Asụsụ Chippewa
Chippewa (aha obodo: Anishinaabemowin ; [1] nke a makwaara dị ka Southwwest Ojibwa/Ojibwe/Ojibway/ Ojibwemowin ) bụ asụsụ Algonquian a na-asụ site na elu Michigan n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ruo North Dakota na United States . Ọ na-anọchi anya akụkụ ndịda nke asụsụ Ojibwe .
Chippewa bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Algonquian na asụsụ amaala nke North America. Chippewa bụ akụkụ nke olumba continuum nke Ojibwe (gụnyere Chippewa, Ottawa, Algonquin, na Oji-Cree ), nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na Potawatomi . A na-asụ ya n'akụkụ ndịda nke Ọdọ Elu yana n'akụkụ ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Elu na Michigan na Southern Ontario. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ a na-akpọkarị ya Anishinaabemowin ('asụsụ Anishinaabe ') ma ọ bụ karịa kpọmkwem, Ojibwemowin ('asụsụ Ojibwa ').
Enwere nnukwu mgbanwe n'asụsụ ahụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime mgbanwe ndị a na-esite na agbụrụ agbụrụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara ala, ebe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche na-apụta site na mmadụ gaa na onye ọzọ. Ọ dịghị otu ụkpụrụ nke asụsụ dị ka ọ dị dị ka olumba continuum, dị ka Nichols si kwuo: "Ọ dị dị ka agbụ nke njikọ dị iche iche mpaghara dị iche iche, nke a na-akpọkarị olumba." Ụfọdụ ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche ma nwee ike ịdị iche iche nke na ndị na-asụ ụdị abụọ dị iche iche enweghị ike ịghọta ibe ha. [ > ]
N'ebe ndịda bụ ebe a na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, ọ bụ ndị ọgbọ ochie nke ndị Anishinaabe na-asụ ya, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya na-asụkwa Bekee. Asụsụ a bụ nke UNESCO tinyere n'ihe egwu.
Ọnụọgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba Chippewa abụrụla ebe ọtụtụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, sitere na William Whipple Warren na Fr. Frederick Baraga na narị afọ nke 19, na Frances Densmore, Jan PB de Josselin de Jong, Charles Fiero, Earl Nyholm na John Nichols na narị afọ nke 20. Agbanyeghị, olumba Chippewa nke Ojibwemowin anọgidewo na-ada ada. Malite n'afọ ndị 1970, ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ejirila ike tinye mgbalị ha n'ịkwalite asụsụ, mana ha jisiri ike mepụta ụfọdụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ abụọ. Taa, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ mbụ nke asụsụ a nke asụsụ Ojibwe bụ ndị agadi, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke abụọ n'etiti ọgbọ na-eto eto na-eto eto. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n’ime ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke abụọ gbanwebeghị gaa n’ịdị nkọ nke ọkà okwu n’asụsụ mbụ.
N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2009, Anton Treuer nke Bemidji State University mere nyocha na-ezighi ezi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ mbụ nke Chippewa na Minnesota na Wisconsin iji kpọkọta nnọkọ asụsụ iji gboo mkpa nke okwu ndị metụtara mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị. Tinyere ndoputa ndị ọzọ a na-enyochaghị, Treuer na-eme atụmatụ na naanị ihe dị ka 1,000 ndị na-asụ asụsụ mbụ nke Chippewa na United States.
| Reservation | Number of first-language speakers |
Estimated number of second-language speakers |
Number of total population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Lake | 400 | 2,400 | 10,570 |
| Mille Lacs | 150 | 1,150 | 3,942 |
| Leech Lake | 90 | 950 | 8,861[2] |
| Bois Forte | 20 | 110 | 3,052[2] |
| White Earth | 15 | 650 | 19,291[2] |
| Grand Portage | 3 | 90 | 1,127[2] |
| Fond du Lac | 0 | 520 | 4,044[2] |
| St. Croix | 25 | 80 | 1,080[3] |
| Lac Courte Oreilles | 10 | 130 | 6,146[3] |
| Lac du Flambeau | 3 | 120 | 3,457[3] |
| Bad River | 2 | 100 | 6,921[3] |
| Red Cliff | 1 | 50 | 4,470[3] |
| Mole Lake | 1 | 20 | 1,279[3] |
Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, a na-ekewa asụsụ Chippewa ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke asụsụ Ojibwe na obere olumba anọ:
- Upper Michigan-Wisconsin Chippewa : na Keweenaw Bay, Lac Vieux Desert, Lac du Flambeau, Red Cliff, Bad River, Lac Courte Oreilles, St. Croix na Mille Lacs (District III).
