Gaa na ọdịnaya

Asụsụ Aleut

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Aleut
Unangam Tunuu

Уна́ӈам тунуу́/унаӈан умсуу
Pronunciation [uˈnaŋam tuˈnuː]
Native to Alaska (Aleutian, Pribilof Islands, Alaskan Peninsula west of Stepovak Bay), Kamchatka Krai (Commander Islands)
Ethnicity 7,234 Aleut
Native speakers
 <80 in Alaska (2022)[1]

extinct in Russia 2021
Eskaleut
  • Aleut
Early form
Latin (Alaska)

Cyrillic (Alaska, Russia)
Official status
Official language in
  Alaska[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-2 ale
ISO 639-3 ale
Glottolog aleu1260
ELP Aleut
Aleut is spoken on the Aleutian Islands
Aleut is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Aleut / / æli uːt / AL AL ee-oot ) ma ọ bụ Unangam Tunuu bụ asụsụ Aleut bi na Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, na Alaska Peninsula (na Aleut Alaxsxa na-asụ., mmalite nke aha steeti Alaska). Aleut bụ naanị asụsụ na ngalaba Aleut nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Eskimo–Aleut . Asụsụ Aleut nwere olumba atọ, gụnyere Unalaska (East Aleut), Atka / Atkan (Atka Aleut), na Attu / Attuan (Western Aleut, ugbu a kpochapuru). [3]

Ihe ngosi na asụsụ Aleut na Museum nke Aleutians

Ebe dị iche iche na-eche na ọ dị ihe na-erughị 100 ruo 150 ndị na-ekwu okwu Aleut na-arụ ọrụ. [4] [5] [6] N'ihi nke a, a na-ekewa Eastern na Atkan Aleut dị ka "dị oke egwu na ikpochapụ" [7] ma nwee ọkwa Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) nke 7. [8] A hapụla ọrụ ime ka Aleut dị ọhụrụ n'aka ndị ọchịchị ime obodo na ndị otu obodo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na mpaghara ndị na-asụ Aleut n'akụkọ ihe mere eme enweghị ọmụmụ asụsụ/ọdịnala ọ bụla na usoro ọmụmụ ha, na ndị na-adịghị emepụta ndị ọkà okwu nke ọma ma ọ bụ ọbụna ndị maara nke ọma. [9]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe akaebe na-egosi omenala jikọtara ya na ndị na-ekwu okwu Aleut na Eastern Aleutian Islands dị ka afọ 4,000 gara aga, na-esote mgbasawanye nke nta nke nta n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime afọ 1,500 na-esote na Agwaetiti Dị nso . [10] Mgbasawanye ọdịda anyanwụ ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị ka 1,000 afọ gara aga, nke nwere ike ịkọwa enweghị mgbanwe doro anya n'etiti olumba Aleut, yana njirimara Eastern Aleut agbasawo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. [11] A na-akọwa mgbasawanye ọdịda anyanwụ nke abụọ a dị ka oge mmekọ omenala na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Alaska na Pacific Northwest Coast, [12] nke nwere ike ịkọwa njirimara asụsụ nke Aleut na-ekerịta asụsụ ndị agbata obi na-abụghị Eskimo, dị ka iwu nke nhazi ọtụtụ. [13] [14]

N'ihi ịchịisi nke ndị na-achị Russia na ndị ahịa na narị afọ nke 18 na 19, Aleut nwere akụkụ buru ibu nke okwu mgbazinye Russia. Otú ọ dị, ha adịghị emetụta okwu ndị bụ́ isi, ya mere ha adịghị atụ aro mmetụta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị n'asụsụ ahụ. [15]

