Asụsụ Brokpa
Brokpa ( Brokpake ; Dzongkha ) bụ asụsụ Tibetic nke ihe ruru mmadụ 5,000 na-asụ. Ọ bụ ụmụ amaala obodo yakherd na-azụ atụrụ na-asụ ya. [1]
Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Okwu Tibet ྲོག་པ་ `brog pa na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ ndị na-akwagharị ma ọ bụ ndị na-akwagharị n'azụ atụrụ yak na mpaghara Himalaya.
N'ihi nkesa ha Brokpa nke Merak na Sakteng mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọkwa mera-sakteng-pa ('ndị Merak na Sakteng') na asụsụ ha mera-sakteng-kha ('asụsụ Merak na Sakteng').
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ewere Brokpa ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke obere ụyọkọ Tibeti nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Sino-Tibet . Nkewa nke ime n'ime Tibetic ekpebibeghị nke ọma, nke mere ka amataghị ọnọdụ Brokpa.
Dabere na nhazi nke Shafer (1955), Brokpa ga-ewere dị ka akụkụ nke ngalaba Central Bodish, yana ndị ọzọ, Dzongkha, Chocangacakha na Tibet Tibet .
Tournadre (2014) na-ekewa ya dịka akụkụ nke mpaghara ndịda Tibetic. Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtala na Brokpa adịghị ekere òkè ụfọdụ ihe ọhụrụ phonological nke Dzongkha mere na ya mere enweghị ike ijikọta ya na Dzongkha n'usoro kachasị ala nke ezinụlọ.
Ojiji
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụkarị asụsụ a na Bhutanese Gewogs nke Merak na Sakteng na Trashigang District nke Eastern Bhutan yana na mpaghara India nke Tawang na West Kameng na Arunachal Pradesh . [2] [1]
Dondrup (1993: 3) depụtara obodo Brokpa ndị a.
- West Kameng district
- Lubrung
- Dirme
- Sumrang
- Nyokmadung
- Undra
- Sengedrong
- Tawang district
- Lagam
- Mago
- Ihe bu
- Lakuthang
- Bhutan
- Sakteng
- Merak
Ọnụọgụ 1981 gụrụ ndị Brokpa dị 1,855 na Arunachal Pradesh .
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-akọwakarị Brokpa dị ka asụsụ na-echekwa nchekwube ma ọ bụ mgbe ochie, n'agbanyeghị na o mekwara ụfọdụ ihe ọhụrụ.
Tebụlụ na-esote na-egosi ngwa ahịa consonants Brokpa dịka akọwara na Wangdi (2021: 101–125)
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p pʰ b bʱ | t tʰ d dʱ | ʈ ʈ ʰ ɖ ɖʱ | k kʰ g gʱ | ʔ | |
| Mmekọrịta | ts tɡsʰ d͡z | t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ d͡ʑ | ||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | s z | ɕ ʑ | h ɦ | |||
| imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Trill | r ̥ | |||||
| Odika | w | l l̥ | j |
Rịba ama na Wangdi (2021) anaghị atụle genitive -gi ihe nrịbama ikpe. Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-ewere na ihe nnọchianya na ngwá ọrụ dị ka otu akara ngosi.
Ikpe ahụ zuru oke na-egosi isiokwu intransitive na ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ikpe na-ezighị ezi na-egosi ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ebe ahụ na-egosi arụmụka gbasara oghere na/ma ọ bụ nke nwa oge. Ablative ahụ na-akakwa akara arụmụka ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na mbugharị site na onye ntụgharị dị. Ọ nwekwara ike akara arụmụka mpụta na-enweghị njikọ na oghere na ọnọdụ nwa oge. Ihe eji eme ihe na-egosi arụmụka na ọrụ ngwá ọrụ. Dative na-egosi uru, nnata na ebumnuche, yana ihe ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ntụgharị ahụ na-egosi mmegharị oge ma ọ bụ oghere oghere ihe nrụtụ aka nke akpaokwu aha. A na-eji kọmpụta/akpakọrịta maka nrịbama nrịbama okwu yana nchikota n'ime nkebiokwu aha, nhazi nkebiokwu na njikọ nkebiokwu.
Nọmba ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-enweta akara ọnụọgụgụ site na nchikota na okwu ọnụ, dị ka maŋbo 'ọtụtụ', ma ọ bụ okwu ọnụ ọgụgụ. Agbanyeghị, akara nọmba adịghị mkpa nke ukwuu, ma ọ bụrụ na o doro anya site na ọnọdụ.
Ihe nrịbama Brokpa nke ejikọtara n'ụda bụ:
- = baʔ
- = tsʰu ~ = zu ~ = su
- = tsʰan ~ = san
The plural markers = baʔ na = tsʰu naanị dị iche ruo na = tsʰu nwere ike soro akara nrịbama ma a na-agbakarị akaebe na-esochi nkenke, ebe = baʔ mgbe niile na-ebute akara nrịbama.
The morpheme = tsʰan n'aka nke ọzọ a na-eji egosipụta 'X na ndị mmekọ' (associative plural).
Ọnụọgụgụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọnụọgụ Brokpa site na otu ruo iri bụ:
| Ọnụọgụgụ | Okwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nkịtị |
|---|---|
| 1 | tɕʰik, gaŋ |
| 2 | ɲi, dʱó |
| 3 | sum |
| 4 | ʑi |
| 5 | ŋá |
| 6 | ɖuk |
| 7 | dün |
| 8 | gyæ |
| 9 | gu |
| 10 | tɕu ( tʰam ( ba )) |
Rịba ama na n'okwu maka 10 ma ihe abụọ tʰam ba bụ ezigbo.