- Central Minnesota Chippewa : na Mille Lacs (Distrikti I na II), Fond du Lac, Leech Lake, White Earth na Turtle Mountain .
- Red Lake Chippewa : na Red Lake
- Chippewa Border Minnesota : na Grand Portage na Bois Forte
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Syntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka ụdị Anishinaabemowin ndị ọzọ, na Chippewa enweela ọtụtụ ozi n'ime okwu ndị a, yabụ usoro ahịrịokwu nwere ike bụrụ n'efu, mana usoro okwu bụ isi bụ isiokwu– ngwaa–ihe . Enwere akụkụ atọ izugbe nke okwu: aha, ngwaa na ndị ọzọ. A na-eji ọnụọgụ agbaji ụdị aha aha na site na ma ha ọ bụ okike ma ọ bụ okike na-adịghị ndụ . Enwere ụdị ngwaa anọ a na-eji egosi ma ngwaa a na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụrụ na isiokwu nke ngwaa dị ndụ ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ndụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ngwaa dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị ndụ, na ọtụtụ okwu. Enwekwara ụdị ngwaa enwere ike iji naanị na ntụgharị. Enwere akara ikpe na-abịa na mmalite okwu iji gosi ụdị ngwaa ma ọ bụ ụdị aha okwu ahụ bụ. Klas nke okwu ndị ọzọ na-agụnye adverbs, ọnụọgụgụ, akụkụ, pre-nouns, na tupu ngwaa. Tupu ngwaa na pre-nouns abụghị dum okwu; Otú ọ dị, ha na-agbanwe ụdịdị na-ejikọta ọnụ na aha, ngwaa, ma ọ bụ adverbs iji tinye ihe pụtara. Okwu ndị a na-abịa tupu nke ahụ ha na-akọwa, na ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị na mmalite nke okwu ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere nkọwa ndị ọzọ na okwu ahụ. Mkparịta ụka dị na Chippewa na-egosi nkwụsịtụ n'etiti azuokokoosisi na okwu bu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa. Asụsụ ahụ na-eji postposition, bụ nke etinyere na nsọtụ okwu ma na-ekewapụghị ya na okwu ha na-achị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu ashangewigamig pụtara 'ụlọ ọrụ ọdịmma' na Chippewa, mana okwu ashangewigamigong pụtara 'n'ụlọ ọrụ ọdịmma'. Ngwụsị -ong na ngwụcha ndị ọzọ yiri ya na Chippewa bụ ebe dabara na okwu bekee dị na, na, na, site na . Chippewa na-ejikwa usoro nkọwa aha; Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-agbanwe okwu abụọ ahụ ma jikọta ya ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu. Ọtụtụ oge, a na-eji otu okwu gosi nkebiokwu. A na-egosipụta nkebiokwu nkebiokwu na ụfọdụ akpaokwu aha n'otu mkpụrụokwu. A na-egosipụtakwa ngwakọta aha-ngwaa mgbe ụfọdụ n'otu mkpụrụokwu. Asụsụ Chippewa nwere nnọchiaha iji gosi mmadụ (mbụ, nke abụọ, ma ọ bụ nke atọ), na ọnụọgụ (otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ). Asụsụ ahụ nwekwara nnọchiaha nke gụnyere na nke pụrụiche nke mmadụ mbụ. Okwu nnọchiaha ndị a na-esonye na ngwaa ma na-ejekwa ozi na mmalite nke ngwaa yana mgbakwunye mmekọrịta.