Okwu mbinye Russian na Bering Aleut [16] : p. 5 
Ọkụ Aleut Russian Ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee
пруса̄йил ( prusaajil ) прощаться ( proŝatʹsâ ) were ezumike; kwuo nke ọma
сулкуӽ ( sulkux̂ ) шёлк ( šëlk ) silk
на̄нкал ( naankal ) нянчить ( nânčitʹ ) ka nọọsụ
на̄нкаӽ ( naankax̂ ) нянька ( nânʹka ) onye nọọsụ
ра̄ниӽ ( raanix̂ ) рана ( rana ) ọnya, mmerụ ahụ
рисувал ( risuval ) рисовать ( risovatʹ ) ise
саса̄тхиӽ ( sasaatxix̂ ) засада ( zasada ) ambuscade
миса̄йал ( misaajal ) мешать ( mešatʹ ) itinye aka
зӣткал ( ziitkal ) жидкий ( židkij ) mmiri mmiri, mmiri mmiri

A na -ebu ụzọ akwadoro ihe dị nso na-enweghị olu na imi . Okwu mmalite nke ihe dị ka ihe na-akpata obere esemokwu ma nwee ike ịkpọ karịa ka olu ume ume. Ihe nrịbama nke imi na-apụ apụ na-amalite site n'ikuku ikuku na-enweghị olu site na imi ma nwee ike ịkwụsị n'ihu ụdaume. A na-eji ⟨ h ⟩ na-aga n'ihu ụda e nyere n'ihu na-anọchi anya njirimara amụma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-ede imi labial nke a na-adịghị agwụ agwụ ⟨ hm ⟩ .

Ihe dị ka ụda olu na imi nwere ike ịpụpụ n'otu akụkụ na kọntaktị na consonant enweghị olu yana na njedebe nke okwu.

Glottal na-enweghị olu ihe dị ka /h / na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọchịchọ mbụ n'ihu ụdaume. Na Atkan na Attuan, prevocalic /h / ọchịchọ dị iche na nke a na-anụ ma ọ bụghị ederede glottal nkwụsị mmalite nke ụdaume. Tulee halal ('ịtụgharị isi') na alal ('mkpa'). Ọdịiche a efuola na Eastern Aleut.

Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Aleut nke oge a nwere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dị mfe karịa n'ihi na olu dị iche n'etiti imi, sibilants na ihe dị ka furu efu. [17]

Consonants e depụtara na kọlụm eze nwere ebe dị iche iche a na-ekwu okwu. Nkwụsị ahụ, imi, na eze n'akụkụ na-enwekarị ọnụ okwu laminal. A na-akpọ fracative eze ekwuputara n'otu ọnụ. [17]

Mkpọpụta nke sibilant /s/ na-adịgasị iche site na nkwuwa okwu alveolar gaa na nkwuwa okwu eweghachitere dị ka consonant palato-alveolar. Enweghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti /s / na /ʃ / na Aleut. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Aleut na-enweta ihe isi ike na ọdịiche a mgbe ha na-amụ Bekee. [17]

Ọtụtụ nrụpụta nwere otu azuokokoosisi nke na-apụtakwa na-enweghị suffixes a na-ajụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekekọta ụfọdụ ị ga, na-eme naanị ya na ụfọdụ suffix mwepu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, tulee iĝa-t- 'ịtụ egwu, tụọ egwu' iĝa-x̂ta- 'ịtụ egwu, tụọ egwu' iĝa-na- 'iji dị egwu, na-atụ egwu'.

Syntax

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nchịkọta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọtụtụ okwu Aleut nwere ike nkewa dị ka aha ma ọ bụ ngwaa . A na-egosipụtakarị echiche ndị a na-asụ n'asụsụ Bekee site na adjectives na adverbs n'asụsụ Aleut site na iji ngwaa ma ọ bụ postbases ( derivational suffixes ).

Usoro usoro okwu nke Aleut bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa (SOV).

