Asụsụ Cayuga
| Cayuga Gayogo̱hó꞉nǫˀ | ||
|---|---|---|
| : | Cayuga_"our_language".svg | |
| Spoken in: | Canada, United States | |
| Region: | Ontario: Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation; New York (state): Cattaraugus Reservation | |
| Total speakers: | <55 in Canada | |
| Language family: | Iroquoian Northern Lake Iroquoian Five Nations Cayuga | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | cay
| |
| Lang Status 20-CR.svg | ||
Cayuga ( Cayuga: ) bụ asụsụ Northern Iroquoian nke Iroquois Proper (nke a makwaara dị ka " Iroquois ise"), a na-asụkwa ya na mba isii nke Grand River First Nation, Ontario, n'ihe dị ka ndị Cayuga 240, na na Cattaraugus Reservation, New York, na-erughị 10.
Cayuga nọ n'ihe egwu dị egwu, ebe naanị mmadụ 115 nke ụmụ amaala na-akọ Cayuga dị ka asụsụ obodo ha na ngụkọ Canada 2021. Ndị Cayuga na-agba mbọ ime ka asụsụ ahụ maliteghachi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Polytechnic Six Nations ewepụtala ngwa na iOS na mmemme ọmụmụ na Cayuga, Oneida, Mohawk na ndị ọzọ.
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere opekata mpe olumba abụọ dị iche nke Cayuga. A na-asụ abụọ na mba isii nke Grand River dị na ndịda Ontario. Ọzọ, nke a na-akpọ "Seneca-Cayuga", ka a na-asụ na Oklahoma ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na 1980s.
A na-ejikọta olumba abụọ nke Cayuga na mba isii na ụlọ ogologo Cayuga abụọ, Sour Springs ma ọ bụ " Upper" Cayuga na " Lower" Cayuga . Amara ọdịiche dị n'etiti olumba abụọ a nke ndịda Ontario gụnyere usoro ụda olu abụọ. Na Lower Cayuga (LC) dị iche iche, n'okpuru *tj usoro elu dị ka /ky/, eg LC gyę:gwa' /kjɛ̃ːkwaʔ/ vs (UC) ję:gwa' /tjɛ̃ːkwaʔ/. Ihe ọzọ pụtara ìhè gụnyere ụkpụrụ metrik nke Laryngeal Spreading. N'okwu Cayuga dị ala, ụdaume ndị na-adighi agba na-aga n'ihu /h/ ma ọ bụ /ʔ/ ka ejiri ogo olu nke consonant na-esote kpọpụta. Ya bụ, a na-akpọ ụdaume ndị dị otú ahụ na ụdaume a na-atụgharị n'uche mgbe ha na-ebu ụzọ /h/ ma ọ bụ olu dị egwu tupu /ʔ/. Otu ihe atụ nke a pụtara na okwu maka 'iteghete' gyoHdo̜h [kjo̤htõh].
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba ọgbara ọhụrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ụdị Cayuga abụọ. Ndị nke Lower End nke mba isii na-asụ asụsụ Cayuga Lower Cayuga na Upper Cayuga si na ngwụcha elu. Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ bụ na Lower Cayuga na-eji ụda [kj] na elu na-eji ụda [tj] . [ 3 ] Ọzọkwa, ịkpọ okwu dị iche n'etiti ndị na-asụ Cayuga n'otu n'otu na mmasị ha.
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ụdaume ọnụ ise na Cayuga, yanakwa ụdaume anọ ogologo, [ iː ], [ aː ], [ oː ], na [ eː ] . [ 4 ] Cayuga nwekwara udaume atọ etinyere imi, [ ɛ̃ ], [ õ ], na [ ã ] . [ 5 ] Ma [ u ] na [ ã ] bụ ụda dị ụkọ na Cayuga. Nke ikpeazụ abụghị ụda ụda, kama ọ na-adị elu n'ihi usoro ụda ụda nke nasalization, ebe n'okpuru /a/ na-aghọ [ ã ] mgbe ị na-agbaso ụdaume imi. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ụda [ u ] na [ o ] eme ihe n'otu n'otu dịka mmasị ọkà okwu siri dị. Mgbe ogologo oge gasịrị [ eː ] na [ oː ], enwere ike ịnụ ụda [ n ], ọkachasị mgbe tupu [ t ], [ d ], [ k ], [ ɡ ], [ ts ], na [ j ] . [ 5 ]
Enwere ike iwepụ ụdaume dị ka [ V̥ ] n'ụzọ nkịtị, nke egosiri n'ọkpụkpụ nke e ji mee ihe na mba isii site n'igosi ha ike.
| N'ihu | Azu | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ọnụ ọnụ | Ogologo | imi | Ọnụ ọnụ | Ogologo | imi | |
| Elu | /i / ⟨ i ⟩ | /iː / ⟨ i꞉ ⟩ | ||||
| N'etiti | /e / ⟨ e ⟩ | /eː / ⟨ e꞉ ⟩ | /ɛ̃ / /ɛ̃ː / ⟨ ę ę꞉ ⟩ | /o / ⟨ o ⟩ | /oː / ⟨ o꞉ ⟩ | /õ / /õː / ⟨ ǫ ǫ꞉ ⟩ |
| Dị ala | /ɑ / ⟨ a ⟩ | /ɑː / ⟨ a꞉ ⟩ | /ɑ̃ / ⟨ a ⟩ [ | |||
/ɑ̃/ pụtara na naanị okwu ole na ole. /ɛ̃/ nwere ike ịkpọ [ʌ̃], na /õ/ nwere ike ịbụ [ũ].
