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Asụsụ Caijia

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Caijia ( Chinese ) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nọ n'ihe egwu a na-asụ na mpaghara gbadoro ụkwụ na Bijie, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ógbè Guizhou nke China. Ndị nchọpụta China depụtara ya na 1980 nke mbụ. [1] Ndị ode akwụkwọ dị iche iche kọwapụtara ya dị ka onye ikwu Bai ma ọ bụ nkewa mbụ sitere na Chinese ochie . Aha njirimara bụ men³¹ni³³ . Dị ka Lu (2022), ndị na-asụ Caijia na Xingfa 兴发乡, Hezhang County na-ezo aka na asụsụ ha dị ka meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³ . [2]

Nhazi

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Myirịta dị n'etiti Old Chinese, Waxiang, Caijia, na Bai bụ Wu & Shen (2010) [3] na ndị ọzọ akọwapụtala ya. [4] [5] Zhengzhang Shangfang (2010) rụrụ ụka na Bai na Caijia hibere otu obere Macro-Bai nke Sino-Tibet. [6]

Caijia na-egosikwa na ọ nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na asụsụ Longjia na Luren, mana edebeghị ha nke ọma maka nhazi ọkwa.

N'ụzọ dị iche, Sagart (2011) otu Caijia na Waxiang, ụdị dị iche iche nke China na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Hunan, [7] [8] dị ka ndị mbụ kewapụrụ na Chinese ochie . Sagart (2011) depụtara atụmatụ ndị a nke Chinese ochie nke Caijia na Waxiang debere:

  • OC *lˤ- na *lr-> Caijia na Waxiang l- (ebe Middle Chinese nwere d-), dị ka ọ dị na OC *lˤiŋ (田) > Caijia len31, Waxiang lɛ13 'ubi'
  • OC *r- > Caijia ɣ- na Waxiang z- (ebe Middle Chinese nwere l-), dị ka ọ dị na OC *mə.rˤək (來) > *rˤə > Caijia ɣɯ31, Waxiang zɛ13 'ịbịa'
  • 'abụọ': Caijia ta55, Waxiang tso53, sitere na OC *tsˤə(ʔ) -s 'ugboro abụọ' (再)
  • 'mmiri ara ehi': Caijia mi55, Waxiang mi55, nke Sagart (2011) na-atụ aro bụ okwu na-abụghị nke Sinitic

Nkesa

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Mpaghara Bijie n'ime mpaghara Guizhou, China

Bijie (1983) na-akọ na a na-ahụ ndị Caijia na mpaghara asaa nke Bijie prefecture - Qixingguan, Dafang, Qianxi, Zhijin, Nayong, Weining, na Hezhang - gụnyere ngụkọta nke ezinụlọ 3,100 na ihe karịrị mmadụ 18,000. Bijie (1983) na-akọ na a na-ahụ obere ndị Caijia na Anshun (nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ 400) na Liupanshui (nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,500) mpaghara (nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ n'otu n'otu), yana Zhaoyang, Yiliang, na mpaghara Zhenxiong dị na Zhaotong nke dị n'ebe ugwu). Bijie (1983) nwekwara data asụsụ maka asụsụ Caijia nke Ógbè Hezhang.

A na-ekesa ndị na-ekwu okwu Caijia n'ebe ndị a na mpaghara Bijie (Bo Wenze 2004). [9]

  • Lijiazhai 李家寨, Xinying Village 新营村, Xingfa Township 兴发乡, Hezhang County
  • Caijiayuan 蔡家园, Yakou Village 垭口村, Songlinpo Township 松林坡乡, Hezhang County
  • Lijiagou 李家沟, Kele Township 可乐乡, Hezhang County
  • Obodo Xinfa 新发布依族乡, Weining County (ka a ghara inwe mgbagwoju anya na Xingfa Township 兴发乡 na Hezhang County)

Mpaghara Yinajia 以那架区 nwere agbụrụ Caijia kacha na mpaghara Zhijin. Bijie (1983) na-akọkwa ebe Baiyanjiao 白岩脚, Puweng Township 普翁公社, Guiguo District 桂果区, Zhijin County.

