Asụsụ Baluan-Pam

asụsụ, modern language
obere ụdị nke	Asụsụ Admiralty Islands
mba/obodo	Papua New Guinea
ụmụ amaala ka	Manus Province
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	6a Vigorous

Baluan-Pam bụ asụsụ Oceanic nke Manus Province, Papua New Guinea . A na-asụ ya na Baluan Island na Pam Island dị nso. Ọnụọgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, dịka atụmatụ kachasị ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ 2000, bụ 2,000. Ndị na-ekwu okwu na Baluan Island na-ahọrọ ịtu aka na asụsụ ha na aha ala ya Paluai .

Asụsụ a bụ ụdị nke na-eme mkpọtụ nwere obere mkpụrụ ndụ na-arụpụta ihe. Usoro ihe mejupụtara ya bụ isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe (SVO).

Ụdị dị iche iche na asụsụ ndị emetụtara

Ụdị asụsụ Baluan Island na Pam Island nke asụsụ ahụ yiri nke ahụ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ndịiche dị n'okwu. Asụsụ ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Lou, a na-asụ na Lou Island . Lou na-etolite agbụ olumba, nke nwere ụdị dị iche iche a na-asụ n'akụkụ dị anya nke agwaetiti ahụ, na-eche ihu Manus mainland, dị iche na Paluai na ndị dị n'akụkụ chere ihu Baluan Island bụ ndị kacha nso.

Na Manus Province, a na-asụ ihe dị ka asụsụ 32, ha niile bụ nke ngalaba Admiralties, otu obere ngalaba nke Oceanic, nke dị na ngalaba Malayo-Polynesian nke Austronesian . Ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ nke Manus Province ka edebeghị nke ọma. E bipụtara ụtọ asụsụ Loniu na 1994. ^[1]

Enwere obere ndị na-ekwu okwu Titan na Baluan, ndị kwabatara nso nso a bi na obodo Mouk. Ndị Titan amarawo nke ọma site n'ọrụ Margaret Mead . Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu nwere opekata mpe iwu nke Titan na Lou. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-asụ asụsụ Creole Tok Pisin n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ma ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị mmadụ nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala iwu bụ isi nke Bekee .

fonology

fọnịm consonant

Tebụlụ dị n'okpuru na-egosi ekwentị consonant n'asụsụ ahụ.

	Labial		Coronal	Dorsal
imi	m	mʷ	n	ŋ
Plosive	p	pʷ	t	k	( kʷ )
Nke na-ese okwu			s	( h )
Odika			l	( j )	( w )
Na-ama jijiji			( ɾ ~ r )

N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ Manus, ọ dịghị bibial trill ma ọ bụ prenasalised consonants. Ndepụta consonant dị nnọọ mfe, yana imi labialized na plosive na mgbakwunye na bilabial, apico-alveolar na dorso-velar stops na imi. Enwere naanị otu esemokwu, /s/, ya na /h/ ịbụ fọnịm nke ukwuu. /t/ nwere mgbata ma ọ bụ trill dị ka variant. The glides [j] na [w] A na-enyocha dị ka ndị na-abụghị syllabic variants nke /i/ na /u/, n'otu n'otu. [ 3 ]

Ụdaume

Udaume nke Baluan-Pam bụ /i, e, ɛ, ɐ, ɔ, o, u/ .

Ndepụta ụdaume nwere akara ụdaume ise a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Oceanic, ^[2] nwere akụkụ abụọ ọzọ: open-mid /ɛ/ na /ɔ/, nke na-emekarị ugboro ugboro. Maka ndị na-eto eto, /e/ na-egosi na ọ na-ejikọta ya na /ɛ/ na /o/ ọ dị ka ọ na-ejikọta ya na /u/ .

Nhazi mkpụrụedemede

Ihe ndebiri nke mkpụrụokwu bụ (C)V(C). Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ụdaume na-amalite na ụdaume. N'ihi mfu nke mgbanaka okwu-ikpeazụ na ya mere ụdaume, nke bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ Admiralties ọwụwa anyanwụ, ^[3] asụsụ na-enye ohere consonants na syllable code ma nwee ọtụtụ okwu monosyllabic nwere ụdị CVC.

klaasị okwu

Mepee klaasị

klaasị okwu abụọ mepere emepe bụ aha na ngwaa (ya na klaasị isi nke ngwaa stative), nwere adjectives na adverbs dị ka obere klaasị dị iche na ma aha na ngwaa na site na ibe ya. Ngwaa gaa na aha na ngwaa nye nkọwapụta bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mana ọ bụghị nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ amụma na-eji ngwaa gbagwojuru anya, mana aha, adjectives, ọnụọgụgụ na ụfọdụ preposition nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka isi amụma. Naanị ngwaa, Otú ọ dị, nwere ike were nnochiaha ejiri kechie wee gbanwee site na irighiri ihe na-erughịrị ala (TAM).

