Washington Observatory. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
↑ Instrumentation: Pitot Tube Static Anemometer, Part 2. Mt. Washington Observatory. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
↑ Oke (2006). "3.5 Wind speed and direction", Initial Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations At Urban Sites, Instruments and Observing Methods. World Meteorological Organization, 19–26. Retrieved on 4 February 2013.

Mmetụta ikuku na-agafe
Anemoi, maka mmalite oge ochie nke aha teknụzụ a
Anemoscope, ngwaọrụ oge ochie maka ịtụ ma ọ bụ ịkọ ọdịnihu ma ọ bụ ihu igwe
Ebe ihu igwe na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya
N'abalị nke Nnukwu Ifufe
Nchịkọta nke ihe oyiyi
Igwe ikuku Savonius
Nkọwapụta ike ifufe
Ifufe na-agba ọsọ
Windsock, ihe ngosi dị mfe nke a na-ahụ anya nke ọsọ na ntụziaka nke ifufe

Ihe edeturu

Ebensibịa

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Ụkpụrụ nke Ọrụ: Mmetụta ụda olu - FT Technologies
Thermopedia, "Anemometers (laser doppler) "
Thermopedia, "Anemometers (pulsed thermal) "
Thermopedia, "Anemometers (vane) "
Rotorvane Anemometer. Ịtụ ma ọsọ ifufe na ntụziaka site na iji ihe mmetụta atọ echekwara Wayback Machine

[1] History of the Anemometer. Logic Energy (2012-06-18).

[WMO-2] World Meteorological Organization. Vane anemometer. Eumetcal. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved on 6 April 2014.

[3] Various (2018-01-01). Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1 (in en). Prabhat Prakashan.

[4] Hot-wire Anemometer explanation. eFunda. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved on 18 September 2006.

[5] Iten (29 June 1976). Laser Doppler Anemometer. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved on 18 September 2006.

[6] Giebhardt (December 20, 2010). "Chapter 11: Wind turbine condition monitoring systems and techniques", in Dalsgaard Sørensen: Wind Energy Systems: Optimising design and construction for safe and reliable operation. Elsevier, 329–349. ISBN 9780857090638.

[7] Windvanes and anemometers. Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza.

[8] Sprat [1663] (1746). "A Method for making a History of the Weather", The History of the Royal Society of London.

[9] Walker. History of the Meteorological Office. Cambridge University Press. “The habit of making weather observations regularly and systematically was encouraged by the Royal Society, and as early as 1663 Hooke presented to the Society his paper titled 'A method for making a history of the weather'”

[10] Dines (1892). "Anemometer Comparisons". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 18 (83). DOI:10.1002/qj.4970188303. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.

[11] Instrumentation: Pitot Tube Static Anemometer, Part 1. Mt. Washington Observatory. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.

[12] Instrumentation: Pitot Tube Static Anemometer, Part 2. Mt. Washington Observatory. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.

[13] Oke (2006). "3.5 Wind speed and direction", Initial Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations At Urban Sites, Instruments and Observing Methods. World Meteorological Organization, 19–26. Retrieved on 4 February 2013.

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