Liupanshui City Ethnic Gazetteer六盘水市志：民族志 (2003:182–183) depụtara agbụrụ Caijia maka mpaghara ndị a na prefecture, yana ngụkọta nke 4,061 (1982):

  • Liuzhi : 1,720 (1981), na Niuchang 牛场, Xinchang 新场, Heitang 黑塘
  • Shuicheng : 2,296 (1982), na Bide 比德, Huale 化乐, Qinglin 青林, Jinpen 金盆
  • Mpaghara Zhongshan : na Dewu 德坞乡

Na mpaghara Shuicheng, a ka na-asụ asụsụ Caijia na:

  • Chahe 叉河, Jinpen Township 金盆乡
  • Caijiapo 蔡家坡, Tujiao Township 土角乡[10]
  • Caijiayuan 蔡家园, Shuchang Township 鼠场乡[9]

Na mpaghara Zhenxiong, Yunnan, ndị Caijia gbasasịa na ụyọkọ obodo Sumu 苏木村, [11] [12] na na Chuanjiu 串九, [13] Qinggang 青杠, [14] [15] Liangshui 凳 凳 [16] Nantai 南台, Wugu 五谷[17] ( Zhenxiong County Gazetteer 1986). [18]

fonology

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Lee (2021) [19] na-enye consonants na ụdaume ndị a maka phonology nke Caijia:

Udaume
N'ihu Ebe etiti Azu
Mechie /ɪ / ⟨ i ⟩ /y / ⟨ yu-/-ü ⟩ /ị / ⟨ ⟩
N'etiti /e / ⟨ e ⟩ /ə / ⟨ e ⟩ /o / ⟨ o ⟩
Mepee /æ / ⟨ ae ⟩ /ɑ / ⟨ a ⟩

Lee (2021) kwukwara na ụdaume nwere ike inwe ụdị atọ ọzọ: ogologo ⟨ (akwụkwọ ozi abụọ) ⟩, imi ⟨ -nn ⟩, na agba r ⟨ ⟩ . N'agbanyeghị na isi mmalite na-ese okwu, consonants nwekwara ike ịbụ glottalized ma ọ bụ pharyngealized, nke n'ime ha abụọ amabeghị n'ezie. A na-eche na ejiri akara IPA ha nwere akara nke a.

Olumba

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Guizhou (1982) depụtara olumba abụọ ndị a nke asụsụ Caijia. Olumba Caijia edere na Guizhou (1982) bụ nke Yangjiazhai 杨家寨, Liangyan Village 亮岩公社, Xingfa District 兴发区, Hezhang County .

  1. Xingfa District 兴发区, Hezhang County: Liangyan Village 亮岩公社 (gụnyere isi datapoint nke Yangjiazhai 杨家寨), Yeli Village 野里公社, na Wocun Village 窝皮寸
  2. Kaiping Village 开坪公社, Longchang District 龙场区, Weining County (nke dị nso na obodo Xinfa 新发布依族乡)

Guizhou (1982) kwuru na - an rime na Caijia nke Xingfa 兴发 kwekọrọ na -aŋ rime na Caijia nke Longchang 龙场.

Hsiu (2018) na-akọ nchoputa nke olumba Caijia edebeghị akwụkwọ na mbụ nke a na-asụ na Niujiaojing 牛角井村, Yangjie Town 羊街镇, Weining County. A na-asụkwa olumba Caijia n'ime ime obodo Xinglongchang 兴隆场村, Niuchishui 牛吃水, na Fadi 发地.

Aha na ngalaba agbụrụ

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Ndị Caijia na ndị Lu (卢) metụtara agbụrụ dị iche iche, ndị gọọmentị China kewara dị ka Manchu. Luren (Lu) na Caijia nwekwara njikọ chiri anya na Longjia (龙家). Caijia, Longjia, na Lu na-asụcha n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Guizhou .

Na Weining County, ndị ọchịchị China na-ekewa ndị na-asụ Caijia dị ka agbụrụ Gelao (Hsiu 2017), ebe na Hezhang County, a na-ekewa ha dị ka Bai (Bo 2004).

A kọwokwa ndị Caijia nwere aha "Menni" (门尼 ma ọ bụ 门你) na Puding County, Guizhou, ebe ekesara ha dị ka agbụrụ Gelao n'oge 1980s (Zhou Guoyan 2004).

Na mpaghara Zhijin, Guizhou, ndị Caijia ka a na-akpọ Silie 斯列 site n'aka ndị Miao na Awuna 阿乌纳 site na mpaghara Yi ( Zhijin County Gazetteer 1997:166).