Klas mechiri emechi

Isi klas mechiri emechi n'asụsụ ahụ, nwere okwu ọrụ, bụ nnochiaha, ngosi, prepositions, numerals, quantifiers, na okwu ajụjụ . The pronominal usoro na-amata ọdịiche dị otu, dual, paucal and plural number and first, second and three person, ma ọ bụghị okike . Ụdị nkwudo okwu nwere oke, ebe ọ bụ na a na-egosipụta ọtụtụ mmekọrịta gbasara ohere ma ọ bụ site na aha oghere nwere kpọmkwem, ma ọ bụ site na ngwaa usoro ngwaa nwere ntụzịaka.

Ụtọ asụsụ

Ọnụ ọgụgụ morphology

Asụsụ ahụ enweghị ikpe ma ọ bụ nọmba akara na aha. Naanị aha morphology dị n'asụsụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ iji gosi inwe. A na-eme ihe dị iche n'ime ihe owuwu nwere aha n'etiti ihe onwunwe ozugbo na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè. Nke a jikọtara ya na, mana ọ dakọghị kpamkpam na, ihe dị iche n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe n'etiti ihe onwunwe enweghị ike ịpụnara ya na nke enweghị ike ịpụ. Site n'inweta ya kpọmkwem, a na-agbakwunye suffix na-egosi onye na ọnụọgụ onye nwe ya ozugbo n'ọnụ okwu aha. Site n'inwe ihe na-apụtachaghị ìhè, a na-agbakwunye mgbakwunye a na urughuru nwe nke ebidoro ta- . Imirikiti okwu ikwu na okwu akụkụ ahụ nwere ike ma ọ bụ ga-enwerịrị ike iji ya mee ihe n'ime ihe eji arụ ọrụ. Na mgbakwunye, aha oghere, na-ezo aka n'echiche ndị dị ka "n'ime", "n'elu" na "n'azụ", ka a na-eji iwu eji arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

Ụdị okwu ọnụ

Mmụpụta mkpụrụokwu ọnụ na-ejedebere na mbido prefix nke na-akpata pe-, ihe nrụgide nke ngwa -ek, na mmụgharị .

Ihe kpatara ya

pe- na-eme transitive ngwaa intransitive . Enwere ike ịmepụta ihe na-akpata ihe na-arụpụta ihe, mana ọ bụ naanị na ngwaa kwụ ọtọ. Ihe na-akpata na-agbakwụnye ihe mgbakwunye "ihe kpatara" A arụmụka, na-eweda arụmụka S mbụ nke ngwaa intransitive ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ O. Ihe atụ bụ mat 'anwụ anwụ, nwụọ' → pemat 'egbu'.

Ngwa

Ihe dị n'asụsụ a bụ valency - nhazigharị kama ịbụ ngwaọrụ na-abawanye valency. Ọ na-akwalite ihe mejupụtara Oblique ngwá ọrụ nke ngwaa gaa na ọnọdụ O. Nke mbụ O adịghị eweda ala, kama ọ na-agbaso ihe mejupụtara akwalite dị ka ihe nke abụọ. A na-ezute ngwa ngwa n'otu ọnọdụ okwu / ozi akọwapụtara. A na-eji ya dị ka ihe anaphorical iji rụtụ aka azụ n'ihe a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ, na-abụkarị n'okwu nke gara aga, dị ka n'ihe atụ dị n'okpuru:

Mgbanwegharị

Site na ngwaa ndị na-agafe agafe, enwere ike iji ntugharị zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke akụkụ dị ka ngwaọrụ intransitivising. Site na ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe, mmụgharịgharị na-agbakwunye mpụtara pụtara dị ka akụkụ na-aga n'ihu . Ọrụ nke abụọ nke mmụgharị n'ime klaasị ngwaa bụ iwepụta aha aha .

Nkpọaha

Paradigms

Enwere paradaịs n'ọnụ anọ: ụdị isiokwu efu, ụdị isiokwu agbakwunyere, ụdị ihe na ụdị nwere. Ha yiri nnọọ. Mkpọaha na-amata ọdịiche dị n'otu, nke abụọ, nọmba paucal na ọtụtụ, ma nwee ihe dị iche iche . Dual na-ezo aka na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ, paucal na-ezo aka na ole na ole (ọnụọgụ ọ bụla n'etiti atọ na ihe dị ka iri), plural na-ezo aka ọtụtụ. Nnọchiaha gụnyere gụnyere onye adreesị ('anyị, gụnyere gị'), ebe ndị pụrụ iche na-ewepụ ha ('anyị, ma ọ bụghị gị'). N'okpuru ebe a, a na-enye paradaịs maka ụdị n'efu.

