Asụsụ Bardi
Bardi (nakwa Baardi, Baard ) bụ asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australia nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na ezinụlọ Nyulnyulan, yana Jawi nwere nghọta na ikekwe olu ndị ọzọ. Ndị Bardi na-asụ ya n'ọnụ ọnụ ala Dampier na agwaetiti ndị gbara ya gburugburu (n'ebe ugwu Broome, na Northwestern Australia ). Enwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ ole na ole na narị afọ nke 21, mana a na-agba mbọ ịkụziri asụsụ na omenala Bardi ọbụlagodi otu ụlọ akwụkwọ.
ndabere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tupu mmezi Europe na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19, a na-eche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya bụ ~ 1500 mmadụ, ebe ndị obodo niile na-asụ Bardi. Kemgbe ahụ, ndị agbụrụ amụbaala n'ọnụ ọgụgụ (ugbu a nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 2000), mana ọ bụ n'ezie na-asụ otu asụsụ na bekee taa (na naanị mmadụ ole na ole ka ochie ka na-asụ Bardi nke ọma). Atụmatụ na-adịgasị iche maka ole ndị ọkà okwu Bardi na-asụ nke ọma ka fọdụrụ, mana as of 2012[update] , ọtụtụ ndị agadi ka nwere ike ịghọta asụsụ ahụ, ụfọdụ n’ime ha nwekwara ike ịsụ ya ruo n’ókè ụfọdụ. [ 3 ]
A na-akụzi asụsụ na omenala n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Kraịst King Catholic dị na Djarindjin site n'aka nwoke Bardi/ Jabirr Jabirr Vincent McKenzie, onye tolitere na-asụ Bardi. [1] [2]
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bardi bụ onye otu ngalaba ọdịda anyanwụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Nyulnyulan .
Dịka RMW Dixon (2002) siri kwuo, Bardi nwere nghọta n'etiti ya na olumba ndị a: Jawi, Nyulnyul, Jabirr-Jabirr, Ngumbarl, na Nimanburru . Ethnologue (206) na-ewere ihe niile ma e wezụga Ngumbarl dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-akwadokwa echiche a, gụnyere Claire Bowern na William McGregor. Ọ bụkwa echiche ndị ọkà okwu Bardi. [ 6 ]
Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere nnukwu akwụkwọ nke asụsụ Bardi, mana ebipụtabeghị ọtụtụ n'ime ya. Ọrụ izizi n'asụsụ a, n'agbanyeghị na ọ furu efu ugbu a, malitere na 1880s. Ihe ndekọ mbụ dị ndụ sitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. [ 7 ]
Gerhardt Laves nọrọ oge ụfọdụ na Sunday Island na ngwụcha afọ 1920 wee dekọọ ihe ederede karịrị ibe 1000, akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu kemgbe ngwụcha 1960s. [ 8 ] N'afọ 2012, Claire Bowern dere akwụkwọ ntụaka sara mbara ma de Gruyter Mouton bipụta ya. [ 9 ]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Lamino-Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p ⟨ ⟩ | t ⟨ ⟩ | ʈ ⟨ rd ⟩ | c ⟨ ⟩ | k ⟨ g ⟩ |
| Ihu imi | m | n | ɳ ⟨ rn ⟩ | ɲ ⟨ ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ ⟩ |
| N'akụkụ | l | ɭ ⟨ rl ⟩ | ʎ ⟨ ly ⟩ | ||
| Trill | r ⟨ rr ⟩ | ||||
| Mmanya | ɻ ⟨ ⟩ | j ⟨ y ⟩ | w |
Ihe plosives bụ okwu enweghị olu-na mbido na -ikpeazụ, ma na-ekwupụtakarị ya ebe ọzọ. N'okwu mkparịta ụka, a na-ejikarị plosives eme ihe na-adịghị ike maka ihe dị ka. Nke a dị iche na usoro morpho-phonological nke metụtara lenition nke na-eme na usoro morphological, dịka na allomorphs nke ọnọdụ ebe ( -goon ~ -yoon ~ -oon ).
