Asụsụ Bukiyip

Bukiyip (Bukiyúp), ma ọ bụ Mountain Arapesh, bụ asụsụ Arapesh ( Torricelli ) na-asụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 16,000 n'etiti Yangoru na Maprik ^[1] na East Sepik Province nke Papua New Guinea . ^[2]Bukiyip na-eso ụdị SVO. Asụsụ Arapesh ka amara maka usoro nkwekọrịta nkebiokwu dị mgbagwoju anya ha (Bukiyip nwere 18 n'ime klaasị aha ndị a). ^[3]

Nhazi

Enwere olumba abụọ bụ isi nke Bukiyip Chamaun-Yabonuh na Ilipeim-Yamil (ọdịda anyanwụ) ^[2] na obere olumba abụọ Buki na Lohuhwim. ^[3] N'inye mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'etiti olumba, ọkà mmụta asụsụ Robert Conrad na-atụ aro na Bukiyip nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke agbụ olumba na-agụnyekwa asụsụ Arapesh ndị ọzọ. ^[1] Enwere ike ịchịkọta olumba ndị a dị ka Coastal Arapesh na Mountain Bukiyip. ^[3] ^[4]

fonology

Nhazi mkpụrụedemede

A na-etinyekarị nrụgide syllabic na nkeji okwu penultimate, nke nwere ọkwa dị elu.

Enwere contours innation anọ dị iche.

Intonation ikpeazụ - ọdịda ụda na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ, na-esote nkwụsịtụ
Intonation na-abụghị nke ikpeazụ - ọkwa etiti ọkwa na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ, nkwụsịtụ sochiri ya
Interrogative Intonation - larịị etiti/elu ọkwa na okwu ikpeazụ
Intonation dị mkpa - ọkwa dị elu na nrụgide dị arọ n'ime nkebiokwu ahụ nwere mbelata ụda ọsọ ọsọ na syllable ikpeazụ ^[3]

Aha aha nkeonwe
Onye	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
1st	yak (eik)	ohwak	apak
Nke abụọ	nyak (nanya)	bwiepú	ipak
Nke atọ (nke nwoke)	énan/nani	umum bwiom	omom/mami
Nke atọ (nwanyị)	okok/kwakwa	owo bwuo	owo/wawi
Nke atọ (mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị)	-	eche echiche	echech/chachi

Nnọchiaha nke nwere ụdị: pronoun + -i + unú (klas nọmba aha)

Ngwaa

Ọdịdị ngwaa

Ngwaa nwere usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke affixes na-edobe ọnọdụ, ihe, bara uru, na ntụzịaka nke nwere klaasị nke ha ma ọ bụ kwenyerịrị na klas aha. Usoro a bụ: ^[3]

Isiokwu (n-) + Mood (u- 'irrealis', a- 'realis') + Ihe (unú-) + Ngwaa Nucleus (ngwaa mgbọrọgwụ 1–6, ngwaa stem 1-2)+ Ihe 2 (-unú) + Ihe 2 (-unú) + Ihe bara uru (-m 'bara uru' + -unú ma ọ bụ -ag 'ebe a') + Ntụziaka (-u 'chụpụrụ', -i 'n'ebe ọkà okwu', '-uk' na-adịgide adịgide).

Ihe 2 na uru nwere ike ọ gaghị eme na ngwaa niile.

Prefixes isiokwu ngwaa

Onye	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Mbụ	i-	w-	m-
Nke abụọ	na-	p-	p-

Ihe nrịbama ọnọdụ

Ngwaa niile (ewezuga klas 6 nwere akara ọnọdụ). Ọnọdụ ezi uche (ihe nrịbama ọnọdụ 'a-') gbasara ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na ugbu a. Ọnọdụ irrealis (ihe nrịbama ọnọdụ 'u-') gbasara ihe omume n'ọdịnihu na ihe ndị na-emeghị n'oge gara aga (dị ka n'ihe banyere ebe nchekwa hiere ụzọ). Ọnọdụ dị mkpa (eji maka iwu) na ọnọdụ ajụjụ (eji maka ajụjụ) na-etolite site na mgbanwe ngbanwe. ^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ngwaa ihe suffixes

Onye	Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
1st	-uwe/-owe	-ahu	-apú
Nke abụọ	-enyú/-inyú	-	-epú
Nke atọ (nke nwoke)	-unu/-an'	-	-om
Nke atọ (nwanyị)	-oke/-uk	-	- ị
Nke atọ (mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị)	-nke/-nke	-	-ech/-iche

Klas mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa

	Ihe dị mkpa		Ihe Nhọrọ
	Transitive				Intransitive	Stative
	Prefix	Suffix	Prefix	Suffix
Isiokwu efu Nhọrọ	1	2	3	4/8	5	6
Okwu efu efu				7

Klas 8 nwere ihe nke abụọ ebe klas 4 nwere naanị otu.

