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Asụsụ Atakapa

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Atakapa
Ishakkoy
Spoken in: United States 
Region: Louisiana, Texas
Language extinction: early 20th century
Language family: Language isolate
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: aqp 
Atakapa lang.png

Templeeti:Infobox Language/IPA

Atakapa / / ˈtækə pə ,​​​ - pɑː /, nwa afọ Ishakkoy [1] ) bụ asụsụ ekpochapụpụrụ iche nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Louisiana na dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ Texas . Ọ bụ ndị Atakapa (nke a makwaara dị ka Ishak, mgbe okwu ha pụtara maka "ndị mmadụ") kwuru ya. Asụsụ ahụ kwụsịrị ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20. [2]

Nhazi

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Mgbe a na-ahụta dị ka onye dịpụrụ adịpụ, enweela mbọ iji jikọọ Atakapa na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Na 1919 John R. Swanton tụpụtara ezinụlọ asụsụ Tunican nke ga-agụnye Atakapa, Tunica, na Chitimacha ; Morris Swadesh ga-emecha nye ọrụ na-elekwasị anya na njikọ dị n'etiti Atakapa na Chitimacha. Mary Haas mechara gbasaa atụmatụ a site n'ịgbakwunye Natchez na asụsụ Muskogean, echiche a maara dị ka Gulf . Achọpụtabeghị ezinaụlọ ndị a chọrọ. [2] Myirịta dị n'etiti Atakapa na Chitimacha, opekata mpe, nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oge “mkparịta ụka siri ike [n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ ahụ] n'ihi ịdị nso ala ha. [3]Kaufman (2014). "Another Look at Atakapa". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 35: 72–78. Kaufman, David (2014). "Another Look at Atakapa". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 35: 72–78.</ref>

Olumba

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Dị ka Swanton (1929) na Goddard (1996) si kwuo, Atakapa nwere ike kewaa n'ime ụdị Eastern na Western. [4]Goddard (Spring 2005). "The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast". Anthropological Linguistics 47: 13–14. </ref> A maara Eastern Atakapa site na nkọwa nkọwa French-Atakapa nwere ndenye 287, nke Martin Duralde chịkọtara na 1802. Ndị ọkà okwu Duralde gbara ajụjụ ọnụ bi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala Atakapa, gburugburu Poste des Attakapas (ugbu a Saint Martinville ). [4]

Western Atakapa bụ nke kacha agba akaebe na ụdị abụọ a. Na 1885, Albert Gatschet chịkọtara okwu, ahịrịokwu, na ederede sitere na ndị ọkà okwu Atakapa abụọ, Louison Huntington na Delilah Moss [5] na Lake Charles, Louisiana . John R. Swanton na ndị ọkà okwu abụọ ọzọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na nso Lake Charles: Teet Verdine na 1907, na Armojean Reon na 1908. [6] Ọzọkwa, na 1721, Jean Béranger chịkọtara ntakịrị okwu site n'aka ndị ọkà okwu a dọọrọ n'agha na Galveston Bay . [4] Eastern Atakapa is known from a French-Atakapa glossary with 287 entries, compiled in 1802 by Martin Duralde.[7]John Swanton rụrụ ụka na okwu Béranger nọchiri anya asụsụ Akokisa, nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo si Galveston Bay na-asụ. Enwere obere ihe akaebe na-akwado nkwupụta ya. [4]

fonology

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Udaume

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Atakapa nwere ụdaume ise dị ka ewepụtara na Swadesh (1946). Ogologo ụdaume dị iche na Atakapa.

N'ihu Central Azu
Mechie i u
N'etiti e o
Mepee a

Consonants

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Dịka Swadesh (1946) siri kwuo, Atakapa nwere consonants ewepụtara na eserese na-esonụ.

Labial eze Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
imi m n ŋ
Plosive p t ts ⟨ c ⟩ k
Nke na-ese okwu ɬ ⟨ ł ⟩ ʃ ⟨ š ⟩ h
Odika w l j ⟨ y ⟩

N'okpuru /ŋ/ na-apụta dị ka [k] mgbe ọ pụtara na njedebe nke syllable. Swadesh gara n'ihu na-ekwu na /m/ na-apụtakarị dị ka [n] ma ọ bụ [ŋ] okwu-n'ikpeazụ na ụfọdụ adjectives, mana "ọdịiche na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ederede [Gatschet]" na-egbochi ya ịkwado ọnọdụ ọ bụla ọzọ maka nke a. [8] Ọzọkwa, amabeghị ma /n/ ọ bụ n'ezie fọnịm dị iche na /ŋ/; Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ikpe, Swadesh na-arụ ụka, mgbe ahụ okwu ndị nwere ikpeazụ /n/ ga-abịarịrị n'oge ọzọ.

