Asụsụ Byangsi
Byangsi (a na-akpọkwa Byansi, Byãsi, Byangkho Lwo, Byanshi, Bhotia, na Byangkhopa [1] ) bụ asụsụ West Himalayish nke India na Nepal . Atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche, mana ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,000-1,500 na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, [1] ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na ihe ruru 3,300. [2] Byangsi sitere na mpaghara nwere nnukwu asụsụ, ya bụ na enwere ọtụtụ asụsụ n'etiti mmadụ ole na ole. [3] Ọ bụ asụsụ kachasị na mpaghara a, [4] ọ bụ ezie na amachaghị ya na mpụga obere ugwu ugwu ya na ndị na-asụ ya na-esiri ike ịkepụta onwe ha maka mmekọrita gọọmentị etiti. [5]
Byangsi bụ akụkụ nke otu asụsụ anọ dị obere West Himalayish a na-asụ na mbụ "steeti Almora", nke kewara ugbu a n'etiti Uttarakhand India na anya ọdịda anyanwụ Nepal, ya bụ, Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi na Byangsi. [ 8 ]
Na Uttarakhand, mpaghara Byangsi sitere na Budi (
Na Nepal, a na-asụkarị Byangsi na Chhangru (
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-asụ Byangsi kwenyere na ha sitere na ndị Darchula Byangsi, nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ Parbatiya, na ndị Tibet. [5] Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-eme nchọpụta si mba ọzọ kpuchiri ógbè ugwu ebe ndị mmadụ bi, ya mere, a chịkọtara ntakịrị ihe ọmụma banyere asụsụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. [5]
Omenala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ike ịkpọ ndị na-asụ Byangsi Byangsi, mana ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ Bura. [5]
Na usoro nkedo mba Nepal, nke gọọmentị Nepalese jiri dochie ọkwa ọkwa atọ gara aga na mpaghara pụrụ iche, a na-etinye ndị ugwu nke Bura dị nso n'etiti. Maka okwu gbasara iwu na gọọmentị, ndị Bura na-ewere onwe ha Chetri, kpọmkwem, Matwali Chetri, nke na-egosi na ha kwekọrọ na Chetri na omenala ọha na eze, ma anaghị agbaso omume niile nke Chetri caste. [5]
Mpaghara Humla nke dị na Bura bụ agbụrụ atọ bi: Bura, Nepali Parbatias, na ndị na-asụ Tibet, bụ ndị niile dị iche na elu ebe ha bi, ọrụ akụ na ụba, na omenala ọha mmadụ. Agbanyeghị, oke agbụrụ ndị a esighi ike, n'adịghị ka mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu; ebe obibi agbụrụ na-eme ebe ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu, ma ọ bụ ọbụna obodo dum ga-agbanwe agbụrụ ha dị ka mkpa mgbanwe akụ na ụba na ndụ si dị. Ndị Bura na-ebi n'etiti oke ugwu ma na-ebi ndụ site n'ịkọ ugbo n'akụkụ ugwu na ala ọhịa a kpochapụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Obodo Chetri nke Bura nwere bụ nnukwu ezinụlọ na mpaghara Humla, n'agbanyeghị na ndị bi ebe ahụ na-adịkarị ogbenye. [5] Ndị Matwali Chetri bụ ihe sitere n'ịchịkọta omume agbụrụ na obodo Nepalese iji kwado ụdị nke caste, Chetri; ha na-ekerịta omenala alụmdi na nwunye, ezinụlọ na ihe nketa; kalenda ememe; na ememe nsogbu ndụ na ndị Chetri, n'agbanyeghị na ha, dị ka ndị ọzọ nke ugwu, na-eji ndị mmụọ dị ọnụ ala karịa maka ememe ha. [5]