Ụdaume ogologo
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ogologo dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị ya nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche abụọ dị iche iche pụtara na ibe ya. Ọmụmaatụ: [haʔseʔ] ị na-aga [haʔseː] igara [ 4 ]
Udaume ewepụrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụfọdụ okwu ndị na-egosi ihe ụfọdụ ụdaume na-ada mgbe ha na-ada tupu [h]. N'okwu dị ka [ehaʔ], [ẽhaʔ], [ohaʔ], na [õha], [ e ] na [ ẽ ] ewepụtara dị ka [e̥, ẽ̥], na-ada dị ka okwu ntakwu [ j ], na [ o ] na [ õ ] e wepụrụ ka [o̥, õ̥], na-ada dị ka okwu ntakwu [ w ] . Ọzọkwa, [ ã ] na [ẽhãʔ] na [õhã] a na-agba ya imi n'ihi [ ẽ ] na [ õ ] . Consonant tupu ụdaume imi na-aghọ enweghị olu. [ 4 ] Ọzọkwa, ụdaume ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na-esochi [ h ] na-ewepụ, ebe ọ bụdị ụdaume ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ na-esochi [ h ] adịghị. [ 5 ]
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka asụsụ Iroquoian ndị ọzọ, Cayuga nwere obere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa.
| Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| imi | n ⟨ n ⟩ | ||||
| Plosive | t ⟨ d, ⟩ | k ⟨ g, ⟩ | ʔ ⟨ ˀ ⟩ | ||
| Mmekọrịta | ts ⟨ j, ts ⟩ | ||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | s ⟨ s ⟩ | ||||
| Na-aga n'ihu | ɹ ⟨ ⟩ | j ⟨ y ⟩ | w ⟨ ⟩ |
Allophonic dị iche iche na-eme na Cayuga:
- /t/ becomes voiced [d] before sonorants. The sound [d] does not exist word-finally.[8]
- /k/ becomes voiced [g] before sonorants.
- /s/ becomes [ʃ] before /i/, /j/ or /ɹ/.
- /ts/ becomes [tʃ] when preceding front vowels /i/ and /e/, and as [dʒ] before sonorants. It can also be heard as [dz] and [ds] freely before [a] and [o], respectively. Speakers may use [dz] and [ds] interchangeably according to the speaker's preference.
- /w/ can be voiceless as [w̥] (sounds like [hw] or [ʍ]).
- /j/ can also be voiceless [j̊] (sounds like [hj]).
- /h/:
- "A vowel devoices if the vowel and a following [h] are in an odd-numbered syllable."[8] For example: the [õ] in [ehjátõ̥hkʷʰaʔ][8]
- The vowel is voiced when it and a following /h/ are in an even-numbered syllable and in "absolute word-initial position or in word-final position, or preceded by another [h]."[8] For example: [sʰehóːwih] 'tell her'; [ehjáːtõh] 'she writes'[8]
Ụda olu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọtụtụ okwu nwere ụdaume ndị na-ada ụda, na-ebute ọkwa dị elu. [ 4 ] Ebe a na-etinye nrụgide na-adabere na "ọnọdụ nke okwu na nkebiokwu." [ 4 ] Ebe ndabara maka nrụgide maka aha dị na ụdaume ikpeazụ. "N'okwu ndị dị na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu, ụda olu dara na ụdaume ikpeazụ nke abụọ, ụdaume ikpeazụ nke atọ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ, na ụdaume nke anọ site na njedebe nke okwu." [ 4 ] Dịka ọmụmaatụ:
- [neʔ kiʔ tsõːh akaːˈtʰõːteʔ]
- 'I just heard it'[9]
Ụda ndị a dị ogologo, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla nwere ọnụọgụ. Mgbe aha na ngwaa na-anọghị na njedebe nke akpaokwu, a na-etinye ụda olu na ụdaume ikpeazụ. [ 4 ] Ọmụmaatụ:
- [akaːtʰõːtéʔ tsõːh tʰeʔ niːʔ teʔtéːkẽːʔ]
- 'I heard it, I didn't see it'[9]
Morphosyntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Cayuga bụ asụsụ polysynthetic . Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Iroquoian ndị ọzọ, ndebiri ọnụ nwere nhọrọ prepronominal prefix, pronominal prefix (na-egosi nkwekọrịta), aha agbakwunyere nhọrọ, mgbọrọgwụ okwu, na mgbakwunye aspectal. Ndebiri aha aha nwere prefix nkwekọrịta (na-abụkarị neuter maka aha ndị na-abụghị nke nwere), mgbọrọgwụ aha, na suffix.
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Froman (2002). English-Cayuga/Cayuga-English Dictionary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Mithun (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Rijkhoff (2002). The Noun Phrase. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823782-0.
- (2024) A grammar and dictionary of Gayogo̱hó:nǫˀ (Cayuga) (pdf), Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10473483. ISBN 9783961104345.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Mithun (January 2007). Wadęwayę́stanih: A Cayuga Teaching Grammar, 2nd, Brantford, ON: Woodland Indian Cultural Educational Centre. ISBN 978-0-919775-00-8.
- Dyck, Carrie, Frances Froman, Alfred Keye & Lottie Keye. LIN 6050 Ọdịdị nke Cayuga. Ngwugwu nkuzi. . Nwada Memorial University nke NL na Woodland Cultural Center.