Ụyọkọ consonant nwere nkwụsị na-esochi sibilant - n'onwe ha sitere na ụdaume epenthesis - na-ebutekarị na /c/. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kec-k ("imeju") sitere na * keks, nke sitere na epenthesis na usoro mkpochapụ ụdaume ikpeazụ na * kekesi, nke n'onwe ya bụ ụdị * kesi emegharịgharịrị . [8] Otú ọ dị, e nwere okwu nke suffix - kš pụtara, na-atụ aro na iwu nkwekọrịta a na-agba ọsọ na oge mbụ. [8]

Nhazi okwu na nrụgide

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Ụdị mkpụrụokwu Atakapa bụ nke usoro CVC. Swanton (1929) kwuru na ụyọkọ ihe karịrị consonants abụọ dị ụkọ n'asụsụ ahụ. Site na nyocha ya banyere data Gatschet, o kwubiri na anabataghị ụyọkọ consonant nke nha ọ bụla na mbido mkpụrụokwu, mana na anabatara ha na coda. [9]

Nchegbu bụ "ọrụ nkịtị nke usoro nkebiokwu" na Atakapa; ọ bụkarị mkpụrụokwu ikpeazụ nke nkebiokwu na-anata nrụgide. [8]

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

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Asụsụ Atakapa bụ nke na-abụkarị agglutinative, asụsụ dịtụ polysynthetic nke ụdị templat . Nke a pụtara na asụsụ na-achịkọta (nke bụ n'ime okwu ọnụ) ọtụtụ mpịachi iji kwupụta ebe, tense, aspect, modality, valency correction, and person/nọmba (dị ka ma isiokwu na ihe), nke a na-agbakọta na kpọmkwem usoro. Ịrịba mmadụ akara bụ otu n'ime naanị ihe jikọrọ ọnụ n'asụsụ ahụ, na-ejikọta ma mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ. Nouns nwere naanị obere suffixes ma na-ewerekarị naanị otu suffix n'otu oge. [9]Swanton (July 1929). "A Sketch of the Atakapa Language". International Journal of American Linguistics 5 (2/4): 121–149. DOI:10.1086/463777. Swanton, John R. (July 1929). "A Sketch of the Atakapa Language". International Journal of American Linguistics. 5 (2/4): 121–149. doi:10.1086/463777. S2CID 143735208.</ref>

Asụsụ a na-akakarị isi ; Otú ọ dị, mmụgharị nke adjentival stem na-egosi na ọ dabere na akara, dịka ọ na-egosipụtakarị ọtụtụ aha nke ọ na-akọwa.

  1. shāk tol "ezigbo mmadu"
  2. Shak toltol "ezigbo mmadụ"

A na-edobere nnọchiaha ihe n'ihu ụzọ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa, ebe a na-agbakwunye nnọchiaha isiokwu. Enwere ụdị nọọrọ onwe ya nke nnọchiaha ọ bụla: na onye mbụ otu na ọtụtụ, ụdị a yiri ka ọ dị iche na nke ọ bụla affix, mana n'ime mmadụ nke abụọ na nke atọ, affixes yiri ka ọ na-ejikọta ya na ụdị nọọrọ onwe ya. [10]

Odika nke grammatical okike adịghị eme na Atakapa, n'agbanyeghị na achọtala ihe akaebe maka ya n'asụsụ dị nso (dịka Chitimacha). [10]

Tebụl na-esonụ [10] nke ụdị aha ka ewepụtara na Swanton (1919).

Nọmba Onye Nnwere onwe Ebumnuche Isiokwu
Otu 1 wi ndewo- -ọ
2 na na-, n-
3 ha ha-
Enweghị ngwụcha ndewo-
Ọtụtụ 1 yuukit ic- -tse
2 nka nk - -tem
3 nhata hak- -ūl, -ti (ya na intransitives)

Na mgbakwunye, Swanton na-ekwu na ịdị adị nke okpu prefix na-atụgharị uche- yana nganiihu ikwugharị hak-. [10]Swanton (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office. Swanton, John R. (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office.</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụdị ntụgharị uche nwere ike ịbụ sekọmfix kama ịbụ prefix: Kaufman na-ehota ihe atụ nke okpu-yul-šo ("na-ese onwe ha"), nke ma okpu- na -šo na-egosi reflexivity. [3]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ morphology

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Enwere otutu ụzọ iji gosi otutu aha na Atakapa:

  1. mgbakwunye na aha nke suffix -heu ("ọtụtụ") [10]
  2. mgbakwunye na aha nke nganiihu -šak (iji gosi otutu otutu na-adighi aka) [3]
  3. mweghachi nke adjective na-eso ya
  4. ọrụ nke suffix plural na adjective na/ma ọ bụ ngwaa na-eso ya

Dịka Swanton (1919) siri kwuo, ntinye aha na-akpụ affix -nen ma ọ bụ -nan dị na Atakapa. [10]Swanton (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office. Swanton, John R. (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office.</ref>

Ụdị okwu ọnụ

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Usoro zuru oke [9] [3] nke morphemes n'ime mgbagwoju ngwaa bụ:

