Asụsụ Apurinã

Apurina, ma ọ bụ Ipurina, bụ asụsụ ndịda Maipurean nke ndị Apurina bi na Amazon basin na-asụ. Ọ nwere syntax na-arụ ọrụ-stive . Apurina bụ okwu Portuguese eji akọwa ndị Popikariwakori na asụsụ ha (Facundes 2000: 34). A na- ^{<span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2025)">ahụkarị</span> ] [} Apurina n'akụkụ Osimiri Purus, na mpaghara Northwwest Amazon na Brazil, na steeti Amazonas (Pickering 2009: 2) . Ndị bi na ya na-agbasa ugbu a karịa ala iri abụọ na asaa dị iche iche n'akụkụ Osimiri Purus (Apurinã PIB). na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya ruru mmadụ 9,500. Otú ọ dị, a na-ebu amụma na ihe na-erughị 30% nke ndị Apurina nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma (Facundes 2000: 35). . A pụghị ikpebi ọnụọgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu n'ezie n'ihi ọnụnọ agbasasị na mpaghara nke ndị ya. Mgbasa nke ndị na-asụ Apurina na mpaghara dị iche iche bụ esemokwu ma ọ bụ ọrịa kpatara na mbụ, nke mere ka ndị obodo ahụ ghara ịsụ asụsụ ahụ n'ihi enweghị omume nakwa n'ihi mmekọrịta ha na obodo ndị ọzọ.

Ọzọkwa, n'ihi ime ihe ike na mmegbu a na-eme ụmụ amaala, ụfọdụ ụmụ amaala na ụmụ ụmụ na-ahọrọ ịghara ịkọwa onwe ha dị ka ụmụ amaala, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-ahazi dịka ịsụ asụsụ ahụ (Facundes 2000: 23). ^{[ <span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2025)">Ntugharị zuru ezu achọrọ</span> ]} Mfefe dị ala na ịkọ asụsụ na-ebute ihe ize ndụ. Ọkwa ihe egwu nke Apurina dị ugbu a na ọkwa 3 (Facundes 2000: 4), nke pụtara na ọ bụ ezie na ndị okenye ka na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, ụmụaka anaghịzi amụ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-akụziri ha Portuguese ma ọ bụ Spanish kama, mbelata ọzọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ nwere ike ime n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, na-emecha mee ka ọ laa n'iyi.

fonology

Udaume

A na-etinye ụdaume Apurina n'imi site na ụdaume ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ọbụna gafee oke okwu. ^[1]

	Nkenke						Ogologo
	N'ihu		Central		Azu		N'ihu		Central		Azu
	Ọnụ ọnụ	Ihu imi	Ọnụ ọnụ	Ihu imi	Ọnụ ọnụ	Ihu imi	Ọnụ ọnụ	Ihu imi	Ọnụ ọnụ	Ihu imi	Ọnụ ọnụ	Ihu imi
Elu	i	ĩ	ɨ	ɨ̃			iː	ĩː	ɨː	ɨ̃ː
N'etiti	e	Ɛ			o	õ	eː	ẽː			oː	ọː
Dị ala			a	ã					aː	ãː

/e/ nwere ike wedata ya na [ɛ] mgbe a na-ebute mkpụrụokwu ọnụ.
/o/ nwere ike ghọta n'efu dị ka [ʊ, u] n'ime ọnọdụ mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar ma ọ bụ palatal	Velar	Glottal
Ihu imi	m	n	ɲ
Plosive	p	t		k
Mmekọrịta		t͡s	t͡ʃ
Nke na-ese okwu		s	ʃ		h
Mpịakọta		ɾ
Odika			j	ɰ

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

Akwụkwọ edemede Facundes (2000) na-enyocha morphology, ngalaba nke linguistics nke gbadoro ụkwụ n'ịmụ okwu ma gbadoro anya n'ụzọ bụ isi n'otú e si emepụta okwu, nhazi ụtọasụsụ ha, nhazi ha, na mmekọrịta ha na okwu ndị ọzọ n'otu asụsụ. Ọ na-amalite site na iwebata ngalaba nke morphology, ndị na-emepụta okwu na-esote ma na-ezo aka na morphemes, allomorphs, bound and free formives. Okwu mmeghe nke Facundes (2000) na morphology na-esochi nkọwa zuru oke nke morphology aha ebe ọ na-akọwa aha dị mfe, compound na deverbal. N'okwu dị mfe, Facundes (2000) na-ezo aka na aha ndị na-enweghị isi, dị mfe. Ha nwere naanị otu mgbọrọgwụ na enweghị ike ime ka ọ dị mfe karị. Anãpa maka 'nkịta' bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ ya (2000: 151).