A na-edobe aha aha maka nọmba grammatical (otu, dual, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ) na maka ikpe zuru oke ma ọ bụ ikpe ikwu (ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta, karịsịa Anna Berge, na-arụrịta ụka ma njirimara nke njirimara a dị ka "ikpe" na aha zuru oke na ikwu . Nke a na-abịa na Aleut nouns si Eskimo linguistics, ma okwu ndị a nwere ike iduhie). Ụdị nke zuru oke bụ ụdị ndabara, ebe ụdị ikwu na-akọwa mmekọrịta (dị ka nwe ma ọ bụ iche) n'etiti aha na onye ọzọ so n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ikekwe nke ewepụrụ. Ihe zuru oke na onye ikwu bụ otu n'ọtụtụ nchikota mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ .

N'ime ihe eji arụ ọrụ, Aleut na-aka ma onye nwe ya na ihe onwunwe, ya na onye nwe ya na-ebute ụzọ ihe onwunwe ahụ:     Ngosipụta okwu ọnụ nke ahịrịokwu dị mfe nke nkebi ikpeazụ nke ahịrịokwu dị mgbagwoju anya na-ebu akara oge na usoro n'ihe metụtara omume okwu. Akara ngwaa nke nke na-abụghị nke ikpeazụ n'ihe metụtara nkebiokwu a. Ahịrịokwu dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ike ịnwe ọnụọgụ nkebiokwu na-akparaghị ókè.

Ahịrịokwu dị mfe nwere ike ịgụnye isiokwu ma ọ bụ enweghị isiokwu. Ihe nrịba ama nwere ike ịbụ ngwaa na-enweghị mmeju, aha predicate nwere copula, ma ọ bụ ngwaa nwere ihe bu ụzọ na-aga n'ihu n'okwu ikpe ziri ezi na/ma ọ bụ okwu mkparị ma ọ bụ mmeju mpaghara.

Enwere ike ịbawanye ma ọ bụ belata ọnụ ọgụgụ arụmụka site na suffixes nke okwu. Enwere ike ịkọwa arụmụka nke nkebiokwu n'ụzọ doro anya ma ọ bụ anaphoric.

Ngwaa nke ahịrịokwu dị mfe ma ọ bụ nkebi ikpeazụ nwere ike ịnwe isiokwu akpọrọ aha n'okwu ikpe zuru oke ma ọ bụ akara isiokwu nke mbụ// nke abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na ahapụrụ isiokwu aha aha, dị ka amara site na gburugburu, ngwaa ahụ na-egosi ntụaka anaphoric na isiokwu ahụ:   Aha ọnọdụ bụ aha aha pụrụ iche, mechiri emechi nke nwere ike buru okwu ikpe ebe ma ọ bụ nke ablative ; N'ọnọdụ ndị a, ha na-akpa àgwà dị ka postposition . Morphosyntactically, nkebiokwu ọnọdụ ọnọdụ fọrọ nke nta ka ha yitere nkebiokwu nwere:   A na-emegharị ngwaa maka ọnọdụ yana, ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere oke, maka mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ. Nkwụsị onye/ọnụọgụgụ kwenyere n'isiokwu nke ngwaa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị niile sonyere n'ahịrịokwu gafechara:   Ọ bụrụ na ewepụrụ onye nke atọ ma ọ bụ nke dị n'okpuru akụkụ ya, dị ka a maara site na gburugburu ya, enwere nrụtụ aka nke anaphoric na ngwaa ikpeazụ na isiokwu aha ya dị n'okwu ikpe:   Mgbe ewepụrụ ihe karịrị otu mpempe ozi, ngwaa ahụ na-ekwenye na mmewere nke ọnụọgụ ụtọ asụsụ ya kacha ukwuu. Nke a nwere ike ibute enweghị isi :  

Tụnyere ụtọasụsụ Eskimo

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ bụ ezie na Aleut na-enweta site n'otu asụsụ nne na nna dị ka asụsụ Eskimo, otu asụsụ abụọ ahụ (Aleut na Eskimo) ewepụtala n'ụzọ dị iche iche, na-ebute ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụdị . A na-ebelata morphology inflectional nke Aleut site na sistemu nke ga-abụrịrị na ọ dị na Proto-Eskimo–Aleut, na ebe asụsụ Eskimo na-akara arụmụka ngwaa n'ụzọ morphologically, Aleut na-adabere n'ụzọ siri ike na nhazi okwu.