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Azu | |
|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i [ i ], ii [ iː ] | oo [ u ], [ uː ] |
| N'etiti | o [ o ] | |
| Mepee | a [ a ], a [ aː ] |
Bardi nwere akara ụdaume pụrụ iche. Ọ bụ usoro ụdaume asaa, nwere ogologo na mkpirisi mpụta (/i/, /a/, na /u/) ụdaume na /o/, nke dị mkpụmkpụ. A na-eji ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ugboro ugboro karịa ụdaume ogologo, ewezuga /o/, àgwà ụdaume kacha nta na Bardi.
Dị ka a tụrụ anya maka asụsụ ndị nwere àgwà ụdaume ole na ole, mgbanwe allophonic dị ukwuu, ọ bụ ezie na ụdaume ogologo nwere nghọta kwụsiri ike karị. /a/ nwere ike bụrụ ụdaume kacha agbanwe agbanwe, sitere na [æ] ruo [ɒ], site n'ihu ruo n'azụ. /aː/ na-aghọta nke ọma ka [ɑː]. /i/, /u/, /uː/ na-adịkarị ala karịa [ɪ] na [ʊ~o(ː)], na /iː/ nọ nso na ụdaume kadinal. N'ikpeazụ, /o/ na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ [ɔ].
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nnọọ ka nke asụsụ ndị a maara nke ọma na ezinụlọ Pama-Nyungan, akwụkwọ akụkọ Bardi bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'ịsụgharị ụdaume abụọ dị elu dị ka 'oo' kama 'u'. Mgbakọ a bụ ụdị asụsụ Kimberly ndị ọzọ, dị ka Gooniyandi na Miriwoong . Ọ bụ ezie na mmadụ nwere ike na-eche na omimi n'asụsụ a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nkwurịta okwu, /uː/ bụ ụdaume kacha nta n'asụsụ a ma na-ebu obere ọrụ. [ 10 ]
Nhazi mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe ndebiri syllabic Bardi bụ .
Bardi anaghị ekwe ka ụyọkọ consonant na mbido, belụsọ na okwu agbaziri. A na-anabata ụyọkọ consonants abụọ na coda. Nke ahụ kwuru, "n'ime syllable coda, naanị ohere bụ /l/, / ɻ/, ma ọ bụ / r / na-esote imi nke bụ homorganic na nkwụsị na-esote." [ 11 ]
Nchegbu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nchegbu bụ akara na Bardi.
A na-ekenye nchekasị nke mbụ na Bardi mgbe niile na syllable nke mbụ, ma okwu Bardi niile na-enweta nrụgide a. N'ezie, nchekasị bụ́ isi na-adabadị ná mkpụrụokwu mbụ nke okwu agbaziri bụ́ ndị tinyere nrụgide ahụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'asụsụ ha si malite.
Naanị nchegbu anaghị egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti obere ụzọ abụọ na Bardi. [ 12 ]
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bardi bụ nke ukwuu affixal, nwere ma dravational na inflectional affixal.
Enwere klaasị okwu anọ bụ isi na Bardi: nominals, mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa, preverbs, na particles. A kọwapụtara klaasị ndị a dịka ike ha siri dị iji jikọta ya na okwu ndị ọzọ na ịtụgharị. Banyere ọnọdụ ha n'ofe abụọ ndị a (ntụgharị, nkesa na ntụgharị), "[a] niile anọ nke klaasị isi okwu nwere ike ịwapụta na njirisi nkesa na atọ n'ime anọ ahụ nwekwara ike ịwapụta na njirisi ntụgharị." [ 13 ]
Ọnụ ọgụgụ morphology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mofoloji ntọhapụ aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nouns nwere ike were naanị otu suffix n'ihi na Bardi anaghị ekwe ka e nweta ọtụtụ mwepu. Obere n'ime usoro ọmụmụ Bardi na-arụpụta ma ọ bụ gụnyere mgbanwe na klas okwu .
