Arawak Asụsụ
Arawak ( Arowak, Aruák ), nke a makwaara dị ka Lokono ( Lokono Dian, n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu ndị mmadụ" nke ndị na-asụ ya), bụ asụsụ Arawakan nke ndị Lokono (Arawak) nke South America na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, na French Guiana . Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-akpọ aha ezinụlọ Arawakan.
Lokono bụ asụsụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike .
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Lokono bụ asụsụ nwere nnukwu nsogbu. [1] A na-asụkarị asụsụ Lokono na South America. Ụfọdụ obodo a kapịrị ọnụ ebe a na-asụ asụsụ a gụnyere Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, na Venezuela. [2] Onu ogugu ndi mmadu na-ekwu okwu nke oma nke nwere ezi ihe omuma nke asusu bu 5% nke onu ogugu ndi mmadu. [3] Enwere obere obodo nke ndị na-asụ ọkara nke nwere ogo nghọta na nghọta dị iche iche na Lokono na-eme ka asụsụ ahụ dị ndụ. [4] A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,500 fọdụrụ (gụnyere ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma na nke na-asụ asụsụ). [5] Mbelata nke iji Lokono dị ka asụsụ nzikọrịta ozi bụ n'ihi enweghị mgbasa ozi site n'aka ndị na-asụ okenye na ọgbọ na-abịa. A naghị asụ ụmụntakịrị asụsụ a, ebe a na-akụziri ha ka ha na-asụ asụsụ obodo ha. [1]
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Lokono bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawakan buru ibu nke ụmụ amaala South na Central America na Caribbean na-asụ. [6] Ezinụlọ ahụ gbasara mba anọ nke Central America - Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua - na asatọ nke South America - Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (na bụkwabu Argentina na Paraguay). Ebe ihe dị ka asụsụ 40 dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ kacha ukwuu na Latin America. [7]
Etymology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Arawak bụ aha ebo na-ekwu maka isi nri ihe ọkụkụ, mgbọrọgwụ akpu, nke a na-akpọkarị manioc. Mgbọrọgwụ akpu bụ ihe na-ewu ewu maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na South America, Eshia na Africa. [8] Ọ bụ osisi shrub tolitere n'ebe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ebe okpomọkụ. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Arawak na-akọwakwa onwe ha dị ka Lokono, nke sụgharịrị dị ka "ndị mmadụ". Ha na-akpọ asụsụ ha Lokono Dian, "Okwu ndị mmadụ". [9]
Aha ndị ọzọ nke otu asụsụ gụnyere Arawák, Arahuaco, Aruak, Arowak, Arawac, Araguaco, Aruaqui, Arwuak, Arrowukas, Arahuacos, Locono, na Luccumi. [10]
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Lokono bụ asụsụ Arawakan a na-ahụkarị ka a na-asụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname na French Guiana. Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ obodo 2,500 taa. Ndị na-esonụ bụ mpaghara ebe ahụrụla Arawak ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo na-asụ.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||
| <small id="mwig">aspirated</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||
| <small id="mwlg">voiced</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||
| Fricative | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||
| Nasal | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||
| Approximant | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||
| Rhotic | <small id="mwxw">trill</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||
| <small id="mw0g">tap</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||||
| Character Used | Additional Usage | IPA symbol | Arawak Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | b | Like b in boy. | |
| č | tj | t͡ʃ | Like ch in chair. |
| d | d ~ d͡ʒ | Like d in day. Before i the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the j in jeep. | |
| f | ɸ | This sound does not exist in English. It is pronounced by narrowing your lips and blowing through them, as if you were playing a flute. | |
| x | h | h | Like h in hay. |
| j | j | Like y in yes. | |
| k | c, qu | k | Like the soft k sound in English ski. |
| kh | k, c, qu | kh | Like the hard k sound in English key. |
| l | l | Like l in light. | |
| ř | rh, lh | ɽ | No exact equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex r, pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. It is found in Indian English. Some American English speakers also pronounce this sound in the middle of the word "hurting." |
| m | m | Like m in moon. | |
| n | n | Like n in night. | |
| p | p | Like the soft p in spin. | |
| r | ɾ | Like the r in Spanish pero, somewhat like the tt in American English butter. | |
| s | z, c | s | Like the s in sun. |
| t | t ~ t͡ʃ | Like the soft t in star. Before i the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ch in cheek. | |
| th | t | th ~ t͡ʃʰ | Like the hard t in tar. Before i the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ch in cheek. |
| hu | w | w | Like w in way. |
| ' | ʔ | A pause sound (glottal stop), like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh." |
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i | ɨ | |
| N'etiti | e | o | |
| Mepee | a |
Pet kwuru na nghota ụda olu nke /o/ dị iche n'etiti [ o ] na [ u ].