N'adịghị ka asụsụ Eskimo, Aleut abụghị asụsụ na-enweghị isi . A naghị edenye isiokwu na ihe dị na Aleut akara dị iche iche dabere na ntụgharị ngwaa (ya bụ ma ngwaa ahụ ọ bụ transitive ma ọ bụ intransitive ); na ndabara, ha abụọ nwere ihe a na-akpọ aha njedebe. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ihe mmeju ghọtara (nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe nkwado nke ngwaa ma ọ bụ nke ihe ọzọ dị na ahịrịokwu ahụ) adịghị, ngwaa ahụ na-ewere akara "anaphoric" na aha isiokwu na-ewe njedebe "ikwu" .

Otu njiri mara nke Aleut na Eskimo na-ekekọrịta bụ morphology derivational polysynthetic, nke nwere ike iduga n'okwu ụfọdụ dị ogologo karịa:  

Akụkọ nyocha

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ mbụ nke ndị si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa nwere asụsụ Aleut mere na 1741, ka njem Vitus Bering nwetara aha ebe na aha ndị Aleut ha zutere. Ndekọ mbụ nke asụsụ Aleut n'ụdị lexicon pụtara na ndepụta okwu nke olumba Unalaskan nke Captain James King chịkọtara na njem Cook na 1778. N'oge ahụ Imperial Academy of Sciences na Saint Petersburg nwere mmasị na asụsụ Aleut mgbe ha nụrụ banyere njem ndị Russia maka ịzụ ahịa.

N'ọrụ Catherine the Great iji chịkọta nnukwu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'asụsụ niile a na-asụ n'ihe gbasara alaeze ukwu Rọshịa n'oge ahụ, ọ goro Peter Simon Pallas ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ubi nke ga-anakọta ozi asụsụ na Aleut. N'oge njem site na 1791 ruo 1792, Carl Heinrich Merck na Michael Rohbeck chịkọtara ọtụtụ ndepụta okwu wee mee ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nwoke gụnyere aha Aleut prebaptism. Explorer Yuriy Feodorovich Lisyansky chịkọtara ọtụtụ ndepụta okwu. na 1804 na 1805, onye isi ala eze, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov chịkọtara ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. Johann Christoph Adelung na Johann Severin Vater bipụtara Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachkunde 1806–1817, nke gụnyere Aleut n'ime asụsụ ndị ọ depụtara, dị ka ọrụ ọkọwa okwu Catherine the Great.

Ọ bụ na 1819 ka onye ọkachamara ọkachamara mbụ, bụ Dane Rasmus Rask, gụrụ Aleut. Ọ chịkọtara okwu na paradaịs n'aka ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ nke Eastern Aleut bi na Saint Petersburg. Na 1824, nwoke ahụ ga-agbanwe Aleut dị ka asụsụ edemede bịara. Ioann Veniaminov, onye ụkọchukwu Ọtọdọks nke Russia nke ga-emesị ghọọ onye senti, rutere Unalaska na-amụ Unalaskan Aleut. O kere ihe odide maka asụsụ a (iji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Cyrillic eme ihe; mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Rome ga-abịa ma emesịa), sụgharịa Oziọma ahụ dị ka St. Matthew si kwuo na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ okpukpe ndị ọzọ na Aleut, ma bipụta ụtọ asụsụ nke Eastern Aleut na 1846.