Ụdị morpheme na-emekarị na Bardi bụ suffix . Ụdị morpheme a na-ejikọta na njedebe nke aha iji gosi onye nwere njikọ chiri anya na mpaghara ahụ ma ọ bụ onye ruru ọkwa ọkachamara na ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, pụtara 'ọsọ,' ebe pụtara onye bụ ọkachamara n'ịgba ọsọ (ya bụ, onye na-agba ọsọ ọsọ). N'otu aka ahụ, okwu Bardi maka onye na-akọ akụkọ, na-enweta mgbe a na-ejikọta suffix a na aha, nke pụtara 'akụkọ.' N'agbanyeghị ugboro ole a na-eji ya eme ihe, ọ naghị arụpụta ihe na enwere ike itinye ya na ụfọdụ aha (n'agbanyeghị na ọ dịghị usoro ọ bụla na-achịkwa nke aha na-eme ma ghara ikwe ka ngwa ya). [ 14 ]
Na mgbakwunye na, e nwere ihe dị ka 20 ọzọ nominal derivational morphemes na Bardi. E gosipụtara ọtụtụ na tebụl dị n'okpuru.
| Morpheme | Ọmụmaatụ | |
|---|---|---|
| Suffix | Ọrụ | |
| -al | enweghi ngwụcha/adjetival | |
| -jin | otu otutu | |
| -(g)arda | nkeonwe | |
| -ngarr(a) | na ebe kompas [ 18 ] | |
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke morphology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha aha na Bardi na-atụgharịkarịkwa maka ikpe. Akara ikpe bụ nkebiokwu, dịka ọ na-apụta mgbe niile na mmewere mmalite nke okwu okwu. Enweghị ụzọ ọzọ a na-anọchi anya ya na nkebi ahịrịokwu (Bardi bụ ihe ọhụrụ na nke a).
Isi okwu bụ ndị nwere ike ịkpalite akara nkwekọrịta na ngwaa; ya mere, isi ihe nrịbama na-egosi njikọ arụmụka n'ime nkebiokwu. Na Bardi, e nwere isi okwu atọ: ihe nlegharị anya, nke zuru oke, na ngwá ọrụ .
Aha ndị dị na Bardi ka a na-eji okwu mkparị mara mgbe ha bụ isiokwu nke ngwaa ntụgharị. Isiokwu na-akpali akpali adịghị mkpa ka ọ dị ndụ ma ọ bụ nke onwe; dị ka ihe atụ, nke pụtara 'oké osimiri,' nwere ike ịnata akara nrịbama ma si otú ahụ ghọọ .
Nouns na Bardi na-ewere ikpe ziri ezi mgbe ha pụtara dị ka isiokwu nke ngwaa intransitive ma ọ bụ ihe (onwe ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè) nke ngwaa ntụgharị. Aha ndị na-anata ikpe ziri ezi enweghị akara.
Mgbe ihe owuwu nke ngwa na-akwalite ha n'ihe nke ngwaa ahụ, aha ngwá ọrụ nwere ike ịnweta nkwekọrịta ikpe na ngwaa ahụ, si otú ahụ na-emeju ọnọdụ bụ isi nke isi okwu. N'ebe ndị a, ihe nrịbama ngwá ọrụ ( -nga ma ọ bụ -na ) na-egosi na aha ahụ bụ ngwa ma ọ bụ ụzọ e si mee ihe. Ngwa na-adịghị ndụ mgbe niile; ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ndụ, a ga-enye ha ikpe na-ezighị ezi (ma ọ bụ commitative).
Usoro morphological ndị ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọ bụ ezie na Bardi bụ nke ukwuu affixal, ọ na-ejikwa usoro morphological ndị ọzọ, gụnyere reduplication, infixation, na compounding .*Bowen (2002). History of research on Bardi and Jawi. Academia.edu. Rice University. “revised and expanded version of a talk given at the Fourth International Workshop on Australian Languages at University of Aarhus, June 2002”
- Baawanim inanggagaljin mayi aamba
- Baawanim inanggagaljin aamba mayi.
- Baawanim mayi inanggagaljin aamba.
- Aamba inanggagaljin mayi baawanim.
- Aamba mayi inanggagaljin baawanim.
- Aamba inanggagaljin baawanim mayi.
- Mayi inanggagaljin baawanim aamba.
- Mayi baawanim inanggagaljin aamba.
- Mayi inanggagaljin baawanim aamba.
- Mayi inanggagaljin aamba baawanim.