| Eji agwa | Ojiji mgbakwunye | Akara IPA | Mkpọkpọ Arawak |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | Dị ka nna . | |
| aa | a· | aː | Dị ka naanị jide ogologo. |
| e | e | Dị ka e ụda na Spanish, dị ka a na gate . | |
| ee | e·, e: | eː | Dị ka e jide naanị ogologo oge. |
| i | i | Dị ka m nọ na uwe ojii . | |
| ii | i·, i: | iː | Dị ka m ji naanị ogologo oge. |
| o | o ~ u | Dị ka o na ndetu ma ọ bụ ị nọ n'ọjà . | |
| oo | o·, o: | oː | Dị ka o jigidere ogologo oge. |
| y | ị, |
ɨ | Dị ka e na roses . |
| yy | y:,uu, |
ɨː | Dị ka nke dị n'elu y, naanị ejidere ogologo oge. |
Usoro edemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro asụsụ Arawak nwere usoro mkpụrụedemede yiri mkpụrụedemede Rome nwere obere mgbanwe na mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na mkpụrụedemede.
| Eji agwa | Ojiji mgbakwunye | Akara IPA | Mkpọkpọ Arawak |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | Dị ka nna . | |
| aa | a· | aː | Dị ka naanị jide ogologo. |
| e | e | Dị ka e ụda n'asụsụ Spanish, yiri nke a na ọnụ ụzọ ámá . | |
| ee | e·, e: | eː | Dị ka e jide naanị ogologo oge. |
| i | i | Dị ka m nọ na uwe ojii . | |
| ii | i·, i: | iː | Dị ka m ji naanị ogologo oge. |
| o | o ~ ị | Dị ka o na ndetu ma ọ bụ ị nọ n'ọjà . | |
| oo | o·, o: | oː | Dị ka o jigidere ogologo oge. |
| y | ɨ | Dị ka u in on, naanị akpọpụta elu n'ọnụ. | |
| yy | y: | ɨː | Dị ka y jigidere ogologo oge. |
Akwụkwọ ozi ndị dị na brackets n'okpuru mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla bụ akara IPA maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla.
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Egosiri nnochiaha onwe onye n'okpuru. Ụdị dị n'aka ekpe bụ ụdị n'efu, nke nwere ike iguzo naanị ya. Ụdị dị n'aka nri bụ ụdị ejikọtara ( prefixes ), nke a ga-etinyerịrị n'ihu nke ngwaa, aha, ma ọ bụ nbido .
| Otu | Ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|
| Onye mbụ | de, da- | anyi, wa- |
| Onye nke abụọ | bi, by- | ndewo, hy- |
| Onye nke atọ | lee, ly- (he)
tho, gi- (she) |
na, na- |
Mgbakwunye ntụnye aka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ekewa ngwaa niile n'ime transitive, transitive na-arụ ọrụ, na stive intransitive.
| prefixes | suffixes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| otu | otutu | otu | otutu | ||
| Onye mbụ | nu- ma ọ bụ ta- | wa- | -na, -te | -wa | |
| Onye nke abụọ | (p) i- | (h) i- | -pi | - ndewo | |
| Onye nke atọ | non-formal | ri-, i | na- | ri, -i | -na |
| formal | , ru- | na- | -tu,-ru,-u | -na | |
| 'nke onwe' | pa- | - | - | - | |
A= Sa= nganiihu ntụnye aka gafee
O=So= nkwubi okwu ntughari obe
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]okike
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'asụsụ Arawak, e nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị. A na-eji ha na ntinye ntụaka n'ofe, na ngosipụta, na nhọpụta na nnochiaha onwe onye. Ụdị okike ndị a na-ahụkarị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ nwanyị na ndị na-abụghị nke nwanyị. Ihe nrịbama ahụ na-alaghachi na Arawak onye nke atọ na-ezo aka n'obe: nwanyị -(r) u, nwoke -(r) i [10]
Nọmba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Arawak na-amata ihe dị iche iche na otu, mana ọtụtụ bụ nhọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye nrụtụ aka bụ mmadụ. Ihe nrịbama ejiri bụ *-na/-ni (anụmanụ/ọtụtụ mmadụ) na *-pe (na-adịghị ndụ/na-abụghị nke mmadụ). [10]
Nnweta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ekewapụta aha Arawak ka ọ bụrụ nke na-enweghị ike ịpụnara ya na nke enweghị atụ. Aha ndị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka akụkụ ahụ, okwu maka ikwu na aha nkịtị dị ka nhọrọ nri. Nhọpụta aha okwu bụ nke otu ahụ. Ụdị ihe onwunwe abụọ a nwere akara prefixes (A/Sa). Aha ndị nwere ihe na-enweghị atụ nwere ihe a maara dị ka ụdị "enweghị ikike" (nke a makwaara dị ka "zuru oke") nke akara suffix * -tfi ma ọ bụ * -hV. Aha ndị nwere ahapụrụ iche were otu n'ime suffixes *-ne/ni, *-te, *-re, *i/e, ma ọ bụ *-na. Suffixes niile ejiri dị ka nominalizers. [11]
Negation
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Arawak nwere prefix na-adịghị mma ma- na njirimara-ihe nganiihu ka-. Ihe atụ nke ojiji bụ ka-witi-w ("nwanyị nwere anya ọma") na ma-witti-w ("nwanyị nwere anya ọjọọ", ya bụ, nwanyị kpuru ìsì).
Esemokwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-agbakwunye oge na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu: a na-egosi oge gara aga na bura ma ọ bụ bora (site na ubura "tupu"), n'ọdịnihu na dikki (site na adiki "mgbe"), ugbu a na-aga n'ihu na-eji loko ma ọ bụ roko . [12] [13] []
Ihe atụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Bekee | Eastern Arawak (Guiana French) | Western Arawak (Venezuela, Guyana na Suriname) |
|---|---|---|
| Otu | Ábá | Aba |
| Abụọ | Bian | Biama |
| Atọ | Kabun | Kabyn |
| Anọ | Biti | Bithi |
| Nwoke | Walili | Walili |
| Nwanyị | Hiaro | Hiaro |
| Nkịta | Péero | Péero |
| Anyanwụ | Hadali | Hadali |
| Ọnwa | Kati | Kathi |
| Mmiri | Uini | Vuniabu |
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Templeeti:Languages of French Guiana
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Pet (2011). A Grammar Sketch and Lexicon of Arawak (Lokono Dian), SIL eBook 30. SIL International. Retrieved on 2014-10-24.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lokono. Endangered Languages Project. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved on 2018-01-05.
- ↑ Aikhenvald (2006). "7. Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance and Problems of Subgrouping: A north Arawak Case Study", in Aikhenvald: Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics. ISBN 9780199283088. Retrieved on 2020-11-24.
- ↑ Edwards (1979). "An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana". Ethnohistory 26 (2): 161. DOI:10.2307/481091.
- ↑ Harbert (1988). "Movement and Adjunct Morphology in Arawak and Other Languages" (in en). International Journal of American Linguistics 54 (4): 416–435. DOI:10.1086/466095.
- ↑ Aikhenvald (2013). "Arawak Languages", Linguistics. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0119. ISBN 9780199772810. Retrieved on 2018-01-05.
- ↑ De Carvalho (2016). "The diachrony of person-number marking in the Lokono-Wayuunaiki subgroup of the Arawak family: reconstruction, sound change and analogy" (in en). Language Sciences 55: 1–15. DOI:10.1016/j.langsci.2016.02.001.
- ↑ Arawak languages (en-GB). Research@JCU. Archived from the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved on 2018-07-10.
- ↑ Aikhenvald (1995). "Person marking and discourse in North Arawak languages" (in en). Studia Linguistica 49 (2): 152–195. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9582.1995.tb00469.x.
- ↑ (1980) A Brief Introduction to Some Aspects of the Culture and Language of the Guyana Arawak (Lokono) Tribe. Amerindian Languages Project, University of Guyana. Retrieved on 2020-11-24.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hill (2010-10-01). Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252091506. Retrieved on 2020-11-24.
- ↑ Rybka (2015). "State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language". Language Documentation & Conservation 9: 110–133.
- ↑ Brinton (1871). The Arawack language of Guiana in its linguistic and ethnological relations. Philadelphia, McCalla & Stavely.
- ↑ Patte (2011). La langue arawak de Guyane: présentation historique et dictionnaires arawak-français et français-arawak (in fr). Marseille: Institut de recherche pour le développement. ISBN 978-2-7099-1715-5.
- ↑ Trevino (2016). "Arawak". Salem Press Encyclopedia.