Morphemes bụ otu n'ime ndị nrụpụta nke Facundes (2000) nyochara. Morphemes bụ iberibe ụtọ asụsụ ndị a na-ejikọta ọnụ iji mepụta otu ngwaahịa ikpeazụ, na-abụkarị okwu. Ọ bụ akụkụ kacha nta nke iwulite okwu n'asụsụ, yabụ enweghị ike imebi ya ọzọ (Facundes 2000: 19). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu a bụ "anaghị emebi emebi" nwere ụdị morpheme atọ: un, gbajie na ike . 'Un' bụ prefix na-aga n'ihu morpheme isi, gbajie. N'ikpeazụ, 'nwere ike' bụ suffix, morpheme na-eso morpheme isi. Ọ bụ ezie na nchikota nke otutu morphemes na-ewepụta okwu nwere ihe ọ pụtara, morphemes n'otu n'otu anaghị enwe ihe ọ pụtara mgbe niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike imebi okwu ahụ "emetụ" n'ime ụdị abụọ, "metụ", morpheme base na "ed", affix maka ntọala morpheme. N'ime morphemes na okwu-nhazi, Facundes (2000: 122) na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na ihe okwu pụtara anaghị akọwapụta mgbe niile, enwere klaasị abụọ dị iche iche na Apurinã. Okwu ụda olu na-enye ohere ka nkwụsịtụ mee n'ókè abụọ nke okwu ọzọ. Ihe atụ a bụ ihe nnọchianya nke okwu ụda nke nwere ike igosipụta 'nkwụsịtụ phenomenon' n'ụzọ ga-agbanwe usoro nke okwu ahụ pụtara n'ahịrịokwu ahụ na-emetụtaghị nkọwa zuru ezu nke ahịrịokwu ahụ (Facundes 2000: 122).

Okwu ụtọ asụsụ nwere obere mpụta ma ọ bụ nke na-edochaghị anya ma na-anọchi anya mmekọrịta ụtọ asụsụ na okwu ndị ọzọ n'otu ahịrịokwu ahụ. Dị ka Facundes (2000: 125) gosipụtara, nke ọ bụla n'ime ahịrịokwu ndị dị n'elu nwere akara plural wako-ru, nke a na-eji naanị aha. Ọzọkwa, a na-etinyekarị mkpụrụokwu n'asụsụ n'etiti mkpụrụokwu abụọ dịka a hụrụ n'ihe atụ dị n'okpuru. N'ime ya, a na-etinye mkpụrụ okwu abụọ nke uwa na muteka-nanu-ta n'akụkụ abụọ nke owa-kata "ya na ya." Ihe nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ pụtara bụ "O so ya na-agba ọsọ." A na-ejikwa affixes na morphology ma tinye ya n'ihu ma ọ bụ mgbe morpheme dị ala. Ha bụ ụdị n'agbụ nke na-edobe ihe nrụpụta ụtọasụsụ jikọtara ya na klaasị okwu. Ọnọdụ ebe etinyere affix na okwu na-agbanwe nhazi ya na ma ọ bụ prefix, nke dị n'ihu morpheme base, ma ọ bụ suffix, nke na-esote morpheme. N'ịmaatụ 4a nke Facundes nyere (2000:137), wako-ru bụ suffix plural ma bụrụkwa isi morpheme kuku, 'mmadụ'. Ojiji nke suffix na-eme ka isi morpheme, kuku, plural. Ọ si otú a ghọọ kuku-wako-ru 'nwoke' (2000: 124). Facundes (2000) na-akọwa ụdị ndị ọzọ nke bound formatives. A na-ekewa ha iche site na prefixes na suffixes wee na-arụkwa ọrụ dị iche iche. N'ihe atụ nke Facundes (2000) nyere, ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ese n'elu n'ahịrịokwu mana na-enwekwa nkọwa zuru oke. Dị ka a hụrụ n'ihe atụ ndị dị n'elu, a na-eji akara -ko mee ihe na ahịrịokwu 1a na 1b ma na-ewepụta ahịrịokwu ndị nwere otu ihe pụtara.