  1. Mburu ụzọ nnọchite anya
  2. prefixes ebe (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
  3. Ngwaa azuokokoosisi
  4. Plural suffix -m ma ọ bụ ustative suffix -u (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
  5. Mkpebi enweghị njedebe ma ọ bụ mesiri ike -c (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
  6. Mgbakwunye n'ọdịnihu -ti (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
  7. Aspectal suffixes: continuative -k, ụma -n, wdg (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
  8. Mgbakwunye mkpesa: -š (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
  9. Mgbakwunye pronominal isiokwu
  10. Suffixes tense: gara aga izu oke -at, ezughị okè -hinst gara aga (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
  11. Na-adịghị mma (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)

O dochaghị anya ma ọ dị ma ọ bụ na klaasị ngwaa inyeaka dị na Atakapa; ihe dị iche n'etiti ihe owuwu azuokokoosisi-gbakwunyere na ihe owuwu nke ngwaa-abụọ abụghị nke ọma. [9]

Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, enweghị aha maka suffix nkwenye siri ike -š na ọrụ Swanton; Kaufman (2014) na-enweta ya site n'ịtụle Atakapa na Chitimacha . [3]

Usoro ngwaa

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Usoro ngwaa bụ usoro na-arụpụta ihe na Atakapa. [3]

  1. pam-nima (lit. "beat-die"): tie aka ọnwụ.
  2. ta-wat-ten (lit. "guzo-abịa-okwu"): kpee ekpere.

Syntax

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Atakapa na-egosipụta usoro okwu isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa siri ike. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụkarị ngwaa n'ọnọdụ nkebi-ikpe-azụ, ọ na-abụkarị maka mgbakwunye, ma ọ bụ ọbụna nke dị n'okpuru, ịgbaso ngwaa nke isi okwu . A na-eji suffixes -ne na -n egosi nrube isi nke nkebi ahịrịokwu na isi okwu, dị ka na tsanuk micat penene ("o nyere ịnyịnya [maka ịgwọ ya]"). [9]

Na ewepu oge ụfọdụ, adjectives na-eso aha aha ha na-akọwa. Mgbasa ozi na-eso aha na adjectives, mana na-ebute ngwaa ụzọ. [10]

Akara ikpe

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Atakapa na-ede akara naanị ọnọdụ ebe . Asụsụ ahụ nwere suffixes anọ, na mgbakwunye na usoro nbido ọnọdụ ebe. Enwere ike idowe suffixes na postposition ndị a ma aha, adjectives na ngosi. [9]

  • -kin, suffix nke na-emekarị ugboro ugboro, na-egosipụta echiche nke Bekee "na" ma ọ bụ "on," dị ka nọn-kin tōhulāt ("ha bi n'ime obodo").
    • -ki (mgbe ufodu -ke ) na-aputa n'okirikiri ahu.
  • -ip kwekọrọ na Bekee "na," a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-, "down," iji mepụta nep, "n'okpuru."
  • -ik n'ozuzu ya na bekee "na," dị ka hatyūlcō nōhik ("ha na-ese onwe ha na-acha uhie uhie").

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Culture of the Atakapa-Ishak Nation. Atakapa Ishak Nation of Southwest Louisiana. Archived from the original on 2025-03-12. Retrieved on 2025-03-07.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mithun (2001). The Languages of Native North America, First paperback, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7. Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America (First paperback ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 344. ISBN 0-521-23228-7.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kaufman (2014). "Another Look at Atakapa". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 35: 72–78. Kaufman, David (2014). "Another Look at Atakapa". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 35: 72–78.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Goddard, Ives (Spring 2005). "The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast". Anthropological Linguistics 47: 13–14. 
  5. ↑ Gatschet and Swanton (1932). A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language. United States Government Printing Office. 
  6. ↑ Gatschet and Swanton (1932). A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language. United States Government Printing Office. 
  7. ↑ Durald, Martin. Vocabulaire de la Language des Atacapas. Gallatin, 1836.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Swadesh (July 1946). "Phonologic Formulas for Atakapa-Chitimacha". International Journal of American Linguistics 12 (3): 113–132. DOI:10.1086/463901. Swadesh, Morris (July 1946). "Phonologic Formulas for Atakapa-Chitimacha". International Journal of American Linguistics. 12 (3): 113–132. doi:10.1086/463901. JSTOR 1262991. S2CID 144473306.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Swanton (July 1929). "A Sketch of the Atakapa Language". International Journal of American Linguistics 5 (2/4): 121–149. DOI:10.1086/463777. Swanton, John R. (July 1929). "A Sketch of the Atakapa Language". International Journal of American Linguistics. 5 (2/4): 121–149. doi:10.1086/463777. S2CID 143735208.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Swanton (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office. Swanton, John R. (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

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  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). Asụsụ ndị India America: Ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Native America . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1 .
  • Gatschet, Albert S., na Swanton, John R. (1932) Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Asụsụ Atakapa . Ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian, Bureau nke American Athnology, akwụkwọ akụkọ 108. Washington, DC: Ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ gọọmentị.
  • Hopkins, Nicholas A. (2007). Asụsụ ala nna nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States . Los Angeles: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI), p. 23–24. Abstract . Ederede zuru oke n'ịntanetị .
  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). Asụsụ ndị obodo North America . Cambridge: Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk);  .

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