Ndị enyi Veniaminov bụ Ivan Pan'kov (onyeisi Tigalda) na Iakov Netsvetov (onye ụkọchukwu Atka), bụ́ ndị abụọ bụ́ ndị na-asụ Aleut, bụ́ ndị e ji sụgharịa akwụkwọ okpukpe a sụgharịrị ya. Netsvetov dekwara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Atkan Aleut. Mgbe e bipụtasịrị akwụkwọ ndị Veniaminov, ọtụtụ ndị okpukpe nwere mmasị n’ịmụ na idekọ Aleut, bụ́ nke ga-enyere ndị ụkọchukwu Ọtọdọks a nke Rọshịa aka n’ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ ha. Fada Innocent Shayashnikov rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ n'olumba Eastern Fox-Island na-asụgharị Catechism, Oziọma anọ na Ọrụ Ndịozi sitere na Agba Ọhụrụ, na ihe odide mbụ na Aleut nke isiokwu ya bụ: “Obere Ọchịchị maka Ndụ Pious”.

E bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a na 1902, ọ bụ ezie na e dere ya afọ ole na ole gara aga na 1860 na 1870. Fada Lavrentii Salamatov weputara Catechism, na ntụgharị asụsụ atọ n'ime Oziọma anọ (St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John) n'olumba Western-Atkan. N'ime ọrụ Fada Lavrentii, e bipụtara Oziọma St. Mark n'akwụkwọ edegharịrị edegharị (1959), na n'ụdị mbụ ya, Russian-Aleut format (2007), yana Catechism ya maka ndị ntorobịa nke Atka Island (2007). E bipụtakwara Oziọma nke St. Jọn nke Atkan-olumba (2008), yana Oziọma nke St. Ntụgharị asụsụ Lavrentii nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ.

Onye France mbụ dekọtara Aleut bụ Alphonse Pinart, na 1871, obere oge ka United States zụtara Alaska . Victor Henry mekwara grammar French-Aleut, aha ya bụ Esquisse d'une grammaire raisonnee de la langue aleoute d'apres la grammaire et le vocabulaire de Ivan Veniaminov (Paris, 1879). Na 1878, American Lucien M. Turner malitere ọrụ na ịnakọta okwu maka ndepụta okwu. Benedykt Dybowski, Pole, malitere iwere ndepụta okwu site na olumba nke Commander Islands na 1881, ebe Nikolai Vasilyevich Slyunin, bụ dọkịta Russia, mere otu ihe ahụ na 1892.

Site na 1909 ruo 1910, ọkà mmụta ethnologist Waldemar Jochelson gara obodo Aleut nke Unalaska, Atka, Attu na Nikolski. Ọ nọrọ ọnwa iri na itoolu n'ebe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ubi. Jochelson chịkọtara ọrụ ethnographic ya site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-asụ Unalaskan abụọ, Aleksey Yachmenev na Leontiy Sivtsov . O dekọrọ ọtụtụ akụkọ Aleut, akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ifo, ma mee ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha dee ọ bụghị nanị na e dekọkwara ya na ọdịyo. Jochelson chọtara ọtụtụ okwu na ụtọ asụsụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, na-agbakwụnye na nkà mmụta sayensị nke asụsụ Aleut.

N'afọ ndị 1930, ndị Aleuts abụọ dere ọrụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ọganihu n'iji Aleut dị ka asụsụ edemede. Afinogen K. Ermeloff dere akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ụgbọ mmiri kpuru n'asụsụ obodo ya, ebe Ardelion G. Ermeloff debere akwụkwọ akụkọ na Aleut n'ime afọ iri. N'otu oge ahụ, ọkà mmụta asụsụ Melville Jacobs welitere ọtụtụ ederede ọhụrụ site na Sergey Golley, ọkà okwu Atkan nke nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge ahụ.

John P. Harrington gara n'ihu nyocha n'asụsụ Pribilof Island na St. Paul Island na 1941, na-achịkọta ụfọdụ okwu ọhụrụ n'ụzọ. Na 1944, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ime Obodo United States bipụtara The Aleut Language dị ka akụkụ nke agha ahụ, na-ekwe ka ndị agha Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ghọta asụsụ Aleuts. Ọrụ nke asụsụ bekee dabere na ọrụ Veniaminov.

