Asụsụ Chwalim

Olumba Chwalim ( Polish : gwara chwalimska ; Silesian ) bụ olumba Lechitic a na-asụ ruo ọkara mbụ narị afọ nke 20 na Chwalim nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Poland nke oge a. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, obodo a bụ nke Lower Silesia . Ọ bụ ezie na njirimara olumba bụ nke Silesian, ndị ọkà okwu kwenyere na ha bụ ụmụ Sorbs . [ 1 ] A na-ekewa olumba ahụ dị ka olumba Silesian, [ 2 ] na ndị ọzọ kpọmkwem, otu olumba Silesian Lower, mana na-egosipụta ụfọdụ mmetụta Polish ka ukwuu .

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Na narị afọ nke 19, a kwenyere na ndị bi na Chwalim bụ Wends ndị si na Lower Lusatia kwaga ebe ahụ. Ka o sina dị, Kazimierz Nitsch, n'ihi njirimara asụsụ nke olumba ha, kwenyere na ha bụ ndị Silesia. Site na nleta ya na Chwalim na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ọ mụtara na a maara olumba ahụ nke ọma n'etiti ndị okenye, ebe ndị na-eto eto kwụsịrị ịmụ ya, kama ịhọrọ German, n'agbanyeghị na ha ka ghọtara ya. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ e mere na 1910 si kwuo, ụmụ amaala 117 na Chwalim ka na-asụ ihe a na-akpọ "asụsụ Wendish". [ 1 ]

Ndị ọkà okwu a bụ ndị Protestant na-eleta chọọchị dị n'obodo Kargowa dị nso ma jiri akwụkwọ Polish na-ekpe ekpere. [ 3 ]

Igwe okwu [ 4 ]

Usoro phonological nke olumba Chwalim nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na olumba ndị Silesian ndị ọzọ, nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ sitere na olumba Poland Greater.

Consonants

Usoro consonant nke olumba Chwalim na-adịkarị ka nke ahụ na Standard Polish, mana enweghi usoro postalveolar/retroflex n'ihi mazuration, nke dị na ụfọdụ olumba Silesian ndị ọzọ. Prothetic adịghị ike [h] a na-etinyekarị tupu mmalite /i/ .

Udaume na diphthong

N'okpuru ebe a, nnukwu ụda olu na-egosi na ụda ahụ bụ ngbanwe nke ụdaume Ochie Polish kwekọrọ. Ọ na-esikwa ike ịchọpụta ma ụdaume diphthongized ọ̀ bụ diphthong phonemic ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.

Udaume imi: ã, õ.

Allophony:

• á na-aghọtakarị dị ka diphthong [ou̯] mana ọ na-ebelata ka [o] n'ihu consonants imi ma ọ bụ meghee karịa [ɔ] tupu /w/ ma ọ bụ /j/ ;
• A na-akpọkarị é dị ka [ ɘ lechiri ], dị ka n'asụsụ Silesian ndị ọzọ;
• Mkpọpụta nke o nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti [u̯ɔ] na [ɔɛ̯] dabere na ụda olu. N'ozuzu, u̯ kachasi ike na mmalite okwu ma na-esighi ike na njedebe nke okwu a: [ˈk^u̯ɔvou̯l] 'smith', [r^u̯ɔˈb^u̯ɔt̪ä] 'ọrụ' ( aha ), [u̯ɔd̪ˈlʲɛt͡ɕä] '(she) fepu', [ˈmɔɛ̯d̪ɘ̟ɪ̯] 'Nwa okorobịa', [ˈs̪^u̯ɔvɔɛ̯] 'okwu'. N’isiokwu a, e ji akwụkwọ ozi ô gosi otú e si akpọ aha [ u̯ɔ ];
• y nwere ike ghọta dị ka [ɘ̟i̯~ɘ̟ɪ̯] ma ọ [ɘ̟~ɪ] monophthong dabere na ọnọdụ ụda olu (na-emekarị, na njedebe nke okwu ọ bụ diphthong). Tupu /w/ a ghọtara ya dị ka [u̞] ;
• A na-aghọtakarị ya dị ka diphthong [u̞ɵ̯] mana a na-ebelatakarị ka [u̞] n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-edochaghị anya ma ọ bụ tupu /w/ ;
• ị bụ n'ozuzu [u] dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Polish na Silesian, mana ọ nwere ike imeghe ntakịrị [u̞] tupu /l/ na imi;
• a na-akpọkarị ã [ä̃] ;
• Mkpọpụta õ nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti [ɔ̃] na [õ] ;
• A na-akpọkarị m na a dị ka [i] na [ä] n'otu n'otu, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Polish na Silesian.

Evolution sitere na Polish ochie

N'ime ndepụta dị n'okpuru ebe a, V na-egosi ụdaume ọ bụla, C - consonant ọ bụla, N - consonant ọ bụla nke imi, ogonek - ụda imi na macron - ụdaume ogologo .

