Asụsụ A-Hmao
| A-Hmao ad Hmaob lul, A-hmaos | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | China | |
| Region: | Guizhou, Yunnan | |
| Total speakers: | 300,000 | |
| Language family: | Hmong–Mien Hmongic West Hmongic A-Hmao | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | hmd
| |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Asụsụ A-Hmao (ma ọ bụ Ahmao ), nke a makwaara dị ka Large Flowery Miao ( pinyin ), Hua Miao, ma ọ bụ Northeast Yunnan Miao ( Chinese ), bụ asụsụ Hmongic a na-asụ na China. Ọ bụ asụsụ e mere edemede Pollard maka, [1] [2] ma na-egosipụta nnukwu ụda sandhi . Enwere ogo mmụta dị elu na Pollard n'etiti ndị okenye.
Asụsụ e dere ọkọlọtọ, ma n'asụsụ Pollard ma n'asụsụ Latịn, bụ nke Shíménkǎn (石门坎 ) obodo dị na Weining County .
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ A-Hmao bụ ngalaba nke asụsụ West Hmongic, nke a makwaara dị ka Chuanqiandian Miao ( Chinese ) na Western Miao, nke bụ ngalaba bụ isi nke asụsụ Hmongic nke China na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.
Wang Fushi (1985) chịkọtara asụsụ Western Miao n'ime ngalaba asatọ: [3]
- Chuanqiandian Miao
- Northeast Yunnan Miao ( A-Hmao asụsụ )
- Guiyang Miao
- Huishui Miao
- Mashan Miao
- Luobohe Miao
- Chong'anjiang Miao
- Pingtang Miao
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụ asụsụ A-Hmao n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Yunnan Province na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Guizhou Province, karịsịa na Zhaotong, Kunming, Qujing, Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture, Weining Yi, Hui, na Miao autonomous county, Hezhang County , Liupanshui . Enwere ndị na-asụ obodo 300,000. Olumba ọkọlọtọ bụ nke Shimenkan (石门坎), Mpaghara Weining (威宁县).
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọzọkwa, Gerner (2022) na-ewere iku ume dị ka ihe onwunwe nke mmalite, dị ka [lʱ] na okwu lif [lʱi 11 ] 'abụọ', na-akọkwa mpụta nke na-achọsi ike [ɬʰ], dị ka ọ dị n'okwu [ɬʰi 11 ] 'aghọ'. [ 7 ]
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Azu | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <small id="mwAZE">na-agbaghị gburugburu</small> | <small id="mwAZQ">gbara okirikiri</small> | <small id="mwAZc">na-agbaghị gburugburu</small> | <small id="mwAZo">gbara okirikiri</small> | |||
| Mechie | i /i / | yu /y / | w /ɯ / | ị /ị / | ||
| N'etiti | e /e / | e /ọ / | o /o / | |||
| Mepee | a /aka / | |||||
| Diphthong | rising | ai /ai̯/ | eu /œy̯/ | ang /ɑɯ̯/ | ao /ɑu̯/ | |
| falling | ya bu /i̯e/ | iw /i̯ɯ/
ia /i̯ɑ/ |
iu /i̯u/
io /i̯o/ | |||
| Triphthong | iai /i̯ai̯/ | iang /i̯ɑɯ̯/ | iao /i̯ɑu̯/ | |||
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Ụda | Akara | Uru |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | b | ˥˧ 54 |
| 2 | x | ˧˥ 35 |
| 3 | d | ˥ 55 |
| 4 | l | ˩ 11 |
| 5 | t | ˨ 33 |
| 6 | s | ˧˩ 31 |
| 7 | k | ˩ 11 |
| 8 | f | ˧˩ 31 |
Na ndabere nke ụda asatọ nke A-Hmao, na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke anọ, nke isii, na ụda nke asatọ na-agbajie akụkụ ma ọ bụ kpam kpam ụzọ abụọ. Kachasịa, enwere ike ịnwe ihe ruru ụda iri na otu. N'ụzọ bụ isi, aha na quantifiers bụ akụkụ nke otu nke mbụ, ma ha dị elu na ọkwa. Klas okwu ndị ọzọ bụ akụkụ nke ngalaba nke abụọ, ma ha dị ala na ụda olu.
Asụsụ A-Hmao na-egosipụta nnukwu ụda sandhi . Yiri alaka ndị ọzọ nke asụsụ West Hmongic, ụda sandhi na-eme na syllable nke abụọ mgbe mkpụrụokwu mbụ nke okwu enweghị ike bụ ụda larịị (ụda mbụ na nke abụọ).
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Morphology na okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọdịdị nke ngalaba atọ nke asụsụ Hmong bụ otu ihe. Ihe atụ ndị a sitere na Central Miao. A-Hmao yiri Hmong, nke bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ọtụtụ morphemes bụ monosyllables. N'ihi ya, ngwaa anaghị emetụta nke ọma . A na-egosipụta ihe dị egwu, akụkụ, ọnọdụ, mmadụ, ọnụọgụgụ, okike, na ikpe n'ụdị lex. [4]
Usoro edemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị A-Hmao enweghị usoro odide ụmụ amaala. Na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, onye ozi ala ọzọ bụ Samuel Pollard chepụtara ihe odide Pollard, bụ nke dabeere na akara ngosi ndị e ji achọ mma na uwe ha. Tupu iwebata ihe odide Pollard, ndị A-Hmao dekọrọ akụkọ ha site na abụ ochie ha ma na-akpa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ncheta ha na uwe ha. Ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke A-Hmao.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Smalley (1990). Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script (in en). University of Chicago Press.
- ↑ Duffy (2007). Writing from These Roots: Literacy in a Hmong-American Community (in en). University of Hawaii Press.
- ↑ Wang (1985). Miáoyǔ jiǎnzhì (in zh). Minzu chubanshe.
- ↑ Strecker (1986). White Hmong Grammar (in en).
Isi mmalite
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Chang (2010). "“Sluicing” in Hmong (A-Hmao)", in Clemens: Proceedings of the 22nd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-22) & the 18th International Conference on Chinese Linguistics (IACL-18). Vol 2.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 102-116.
- Gerner (2019). Highlights from three Language Families in Southwest China. Duisburg, Germany: Research Foundation Language and Religion.
- Gerner (2022). "Typologically rare properties of Miao languages", in Shei: The Routledge Handbook of Asian Linguistics. London: Routledge, 47–71.
- Li (2002). Miáozú yǔyán yǔ wénhuà. Guìzhou minzu xueyuan xueshu.
- Liu (1993). "Wēiníng Miáoyǔ gǔ diào zhí gòunǐ" (in zh). Zhōngyāng mínzú xuéyuàn xuébào 1993 (3): 85–91. DOI:10.15970/j.cnki.1005-8575.1993.03.019.
- Wang (1995). Miáo-Yáoyǔ gǔyīn gòunǐ (in zh). Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ji (2021). Dianbei Miaoyu yanjiu 滇北苗语研究. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. OCLC 1294549562.
- Li (2018). "Diānběi Dàhuā Miáo Miáoyǔ gàikuàng". Mínzú yǔwén 2018 (5): 86–97. Retrieved on 2021-08-11. [Big Flowery Miao 大花苗 of Sapushan 洒普山, Wulong Village 乌龙村, Shishan Town 狮山镇, Wuding County, Yunnan]
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- A-Hmao (Diandongbei) akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị na Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Ndepụta mkpụrụokwu 283 na olumba Wuding Jiyi A-Hmao 花苗, ewepụtara na Standard Mandarin, nke Kaipuleohone debere. ( KG2-003, KG2-019 )