N'afọ 1950, Knut Bergsland malitere nyocha nke Aleut nke ukwuu, ikekwe nke kachasị sie ike ruo taa, na-ejedebe na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Aleut zuru ezu na 1994 na nkọwa nkọwa na 1997. Ọrụ Bergsland agaraghị enwe ike ma ọ bụrụ na ndị isi Aleut na-arụkọ ọrụ, karịsịa onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Atkan Moses Dirks .

Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, Michael Fortescue, na Jerrold Sadock ebipụtala akụkọ banyere Aleut.

Alice Taff arụ ọrụ na Aleut kemgbe 1970s. Ọrụ ya bụ ihe ndekọ kachasị nke Aleut phonetics na phonology dị. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Anna Berge na-eme nchọpụta banyere Aleut. Ọrụ Berge gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nke usoro okwu Aleut na morphosyntax, yana ihe ọmụmụ maka Aleut, gụnyere ụtọasụsụ mkparịta ụka nke olumba Atkan, nke ya na Moses Dirks dere.

Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Soviet na Rọshịa amụwo nke ọma n'asụsụ Bering Island na asụsụ Mednyj Aleut : Georgy Menovshchikov [ ru ], Yevgeny Golovko [ ru ], Nikolay Vakhtin [ ru ] . Ebipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu [16] na ụtọ asụsụ zuru oke [18] .

Na 2005, parish nke All Saints nke North America Ọtọdọks Church malitere ibipụtaghachi ederede asụsụ Aleut akụkọ ihe mere eme site na 1840–1940. Archpriest Paul Merculief (nke sitere na Pribilofs) nke Dayọsis Ọtọdọks nke Russia na Alaska State Library Historical Collection nyere aka nkà mmụta asụsụ ha n'ụba na mbọ mweghachi ahụ. Ederede Aleut akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Aleut nke parish. [19]

Ntughari

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbalị mweghachi bụ mmepe na nso nso a maka asụsụ Aleut ma na-abụkarị n'aka ndị Aleut n'onwe ha. Ihe àmà mbụ nke ichekwa asụsụ ahụ bịara n’ụdị akwụkwọ e dere n’aka ndị ozi ala ọzọ Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ndị mere, Aleut na-ada na ihu ọma emewo ka ọ dị mkpa ime ihe ma ọ bụrụ na asụsụ ahụ ga-adị ogologo ogologo oge. Ndị ọkachamara n'asụsụ na-agakwuru ndị obodo Aleut na mbọ ịdekọ na idekọ asụsụ ahụ n'aka ndị ọkà okwu fọdụrụnụ. Mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ ruru "100 awa mkparịta ụka, yana nsụgharị na ntụgharị na Aleut, nke a ga-ebufe na diski kọmpat ma ọ bụ DVD". [20] Ọ bụrụ na Aleut ga-apụ n'anya, ihe ndekọ ndị a ga-eme ka ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ụmụ ndị Aleutian nyefe ọtụtụ ihe ọmụma nke asụsụ dị ka ha nwere ike. Mgbalị ndị dị otú a iji chekwaa asụsụ bụ ndị mahadum na ndị otu mmasị obodo na-akwado, dị ka Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association Task Force for Revitalization Language, ebe mmekọrịta gọọmentị na ndị Aleut nwere oke oke. N'otu aka ahụ n'asụsụ obodo California, gọọmentị United States enyebeghị asụsụ obodo nke Alaska obere nlebara anya. Ka ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-arụ ọrụ idekọ na idekọ asụsụ ahụ, ndị otu obodo Aleutian na-agba mbọ ichekwa asụsụ na omenala ha site n'inyere ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ aka na ime ka a mata ndị Aleut. [21]

Enwere nkuzi Aleut aha ya bụ Unangam Qilinĝingin na Memrise . [22]