Valency

Ọrụ mbelata valency na-agbanwe ahịrịokwu ntụgharị gaa n'ahịrịokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe site n'ịgbanwe ọrụ nke isiokwu ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa enweghị atụ. A naghị elekwa ha anya dị ka isi arụmụka. Amara arụmụka na-enweghị isi ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ "onye ndidi" na ọ nweghị ọrụ dị oke egwu n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere arụmụka nwere ọrụ ntụgharị "onye nnọchi anya". Enwere ike ịhapụ arụmụka na-enweghị isi n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ma ahịrịokwu ahụ anaghị egbochi ozi ọ bụla. Ihe owuwu na-agafe agafe, dị ka Facundes kọwara (2000: 400), na-egosi site na pasive parker -ka mgbe morpheme base. Ihe nrịbama na-agafe agafe na-egosipụta ọrụ onye ọrịa n'ahịrịokwu (Facundes 2000: 400).

The causative morpheme –ka ₂ nwere otu ọrụ na ngwaa transitive na intransitive. Ihe dị iche bụ ọnọdụ dị na ahịrịokwu ahụ. Mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ na-adabere ma ngwaa bụ ngwaa klaasị ₁ ma ọ bụ ngwaa ₂ klas. Na nkenke, ngwaa klaasị ₁ nwere usoro eji ejikọta na isi ₀ ka ọ bụrụ ntọala ₁, si otú a na-eme ka ntọala ₁ bụrụ ngwakọta n'etiti isi ₀ na bound class ₁ formative (Facundes 2000: 308). Na-esote, ngwaa klaasị ₂ na-ejikọta na ntọala ₁ iji mepụta ntọala ₂ . Ngwaa klaasị ₂ Otú ọ dị, dị iche na klaasị ₁ na nrịbama verbalizer –ta adịghị mkpa.

Na nhazi nke klaasị ₁, ngwaa na-esochi ngwaa na-adabere na verbalizer marker –ta, dị ka a hụrụ n'ihe atụ ndị a dị n'elu. Na klaasị ₂, ihe nrịbama na-akpata bụ –ka ₃ na enweghị njikọ dabere na ngwaa ntọala (Facundes 2000: 325). A na-ekewa akara nrịbama –ka ₃ dị ka ngwaa klaasị ₂, mana –ka ₂ so na klaasị ₁ . Ihe atụ bụ Facundes (2000: 507) nyere maka ebe –ka ₂ na –ka ₃ dị ka akara nrịbama. N'ihe atụ nke mbụ, amarọnu bụ ihe na-akpata, na n bụ ihe kpatara ya. Site n'ịgbakwụnye akara na-akpata, ngwaa monovalent na-aghọ bivalent. N'otu aka ahụ, n'ihe atụ dị n'okpuru, nhi bụ ihe kpatara ya, na ru bụ ihe kpatara ya, nke na-eme ka ngwaa bivalent ghọọ ngwaa trivalent.

Ntụaka

bụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ

↑ WALS Online - Chapter Vowel Nasalization. wals.info. Archived from the original on 2023-10-06. Retrieved on 2023-11-24.

Njikọ mpụga

Facundes, Sidney da Silva (2000). Asụsụ Ndị Apurina nke Brazil (Maipure/Arawak) . Ph.D. akwụkwọ edemede, SUNY Buffalo.
Aberdour, Cathie – Ngwa nrụtụ aka na Okwu Apurinã
ELAR – ebe nchekwa ihe ederede asụsụ Apurina
Eldp. "ELDP // Na-echekwa Asụsụ Ndị Na-emebi Ihe." ELDP/Arụmọrụ Anyị kwadoro . ELDP, Weebụ.
Escola Indigena Apurina em Boca Do Acre. " Guia Amazonas . Weebụ
Pickering, Wilbur N. "Apurinã Grammar." Devadattīyam (2009): Ụlọ ọrụ Summer Institute of Linguistics SIL International. Weebụ.
Schiel, Juliana. "Apurinã." Povos Indigenas Enweghị Brasil . Ọkt 2005. Weebụ

[1] WALS Online - Chapter Vowel Nasalization. wals.info. Archived from the original on 2023-10-06. Retrieved on 2023-11-24.

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