N'ime agbụrụ Bura, ndị mmadụ kewara onwe ha ụzọ abụọ: jharra ("ezigbo") na Tibet Bura. A na-ekewa klas ndị a na ndị jharra na-azọrọ na ha sitere na Darchula Byansi na ndị dị elu nke Parbatiya karịa ndị Tibet ma kwuo na ha kwụsịrị ịlụ ndị Tibet ogologo oge gara aga, ebe Tibet Bura na-ekwe ka ịlụ ndị Tibet na-asụ asụsụ Tibet. [5] Enwere ogo di na nwunye n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ. [6]
Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nnọchiaha onwe onye na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti onye mbụ, nke abụọ na nke atọ na mgbakwunye na otu, abụọ, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ, na-egosi nke abụọ site n'ịgbakwunye suffix -ʃi na nnọchiaha ọtụtụ. [6]
| Otu | Abụọ | Ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Onye mbụ | je | naʃi | n'ime |
| Onye nke abụọ | gan | ganiʃi | gani |
| Onye nke atọ | uo | uniʃi | unʃi |
Nkpọaha ngosi na Byangsi ga-adị iche dabere na ọnụọgụgụ, anya, elu n'ihe gbasara ọkà okwu, yana ma a na-ahụ ihe. [3]
| Byangsi | Bekee |
|---|---|
| kaa | Kedu |
| una | WHO |
| ulaŋ | mgbe ole |
| wà | ebee |
| apata ụkwụ ezi | Kedu |
| hụ | ihe kpatara ya |
O nwere ike ịbụ na e si na Hindi ma ọ bụ Kumaoni gbazite aha nnọchite anya "api". Ọ nwere naanị otu ụdị. [6] Enwekwara naanị otu onye ikwu, "dzai," nke a na-eji "api" eme ihe mgbe niile. [6]
Adjectives
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Adjectives na-ebute aha aha ha na-agbanwe ma anaghị agbanwe ụdị. A pụkwara iji ha mee ihe dị ka ihe nrịbama . [6]
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbasa ozi nwere ike ịkọwa oge, ebe, ma ọ bụ usoro ihe omume wee buru ngwaa nke ha megharịa. [6]
Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ngwaa dị mfe yana ngwa ngwa na Byangsi, yana ngwaa dị mfe nwere mgbọrọgwụ monosyllabic. [6] Enwere ike na-emeso ngwaa dị ka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, na iji gbanwee ihe ọ pụtara, ha nwere ike were suffix dabere n'ụdị ọrụ ngwaa ahụ bụ. [6]
Byangsi, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman, na-eji aspectivizers nke ọma, nke bụ inyeaka agbakwunyere na ngwaa ozugbo na azuokokoosisi ya iji gbanwee ntakịrị ihe ọ pụtara na ihe nwere njikọ chiri anya. [7] Mgbanwe n'etiti ngwaa transitive na intransitive nwere ike were dị ka ihe nleba anya. [6] Thespectivizer onwe ya enweghị ike iguzo naanị ya, ọ bụ ezie na ngwaa na-enweghị onye nwere ike; n'ezie, ụfọdụ ngwaa agaghị ewere ihe aspectivizer. [7]
Ngwaa ga-agbanwe ụdị dabere na ike, akụkụ, ọnọdụ, mmadụ, na nọmba. Ọnọdụ gụnyere ihe dị mkpa / ihe mgbochi, ihe ngosi, enweghị njedebe, na subjunctive . A na-egosi enweghị njedebe site n'ịgbakwụnye suffix -mo (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ -mɔ) n'okwu ngwaa. [6]
Syntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Byangsi debere ihe ahụ n'ihu ngwaa ahụ. Ngwaa na-abịa na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu, ma na-adịkarị, isiokwu a na-abịa n'ihu ihe ahụ.
A na-ekpebi mmekọrịta nke okwu n'asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ma site n'itinye n'ahịrịokwu na morphemes, nke nwere ike ịbụ prefixes ma ọ bụ suffixes . Enwere ike iji Morphemes kwalite ọrụ nke okwu ma ọ bụ gosi ọrụ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha anọghị n'usoro "ọkọlọtọ" ma yie ka ọ bụ mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na asụsụ Tibeto-Burman.