Ntụaka

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ "How Many Speakers are There of Each Alaska Native Language?".
  2. ↑ "Alaska State Legislature".
  3. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  4. ↑ Unangam Tunuu (The Aleut Language) Preservation. Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved on March 16, 2013.
  5. ↑ Aleut. Alaska Native Language Center. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved on 2013-03-16.
  6. ↑ Alaska Native Languages: Population and Speaker Statistics. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved on 23 January 2018.
  7. ↑ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. UNESCO. Retrieved on 23 January 2018.
  8. ↑ Aleut. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 23 January 2018.
  9. ↑ Sealaska Heritage Institute: Alaska Native Language Programs, January 2012. The Alaska State Legislature. Retrieved on 23 January 2018.
  10. ↑ Corbett, D., West, D., and Lefèvre, C. (2010). The people at the end of the world: The Western Aleutians project and the archaeology of Shemya Island. Anchorage: Aurora. 
  11. ↑ Woodbury (1984). "Eskimo and Aleut languages". Handbook of North American Indians 5. 
  12. ↑ Dumond (2001). "Archaeology in the Aleut zone of Alaska, some recent research". Archaeology in the Aleut Zone of Alaska, Some Recent Research. 
  13. ↑ Leer (1991). "Evidence for a Northwest Coast language area: Promiscuous number marking and periphrastic possessive constructions in Haida, Eyak, and Aleut". International Journal of American Linguistics 57. DOI:10.1086/ijal.57.2.3519765. 
  14. ↑ Berge (2010). "Origins of linguistic diversity in the Aleutian Islands". Human Biology 82 (5–6): 5–6. DOI:10.3378/027.082.0505. PMID 21417884. 
  15. ↑ Berge (2014). Observations on the distribution patterns of Eskimo cognates and non-cognates in the basic Aleut (Unangam Tunuu) lexicon [poster]. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Головко (1994). Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект). Отд-ние изд-ва "Просвещение". ISBN 978-5-09-002312-2. Головко, Е.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Taff (2001). "Phonetic Structures of Aleut". Journal of Phonetics 29 (3): 231–271. DOI:10.1006/jpho.2001.0142. Taff, Alice; et al. (2001).
  18. ↑ Головко (2009). Язык командорских алеутов: диалект острова Беринга (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Наука. ISBN 978-5-02-025542-5. 
  19. ↑ Alaskan Orthodox texts (Aleut, Alutiiq, Tlingit, Yup'ik). Archived from the original on 2015-05-08. Retrieved on 2005-07-07.
  20. ↑ Saving Aleut: Linguist begins new effort to preserve native Alaskan language.
  21. ↑ Alaska Natives Loss of Social & Cultural Integrity.
  22. ↑ Llanes-Ortiz (2023). "Memrise for Ume Sámi and Kristang", Digital initiatives for indigenous languages, 101–102. Retrieved on 29 March 2024. “The success of the Kristang Memrise inspired the start of similar projects among speakers of other Indigenous languages, like Unangam Qilinĝingin in Alaska.” 

REL: ikwu okwu POSSM:possessum ANA: anaphoric

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Berge (2009). Niiĝuĝis Mataliin Tunuxtazangis: How the Atkans Talk (A Conversational Grammar). Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. 
  • Bergsland (1994). Aleut Dictionary = Unangam Tunudgusii: an unabridged lexicon of the Aleutian, Pribilof, and Commander Islands Aleut language. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. ISBN 978-1-55500-047-9. 
  • Bergsland (1997). Aleut Grammar = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. ISBN 978-1-55500-064-6. 
  •  
  • Rask (1921). "The Aleutian Language Compared with Greenlandic". International Journal of American Linguistics 2: 40–57. DOI:10.1086/463733. 
  •  
  • Taff (2001). "Phonetic structures of Aleut". Journal of Phonetics 29 (3): 231–271. DOI:10.1006/jpho.2001.0142. ISSN 0095-4470. 

Njikọ mpụga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asụsụ_Aleut&oldid=205897