Adjectives

Adjectives nwere mkpụrụokwu mgbọrọgwụ na-esochi ya bụ suffix-klas kwesịrị ekwesị (lee tebụl klaasị aha). ^[3]

Okwu okwu

Enwere klaasị adverb atọ na Bukiyip: ' natimogúk ' (niile) na ọnọdụ irrealis na '-nubu' (zuru oke) na '-gamu' (nke ọma) na ọnọdụ n'ezie. A na- emegharị okwu mgbasa ozi niile, ma nwee ike ịnwe n'efu ma ọ bụ ejikọta ya dabere na oghere mgbanwe nke etinyere na nkebiokwu, akpaokwu, ma ọ bụ nkebi ahịrịokwu. ^[3]

Usoro ngụkọ

Enwere mgbọrọgwụ ọnụọgụ abụọ bụ 'atú-' (otu) na 'bia-' (abụọ). A na-agbakwunye prefixes ọnụọgụ ndị a na mkpụrụ okwu mgbọrọgwụ wee banye usoro ọmụmụ (lee ngalaba Morphophonemics ) na-ejikọta ha. ^[3] Ọmụmaatụ:

atú + -p + utom → atum → otum

bia + -ch + batowich → biech

Mgbọrọgwụ ọnụọgụgụ ' nobati- ' (anọ) bụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ na ụkpụrụ mmekọ a. Na mgbakwunye na mgbọrọgwụ atú na ọnụọgụ abụọ, enwekwara azuokokoosisi éné- nke pụtara otu, otu, ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ dabere n'ọnọdụ ya.

Akpaokwu

Enwere nhazi akpaokwu iri abụọ na atọ na Bukiyip. ^[3]

Akpaokwu ngwaa

1. Akpaokwu ngwaa gbanwegharịrị: Mgbanwe (klas 1-2 adverb) + Isi (ngwaa klaasị 1-7) + Mgbanwe (adverb klaasị 3, akpaokwu adverb)

2. Akpaokwu ngwaa ugboro ugboro: Isi (ngwaa klas 10, ngwaa ngagharị) + Mgbanwe (klas 3 adverb) + Isi (ngwaa klas 10, '-lto') + Mgbanwe

3. Nhazi Ahịrịokwu ngwaa: Isi (ngwaa klaasị 1–5, akpaokwu nhazi) + Isi (ngwaa klaasị 1–5, akpaokwu emeziri) + Mgbanwe

4. Akpaokwu okwu ngwaa: Isi (ngwaa ngagharị, akpaokwu ngwaa) + Isi (ngwaa 3, akpaokwu ngwaa na-ahazi) + Modifier (klas adverb 3)

Akpaokwu aha

5. Akpaokwu aha gbanwegharịrị 1: Mgbanwe (ngosipụta, nkebiokwu ọnụọgụ, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ) + Mgbanwe (adjective klaasị 2, akpaokwu okwu, nkeji aha ahọpụtara, nkebi ahịrịokwu) + nwere (mokwu nwere, nnọchiaha nwere) + Isi (klas 1-15 aha, nhazi okwu)

6. Akpaokwu aha gbanwegharịrị 2: Mgbanwe (aha okwu, klaasị 17-18, akpaokwu mpaghara 3) + Isi (aha)

7. Akpaokwu ntinye aha: Isi (ahokwu ntinye aha, nhazi nkebi ahịrịokwu, ngosipụta, akpaokwu siri ike, klaasị 18, nnọchiaha, okwu oge) + Mkpebi (nkebiokwu, nkebiokwu ahọpụtara, nhazi okwu aha, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, klaasị 17-18 aha aha, klaasị 17-18 aha aha, oge ewepụtara, okwu stem, mkpọ okwu)

8. Nkebiokwu nhazi aha: Isi (ahịrịokwu ntinye aha, nkebi ahịrịokwu gbanwetụrụ, klas 17 aha, pronoun) + Isi (okwu okwu ntinye aha, ahịrịokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, klas 17 aha, pronoun) + Coordinate ('o', 'úli', ⟨ n- ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ + -nú, ⟩ +-ú)