		Otu	Abụọ	Paul	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	Exclusive	wong	wui	wure	ep
Onye mbụ	Inclusive	—	tau	tare	tap
Onye nke abụọ		wo	au	are	ap
Onye nke atọ		yi	u	ire	ip

Ya mere, ịbanye n'ime ime obodo pụtara ịrịgo elu, na ịga n'ikpere mmiri pụtara ịgbada. N'ịgbakwụnye, ebe ọ bụ na mmegharị ahụ n'akụkụ oke osimiri (ya bụ ịgbanye axis ala-oké osimiri) na-apụtakarị ịga n'ihu karịa ma ọ bụ karịa otu ọkwa, nke a enwetala ihe nke abụọ pụtara 'ịga n'ọkwa kwụ ọtọ'. N'oké osimiri, a na-ewepụ usoro ahụ: ya mere, maka ịkwaga n'ikpere mmiri, a na-eji otu ntụziaka ahụ eme ihe maka ịkwaga n'ime ala, na ịkwaga n'oké osimiri, a na-eji otu ntụziaka ahụ eme ihe maka ịkwaga n'ikpere mmiri mgbe ọ nọ n'elu ala.

A na-ahazi ntụziaka ndị ahụ n'akụkụ abụọ: zuru oke FoR na deixis . Tebụl dị n'okpuru na-egosi paradaịs.

	ala, oke osimiri (n'elu ala); pụọ n'oké osimiri (n'elu mmiri)	elu, ala (n'ala); n'akuku osimiri (n'elu mmiri)	yitere n'ikpere mmiri	akọwapụtaghị ya
pụọ na etiti deictic	suwot	sot	wot	la, lak
n'ebe etiti deictic	si	sa, sak\|data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" \| —	me
Akwụdoghị nke ọma	suwen	sen	wen \|data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" \| —

Ihe dị iche iche deixis na-eji ihe dị iche iche nke ForR na-agafe, nke mere na a na-akọwapụta usoro ise maka FoR na maka deixis, atọ akọwapụtara maka naanị ForR, na abụọ akọwapụtara maka deixis mana ọ bụghị ForR. Enweghị okwu ọ bụla raara onwe ya nye maka mmegharị ahụ n'ebe etiti deictic dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa okwu a na-akọwapụtaghị nke edobereghị n'ụzọ doro anya (okwu dị otú ahụ agaghị agbakwunye ozi ọ bụla na ngwaa mmegharị ahụ).

Iji ntuziaka

Usoro ntụzịaka na-enye usoro ntụnye aka nke ọma yana iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke. Maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ omume niile n'echiche ụfọdụ gụnyere mmegharị (gụnyere omume dabere na nghọta dị ka ịhụ/ile anya, ikwu okwu ma ọ bụ ige ntị), a ga-eji ntụzịaka kọwaa ntụzịaka ihe omume ahụ. Na Paluai, a na-eme nke a site na owuwu ngwaa serial (SVC), nke ntụzịaka ga-ebute ụzọ ma ọ bụ soro ngwaa bụ isi. SVC ntụzịaka bụ akụkụ a na-ahụkarị nke asụsụ Oceanic. ^[4] ^[5]

Ntụaka

↑ Hamel (1994). A grammar and lexicon of Loniu, Papua New Guinea, Series C - 103. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. DOI:10.15144/pl-c103. ISBN 0-85883-410-3.
↑ Lynch (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
↑ Blust (2009). The Austronesian languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
↑ Crowley (2002). Serial verbs in Oceanic: a descriptive typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
↑ Durie (1988). "Verb serialization and "verbal-prepositions" in Oceanic languages". Oceanic Linguistics 27 (1/2): 1–23. DOI:10.2307/3623147.

[1] Hamel (1994). A grammar and lexicon of Loniu, Papua New Guinea, Series C - 103. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. DOI:10.15144/pl-c103. ISBN 0-85883-410-3.

[2] Lynch (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

[3] Blust (2009). The Austronesian languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[4] Crowley (2002). Serial verbs in Oceanic: a descriptive typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[5] Durie (1988). "Verb serialization and "verbal-prepositions" in Oceanic languages". Oceanic Linguistics 27 (1/2): 1–23. DOI:10.2307/3623147.

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