Nkọwa okwu mmekọrịta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkọwa okwu ikwu na Byangsi bụ ụdị nhụsianya, nke pụtara na enwere ike iji otu okwu ahụ maka ndị ikwu n'akụkụ abụọ nke osisi ezinụlọ. [8]
Osisi ezinaụlọ abụghị kpọmkwem ihe nrịba ama n'okwu ọnụ, mana okwu ụfọdụ pụtara ụdị ndị ikwu a na-eche na ha yiri ya na omenala. Ọmụmaatụ nke mmekọrịta n'ụzọ zuru oke bụ na okwu titi na lala nke ọ bụla na-ezo aka na nne na nna nna na nne na nna nne. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya nwere aha a kapịrị ọnụ na Byangsi nke enwere ike kekọrịta. A na-eji okwu chînî mee ihe maka nne di ma ọ bụ nwunye nakwa nwanne nna ya na nwunye nwanne nne ya. [9] Enwere ike iche na mmekọrịta a dị ka nwanne nne, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị eji chînî eme ihe maka ụmụnne nne nne ya. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-eji okwu thângmi mee ihe maka nna di ma ọ bụ nwunye, nwanne nne ya, na di nwanne nna ya, ma ọ bụghị ụmụnne nna ya. [9]
Sistemụ ọnụọgụgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Byangsi na-eji usoro ọnụọgụgụ iri na-abụghị ntọala. Ọ na-eji prefixes dị ka multipliers. [10]
| Ọnụọgụgụ Arabik | Okwu Byangsi | Ọnụọgụgụ Arabik | Okwu Byangsi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tiɡɛ | 13 | cesɯm |
| 2 | naʃɛ | 20 | nasa: [nassa:] |
| 3 | sɯm | 21 | nasa: tiɡɛ |
| 4 | pi | 30 | nasa: cị |
| 5 | nai | 40 | pisa |
| 6 | tugu | 50 | pisa: cị |
| 7 | niʃɛ | 60 | tuksa: |
| 8 | jɛdɛ | 70 | tuksa: cị |
| 9 | ɡui | 80 | jatsha |
| 10 | cị | 90 | jatsha cị |
| 11 | chere | 100 | ra / sai |
| 12 | cenye | 1000 | aha:r |
Tebụlụ gbanwetụrụ site na Chan. [11] [6]
Rịba ama na sai na haja:r bụ ndị Indo-Aryan gbaziri. [11]
A na-etolite mkpụrụokwu ọtụtụ site n'ịmegharị isi okwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji pipi pụtara ugboro anọ (site na pi), ma ọ bụ suffix -tsu, dị ka pitsu iji nweta otu ihe ahụ. [6]
A na-egosipụta irighiri ihe site na nha mpaghara ma ewezuga otu okwu, "phyε," nke pụtara "ọkara" na a naghị agbanwe ya. [6]
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Họrọ ụdị okwu dị iche iche (ọ bụghị n'uju): [6]
| Okwu Byangsi | Ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee |
|---|---|
| ọ | ee |
| lairi | niile |
| yin | bụrụ |
| ŋɔ | ihu |
| taŋde | dị ndụ |
| yaddε | ọjọọ |
| semo | bea |
| wa nayaŋ | anu |
| le | mkpụrụ osisi |
| nka | isi |
| labu | bọta |
| khu | ezinụlọ |
| azag | ume |
| dza:mo | rie |
| tuŋmo | ṅụọ |
| sapaŋ | ụwa |
| sa :tso | efu |
| hicimo | anwụ |
| khat | oyi |
| rɔ | agụụ |
| itta | naanị ugbu a |
| bhak | ụda |
| chọ | ngaji |
| gal | yak |
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- 1 2 Byangsi (en). Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 2017-10-07. Retrieved on 2017-04-03.
- ↑ "Byangsi", Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2017-04-17.
- 1 2 Sharma (2004–2005). "Tibeto-Burman Studies at the Deccan College". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 64/65: 325–239. Sharma, S. R. (2004–2005). "Tibeto-Burman Studies at the Deccan College". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 64/65: 325–239. JSTOR 42930648.
- ↑ Sharma (1993). "Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh-- an Introduction". Bulletin of the Deccan College Institute 53: 343–348.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Levine (1987). "Caste, State, and Ethnic Boundaries in Nepal". The Journal of Asian Studies 46 (1): 71–88. DOI:10.2307/2056667.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sharma (Feb 2001). "A Study on the Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh". New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages 2. Sharma, Suhnu Ram (Feb 2001). LaPolla, Randy (ed.). "A Study on the Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh". New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages. 2.
- 1 2 Sharma (1996–1997). "Aspectivizers and Mediopassive Stem Formation in Byangsi". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 56/57: 267–270.
- ↑ Allen (1975). "Byansi Kinship Terminology: A Study in Symmetry". Man 10 (1): 80–94. DOI:10.2307/2801184.
- 1 2 Lall (1911). "An Enquiry into the Birth and Marriage Customs of the Khasiyas and the Bhotiyas of Almora District, U.P.". The Indian Antiquary 11: 190–198.
- ↑ Hodson (1913). "Note on the Numeral Systems of the Tibeto-Burman Dialects". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 45 (2): 315–336. DOI:10.1017/S0035869X00044592.
- 1 2 Chan:Byangsi- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages. mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de. Retrieved on 2017-04-27.