A na-emepụta nọmba Kadịnal site na suffixing - pa n'ụdị ordinal, ma ewezuga na 1, nke bụ daŋba 'mbụ'. A na-emepụta ọnụọgụgụ ugboro ugboro na njikọ njikọ kʰuɕ 'oge', dị ka kʰuɕsum 'ugboro atọ'. A na-emepụta nkesa site na ịgbakwunye - re gaa na nọmba kadinal nke emegharịrị.
A na-emepụta ọnụọgụgụ sitere na 10 ruo 19 site n'ịgbakwunye nọmba kadinal nke ndị ahụ na kadinal tɕu '10', dị ka egosiri na tebụl na-esonụ. Rịba ama na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-edobe preradical site na mmalite nke asụsụ, nke a pụrụ ịhụ n'ụdị Tibet Edere .
| Ọnụọgụgụ | Okwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nkịtị | Ndị Tibet dere |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | tɕuktɕʰi | Tibetan |
Enwere ike ịmepụta ọnụọgụgụ ndị dị elu na decimal ma ọ bụ n'usoro vigesimal nwere okwu ntọala kʰaː 'akara, iri abụọ'.
okike okike
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Brokpa anaghị klaasị aha site na ụtọasụsụ okike mana ọ nwere ike akara okike okike nke animates. Akara okike nwoke na - pʰo ~- po ~- bo na okike nwanyi na - mo ~- mu ~ ma . A na-agbakwunye morphemes ndị a na mgbọrọgwụ nke aha aha dị ka ɕa 'deer', ɕa - pʰo 'nwoke mgbada, hart', ɕa - mo 'nwanyi mgbada, doe'. Ụdị morphemes pʰo na mo nwere ike ime na iche mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka adjective pụtara 'nwoke' na 'nwanyị' n'otu n'otu.
Ụfọdụ aha na-adịghị ndụ nwere ike were akara okike n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, na-abụkarị okwu uri ma ọ bụ egwu.
O doro anya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akara nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị doro anya na = di na Brokpa. Akara enweghị njedebe na = tɕiʔ ~ = ʑiʔ ~ = ɕiʔ , ebe = ɕiʔ na-eso syllable mepere emepe na = tɕiʔ ~ = ʑiʔ soro mkpuruokwu mechiri emechi.
Augmentative & diminutive
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ike ịmepụta ihe na-emewanyewanye aha site na itinye morpheme - tɕʰen, nke sitere na tɕʰenpo n'akụkọ ihe mere eme 'nnukwu'. Ọ nwere ike igosi oke ibu, ike karịa na ihe yiri ya.
A na-emepụta mbelata site na suffixing - pʰruʔ ~ - ʈuʔ ~- ruʔ na aha. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụdị ahụ nwere ike isi na okwu pʰrugu pụta 'nwa'. A na-ejikarị ya egosi anụmanụ dị obere ma ọ bụ maka mmasị.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asụsụ nke Bhutan
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 van Driem (1993). Language Policy in Bhutan. SOAS. Archived from the original on 2010-11-01. Retrieved on 2011-01-18.van Driem, George (1993). . London: SOAS. Archived from on 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ↑ Brokpake. Ethnologue Online. SIL International (2006). Retrieved on 2011-01-18.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bodt, Timoti. 2012. Ọhụrụ oriọna na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị mmadụ, asụsụ na ọdịnala nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Bhutan na ọwụwa anyanwụ Mon. Wageningen: Monpasang.
- Dondrup, Rinchin, 1993. Ntuziaka asụsụ Brokeh . Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Arunachal Pradesh Gọọmenti.
- van Driem, George. 1998. Dzongkha . Leiden: Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nchọpụta CNWS [Asụsụ nke Greater Himalayan Region 1].
- van Driem, George. 2001. Asụsụ nke Himalaya (Mpịakọta 2). Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill.
- Funk, Damian. 2020. phonology izizi nke Brokpa . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95m6x4p8
- Funk, Damian/Mittaz, Corinne/Rüfenacht, Sara/Waldis, Sereina. 2020. 'Lexicon Brokpa: Ihe edeturu na mpaghara semantic ahọpụtara'. Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xw1r1sj
- Gerber, Pascal/Grollmann, Selin. 2020. Okwu Mmalite na akụkụ nke Brokpa Grammar . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/content/qt56c8w718/qt56c8w718.pdf
- Mittaz, Corinne. 2020. Ntụle dị mkpirikpi nke klaasị okwu na Brokpa . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xw1r1sj
- Rüfenacht, Sara. 2020. Brokpa nominal morphology . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xw1r1sj
- Rüfenacht, Sara/Waldis, Sereina. 2020. Akụkụ diachronic na mpaghara mpaghara ụda ụda Brokpa . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xw1r1sj
- Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. Asụsụ Tibeti na nhazi ha . Na: Owen-Smith, Thomas; na Hill, Nathan W. (eds.), Trans-Himalayan linguistics, 105–129. Berlin: De Gruyter [Trends in Linguistics 266].
- Wangdi, Pema. 2021. A Grammar nke Brokpa: Trans-Himalayan asụsụ nke Bhutan . Nkà mmụta PhD. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/74264/1/JCU_74264_Wangdi_2021_thesis.pdf
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Himalayan Languages Project[usurped]