Mpaghara agbụrụ nke ndị Caijia gụnyere Black 黑, White 白, Qingshangshui 青上水, Xiashui 下水, Hanzhan 捍毡, Zhuazhua 抓抓, Datou 大头, Qianqiaoba 乾Luoluo 倮倮, Xuejiao 削角 (Xieguo 写果), na Jiandao 剪刀. [20]

Aha ndị edekọtara na Caijia n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gụnyere Caijiazi 蔡家子 na Gantan Caijia 擀毡蔡家. Ndị Yi na-akpọ Caijia "Sha'awu 沙阿乌", ndị Miao na-akpọ ha "Sini 斯你", [10] na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ na-akpọkwa ha "Xieguo 写果". [10]

Bijie (1983:2–3) depụtara aha onwe na nkọwapụta ndị a maka ndị Caijia.

  • Autonym: Menni 门你 ( IPA : men31 ȵen33 )
  • Yi (na Dafang County na Zhijin County ) exonym: Xieguo, Awuna 阿武哪
  • Yi (na Shuicheng County ) exonym: Awuna 阿乌纳
  • Yi (na Weining County na Weining County ) exonym: Awu 阿武
  • Miao (na Weining County na Weining County ) exonym: Awu 阿乌
  • Miao (na Nayong County ) exonym: Sinie 斯聂
  • Shui (na Puding County na Zhijin County ) exonym: Louman 楼慢
  • Buyi exonym: Buman 布慢
  • Buyi (na Weining County ) exonym: Bu'awu 布阿武

Lü (2022) bụ ụtọ asụsụ Caijia zuru oke. [2]

Hụkwa

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Ihe ndetu na nrụtụ aka

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  1. ↑ Hölzl (2021). "Longjia (China) – Language Contexts" (in en). Language Documentation and Description 20: 13–34. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lü (2022). A Reference Grammar of Caijia: An Unclassified Language of Guizhou. De Gruyter Mouton. DOI:10.1515/9783110724806. ISBN 978-3-11-072480-6. 
  3. ↑ Wu (2010). Xiāngxī Gǔzhàng Wǎxiānghuà diàochá bàogào (in zh). Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe. 
  4. ↑ Xiāngxī Wǎxiānghuà "chīfàn" [róumō dúyīn láilì kǎo] (zh). Hóuxiǎohuī de bókè. Xinlang boke (2013-12-04). Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  5. ↑ Yuánlíng Xiānghuà (chuánxī) yǔ Báiyǔ Càijiāhuà gèbié dúyīn duìbǐ (zh). Hóuxiǎohuī de bókè. Xinlang boke (2012-10-04). Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  6. ↑ Zhengzhang (2010). "Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào", in Pan: Yánjiū zhī lè: Qìngzhù Wáng Shìyuán xiānshēng qīshíwǔ shòuchén xuéshù lùnwén jí (in zh). Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe, 389–400. 
  7. ↑ Baxter (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5. 
  8. ↑ Kurpaska (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects" (in en). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bo (2004). "Càijiāhuà gàikuàng". Mínzú yǔwén 2004 (2): 68–81. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0257-5779.2004.02.012.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bo2004" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Liupanshui
  11. ↑ 镇雄县黑树镇苏木村委会. www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  12. ↑ 镇雄县黑树镇苏木村委会苏木自然村. www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  13. ↑ 镇雄县母享镇串九村委会. www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  14. ↑ 镇雄县鱼洞乡青杠村委会. www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  15. ↑ 镇雄县鱼洞乡青杠村委会青杠自然村. www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  16. ↑ 镇雄县塘房镇凉水村委会. www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  17. ↑ 镇雄县乌峰镇五谷村委会. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved on 2014-02-26.
  18. ↑ Yúnnán hé Guìzhōu duìyú Chuānqīngrén, Nánjīngrén, Lóngjiā de shìbié dàxiāngjìngtíng (zh). Liyuzhi de bókè. Xinlang boke (2010-08-14). Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved on 16 April 2018.
  19. ↑ Lee (2023). "Phonological features of Caijia that are notable from a diachronic perspective". Journal of Historical Linguistics 13: 82–114. DOI:10.1075/jhl.21025.lee. 
  20. ↑ 白族家园——讲义寨_liyuzhi_新浪博客. blog.sina.com.cn. Retrieved on 16 April 2018.

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