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Chippewa na-eji ntughari emepụta ụdị okwu ọhụrụ na kwa iwepụta mkpụrụ okwu ọhụrụ site na akụkụ nke ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-eji ntinye aha, nke bụ ntinye aha n'ime ngwaa ma nwee ọtụtụ affixes agbakwunyere na aha na ngwaa. N'ihi ihe ndị a, ụdị morphological bụ isi nke Chippewa bụ polysynthetic . Asụsụ ahụ na-eji aha ngwakọta. Enwere aha dị mfe ole na ole. Ọtụtụ n'ime aha na-etolite site na ngwakọta nke ị ga na affixes. Chippewa na-eji prefixes, suffixes na ọbụna infixes. Iji gosi ọtụtụ, a na-agbakwunye suffixes na nsọtụ okwu. A na-eji prefixes gosi ihe onwunwe, a na-ejikwa egosi ngwaa ma ọ bụ ụdị aha yana erughị ala. N'ihi nchikota nke nkọwa niile n'ime otu okwu, ọ nwere ike isi ike ikewapụ nkọwa nke ụfọdụ nkebiokwu ejiri. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji prefixes eme ihe ugboro ugboro, a ga-ezobe isi okwu ụfọdụ n'ebe etiti. O nwere ike isiri gị ike ịchọta otu mkpụrụ okwu n'akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu maka onye na-amụbeghị asụsụ ahụ.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Chippewa nwere ụdaume atọ dị mkpụmkpụ ( aio ) na ụdaume ogologo anọ ( aa e ii oo ). Enwekwara udaume imi nke nwere udaume bụ isi nke nh sochiri ya. Enwere ike ịhapụ h ahụ tupu nkwụsị y ma ọ bụ glottal. Udaume nasalized bụ ụdaume tupu ns, nz, ma ọ bụ nzh . Consonants dị ka ndị otu bekee ha wee dee: ⟨ b ch dgh 'jkln nh prs sh twyz zh ⟩ . Akwụkwọ ozi anaghị eji na Chippewa bụ ⟨ ⟩ na ⟨ ⟩ . A na-eji mkpụrụedemede ⟨ c ⟩ naanị na digraph, a na-ejikarị mkpụrụedemede ⟨ h ⟩ na digraph, mana n'oge dị ụkọ, na-abụkarị n'iti mkpu, na-apụta n'onwe ya. Akwụkwọ ozi ⟨ ⟩, ⟨ f ⟩, na ⟨ r ⟩ na-apụta naanị n'okwu e si n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ gbazite. Onwere ufodu uyọkọ nke na-eme na Chippewa: sk, shp, sht, shk, mb, nd, nj, ng . Ụyọkọ consonant nwekwara ike ime ya na otu consonant sochiri w n'ihu ụdaume. A na-akpọ ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede ka otu esi akpọ ya na Bekee. A na-ewepụtakarị mkpụrụedemede b, d na g mgbe etinyere ya nso consonants na-enweghị olu ma ọ bụ na mmalite okwu. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ s, t na ch n'ike karịa ka esi akpọ ya n'asụsụ bekee nakwa site n'igbu egbugbere ọnụ. Asụsụ Chippewa na-eji nkwụsị olu na enweghị olu, mgbakasị ahụ, mmekọ, nkwụsị imi, na ihe dị ka ihe. Ọ na-ejikwa labial, alveolar, palatal, velar na consonant ebe.
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Olumba Ojibwe
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Densmore (1979). Chippewa Customs, reprint, Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 0-87351-142-5.
- Densmore (1929). Chippewa Customs, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
- Nichols (1988). An Ojibwe Text Anthology. London, ON: The Centre for Research and Teaching of Canadian Native Languages.
- Nichols (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
- Rhodes (1985). Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
- Treuer (2001). Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales & Oral Histories. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 9780873514040.
- Treuer (2010). Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society.
- Treuer (2009). Ojibwe Vocabulary Project. Minneapolis: Minnesota Humanities Center. ISBN 978-0-578-03464-5.