- Inanggagaljin aamba baawanim mayi.
- Inanggagaljin mayi baawanim aamba. (etc.)
Mmasị ịtụ ihe ndị ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọ bụ ezie na Bardi nwere usoro okwu efu, ụfọdụ mmasị n'ịhazi dị. Mmasị ndị a gbadoro ụkwụ na ụkpụrụ nke “pragmatics, grounding, and focus.” [ 25 ]
Ọtụtụ mgbe ndị mejupụtara na-adị 1) nkebiokwu-nke mbụ ma ọ bụ 2) nkebiokwu-n'ikpeazụ dabere na mkpa ọnọdụ ha.
- Ihe ndị mejupụtara mgbado anya na-abụkarị nkebiokwu-mmalite. Ihe mejupụtara ndị a gụnyere ozi nwere nlebara anya dị iche, yana ozi dị ọhụrụ.
- Isiokwu anaghị ewepụrụ—ozi nke ochie mana eweghachitere—na-abụkarị nkebi ahịrịokwu-ikpeazụ. Na Bardi, a na-ahapụkarị isiokwu ndị na-adịgide n'okwu n'ahịrịokwu ndị na-eso mmalite mmalite ha. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na isiokwu ochie kpuchiri ekpuchi, enwere ike ịmaliteghachi ya n'ahịrịokwu-n'ọnọdụ a, ọ ga-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke nkebiokwu ahụ. [ 26 ]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ McKenzie (13 August 2019). Education is the key to keeping Bardi language and culture strong. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
- ↑ Curriculum. Christ the King Catholic School. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
ezie na ọ dị nnọọ ka nke asụsụ ndị a maara nke ọma na ezinụlọ Pama-Nyungan, akwụkwọ akụkọ Bardi bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'ịsụgharị ụdaume abụọ dị elu dị ka 'oo' kama 'u'. Mgbakọ a bụ ụdị asụsụ Kimberly ndị ọzọ, dị ka Gooniyandi na Miriwoong . Ọ bụ ezie na mmadụ nwere ike na-eche na omimi n'asụsụ a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nkwurịta okwu, /uː/ bụ ụdaume kacha nta n'asụsụ a ma na-ebu obere ọrụezie na ọ dị nnọọ ka nke asụsụ ndị a maara nke ọma na ezinụlọ Pama-Nyungan, akwụkwọ akụkọ Bardi bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'ịsụgharị ụdaume abụọ dị elu dị ka 'oo' kama 'u'. Mgbakọ a bụ ụdị asụsụ Kimberly ndị ọzọ, dị ka Gooniyandi na Miriwoong . Ọ bụ ezie na mmadụ nwere ike na-eche na omimi n'asụsụ a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nkwurịta okwu, /uː/ bụ ụdaume kacha nta n'asụsụ a ma na-ebu obere ọrụezie na ọ dị nnọọ ka nke asụsụ ndị a maara nke ọma na ezinụlọ Pama-Nyungan, akwụkwọ akụkọ Bardi bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'ịsụgharị ụdaume abụọ dị elu dị ka 'oo' kama 'u'. Mgbakọ a bụ ụdị asụsụ Kimberly ndị ọzọ, dị ka Gooniyandi na Miriwoong . Ọ bụ ezie na mmadụ nwere ike na-eche na omimi n'asụsụ a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nkwurịta okwu, /uː/ bụ ụdaume kacha nta n'asụsụ a ma na-ebu obere ọrụ
- Bowern (2012). A Grammar of Bardi. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, Inc.. ISBN 9783110278156.
- Aklif (1999). Ardiyooloon Bardi Ngaanka, One Arm Point Bardi dictionary. Halls Creek, Western Australia: Kimberley Language Resource Centre.
- Dixon (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bowen (2002). History of research on Bardi and Jawi. Academia.edu. Rice University. “revised and expanded version of a talk given at the Fourth International Workshop on Australian Languages at University of Aarhus, June 2002”
- Templeeti:Cite JIPA
- Aklif (1999). Ardiyooloon Bardi Ngaanka : one arm point Bardi dictionary. Halls Creek, W.A.: Kimberley Language Resource Centre. ISBN 1875167110.