Akpaokwu aha gbanwechara

9. Akpaokwu nwere: Isi (mokwu mkpezi, nhazi nkebiokwu aha, ihe ngosi, klaasị 3 nkebiokwu mpaghara, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, klaasị 17-18 aha, mkpụrụ okwu) + nwere (nkpọaha nkeonwe, '-i-')

10. Akpaokwu oke: Isi (adverb, ngosi, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, okwu aha stem, nnọchiaha) + Limiter (at- + <únú>, ati)

11. Akpaokwu kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ: Isi (nkpọaha) + Mgbakwunye ('kénak', 'meho')

12. Akpaokwu ngwa-enye aka: bara uru (umu) + Isi (okwu ngbanwe, nkebi okwu ntụgharị, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ)

13. Nkebi ahịrịokwu: Myiri ('( ko)bwidou(k) ') + Isi (okwu ngbanwe, okwu ntụgharị, ngosipụta, nnochiaha, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ) + Myiri ('-umu')

14. Nkebiokwu nkwado: Isi (nkpọaha, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, nkebiokwu ntinye aha) + Ihe nkwado (' nagún ')

Akpaokwu mpaghara

15. Akpaokwu ebe 1: Ebe (ebe obibi) + Isi (nkebiokwu mpaghara, okwu ebe, klaasị 2-3 akpaokwu ọnọdụ 2, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, klaasị 18 aha) + Ihe nchọpụta (klas 18 noun)

16. Nkebiokwu ebe 2: Isi (nkebiokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe, nkebi okwu ntụgharị, ebe, aha, nnọchiaha) + Locative ('-umu', '-ahah')

17. Akpaokwu ebe 3: Isi (klas 2 ebe) + Isi (klas 3 ebe)

Akpaokwu nwa oge

18. Akpaokwu nwa oge 1: Isi (ụkwụ oge) + nwa oge ('-abali')

19. Akpaokwu nwa oge 2: Mgbanwe ('húlúkati-mu) + Isi (okwu nwa oge)

20. Nkebi ahịrịokwu Oghere Usoro: Isi (okwu nwa oge) + Isi (okwu nwa oge)

Akpaokwu ọnụọgụgụ

21. Nkebiokwu ọnụọgụ: Isi (mkpụrụokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, stem ọnụọgụ) + Isi (ụkwụ ọnụọgụ) + Isi (ụkwụ ọnụọgụ)

Akpaokwu ajụjụ

22. Akpaokwu ajụjụ: Mgbanwe (okwu ajụjụ) + Isi (aha klaasị 1-14)

Akpaokwu adjective/adverb

23. Akpaokwu okwu: Isi (okwu njiri mara) + Isi (ọnụ okwu) 1-14 aha.

Ntụaka

1 2 Dobrin, Lise Miriam.. Phonological form, morphological class, and syntactic gender : the noun class systems of Papua New Guinea Arapeshan. OCLC 42975575. Dobrin, Lise Miriam. Phonological form, morphological class, and syntactic gender : the noun class systems of Papua New Guinea Arapeshan. OCLC 42975575.
1 2 Juagu (2008). Bukiyip dictionary. ISBN 978-9980033833. OCLC 892628484. Juagu, Junny (2008). Bukiyip dictionary. ISBN 978-9980033833. OCLC 892628484.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Conrad (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics (113). ISSN 0078-7558. Conrad, Robert; Wogiga, Kepas (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics. C (113). Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-391-3. ISSN 0078-7558.
↑ Glottolog 4.0 - Bukiyip. glottolog.org. Retrieved on 2019-10-07.

[:3-1] 1 2 Dobrin, Lise Miriam.. Phonological form, morphological class, and syntactic gender : the noun class systems of Papua New Guinea Arapeshan. OCLC 42975575. Dobrin, Lise Miriam. Phonological form, morphological class, and syntactic gender : the noun class systems of Papua New Guinea Arapeshan. OCLC 42975575.

[:0-2] 1 2 Juagu (2008). Bukiyip dictionary. ISBN 978-9980033833. OCLC 892628484. Juagu, Junny (2008). Bukiyip dictionary. ISBN 978-9980033833. OCLC 892628484.

[:1-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Conrad (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics (113). ISSN 0078-7558. Conrad, Robert; Wogiga, Kepas (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics. C (113). Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-391-3. ISSN 0078-7558.

[4] Glottolog 4.0 - Bukiyip. glottolog.org. Retrieved on 2019-10-07.

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