• lack of final -aj > -ej, unlike in other Silesian dialetcs;
• ā > á, except in feminine noun endings -niā > -nia;
• ē > é, eN > éN. Sporadically ē, e > i: [ˈɲi‿mu̞k] '(he) couldn't', [ˈɲimʲɛt͡s̪] 'Protestant';
• ō > ó, oN > óN;
• y > i in few cases, mostly after /ts/;
• ą > ã, ą̄ > õ, ą̄ > õm word-finally;
• in comparative adverbs endings -ēj > -y
• irregular Silesian vowel changes: [ˈjɛgwä] – compare Polish igła 'needle', [ˈɲɛs̪ä̃] – compare Polish niosę '(I) carry', [ˈz̪ɛgʲɛr] : [ˈzɛgrä] (gen.) – compare Polish zegar : zegara 'clock', [vɛ ˈs̪ku̯ɔlɛ] – compare Polish w szkole 'in school', [vɛ ˈɔɛ̯strji] – compare Polish w Austrii 'in Austria';
• due to Greater Polish influence, -ew- after soft consonants is preserved: [ku̞ɵ̯ˈɲɛvʲi] 'horse (dative)', [ku̯ɔvou̯ˈlɛvʲi] 'smith (dative)', [vʲiɕˈɲɛvɛ] 'cherry (nueter)' (adjective);
• masuration is regular with a few exceptions: [ˈt͡ɕlɔvʲɛk] – compare Polish człowiek 'human', [ʑɛˈläz̪ɔ] – compare Polish żelazo 'iron'. /ʃ/ in recent German borrowings is adapted as /ɕ/;
• /ɫ/ > /w/ as in most of Polish and Silesian dialects;
• /w/ after consonants is often lost: /CwV/ > /CV/;
• between two vowels (unless first of them is o or á) /w/ is much weaker. If the vowels are the same or very similar, it can be even completely omitted, contracting the vowels: [ˈs̪u̯ɘ̟s̪ä] '(she) heard' – compare Polish słyszała, [ˈɲɛ‿brä] '(she) wasn't taking' – compare Polish nie brała, [ˈɲɛ‿z̪n̪ä] '(she) didn't know' – compare Polish nie znała, [u̯ɘ̟n̪ä s̪ä ˈbäː] 'she was here' – compare Polish ona tu była, [vʑä̃] '(she) took' – compare Polish wzięła;
• various simplifications of consonant clusters and palatalizations: [ˈs̪ɘ̟t͡ɕkɔɛ̯] 'all', [ˈps̪ɔwä] 'bee', [du̯ɔɕ] 'enough, fairly', [s̪ɛʑ‿ˈlou̯t̪] 'six years', [ˈʑbʲɘ̟räj] 'to collect' – compare Polish wszystko, pszczoła, dość, sześć lat, zbierać.

Ụtọasụsụ [ 5 ]

Ọtụtụ njiri mara olumba Silesian dị na morphology, mana enwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ mmetụta Sorbian .

Mbelata

Ngwucha kachasị maka genitive nwoke otu genitive nke aha bụ - u . A na-echekwa njedebe nke nwoke mgbe ochie - ewi ka mgbọrọgwụ na-ejedebe na consonant dị nro. A na-etolite ebubo ebubo nke nwanyị na - ã .

The nwoke na neuter genitive nke adjectives na-etolite na njedebe - yk si - ēgo, nke sitere na mmetụta Sorbian. [ 2 ]

Njikọta

Ngwaa na njedebe njedebe na - j <- ć na - ś <- ść / -źć . Future ụdị nke być ('to be') nwere d na dź simplified n'ime kwekọrọ ekwekọ nasal consonants n, ń dị ka ndị ọzọ Silesian olumba: bãnõm, bãnie, – tụnyere Polish będą, będzie .

Oge njedebe dị ugbu a bụ - ą /- ám maka onye mbụ otu, - my for the first person plural and - cie for the second person plural. Ewubere oge gara aga site na l -otu na nnọchiaha onwe onye; na singular onye mbụ enwere ike ịgbakwunye suffix - ch to personal pronoun ja, nke a na-ahụkarị maka Silesian: jach tam bół (M nọ ebe ahụ), jach słysa 'm nụrụ ( nwanyị )', my cytali (anyị na-agụ), bółś tam ? (ị nọla ebe ahụ?/ị nọ ebe ahụ (otu)). Dị ka ọ dị na Polish na Silesian, prefixes pụrụ iche na-egosi ma akụkụ nke ngwaa ahụ ọ bụ nke zuru oke ma ọ bụ ezughị oke. A na-eji 'ịbụ' wuo n'ọdịnihu n'ụdị ngwaa: bãnõm piáj (ha ga na-agụ), my bãniemy piáj (anyị ga-agụ), ma ọ bụ jiri ụdị ngwaa zuru oke ugbu a.

Njikọ nke ngwaa ole na ole:

• (h)iś 'to go' / pôj (perfective): (h)idõm (ha na-aga/ha na-aga), (h)idźmy, (ka anyị gaa (adịghị ezughị okè)), pódziémy (anyị ga-aga), przisáł (ọ bịa/ọ bịa);
• 'nwere ike': môgã (M nwere ike), móg (o nwere ike);
• 'to be': jes (he/she/it/there is), my sõm (anyị bụ), bãnie (he/she/it will), bãniemy (anyị ga-), bãnõm (ha ga), bół ((he) was), baa or bełe (she) bụ, beły (ha bụ (nwanyị)).

Okwu [ 6 ]

Word (simplified orthography)	Meaning	Nitsch's spelling	IPA transcription	Comment
baba	wife	baba	[ˈbäbä]
biáły	white	b́ou̯yi̯	[ˈbʲɔwɘ̟i̯]
bible	liturgical books	b́ible	[ˈbʲiblɛ]
bulce	potatoes	bulce	[ˈbult͡s̪ɛ]
cyga	goat	ciga	[ˈt͡s̪igä]
dãbôki	deep	dąbuoḱi	[d̪ä̃ˈbu̯ɔkʲi]	Sorbian influence.
dugi	long	duǵi	[ˈd̪ugʲi]	Comparative form: dlysyi̯ or dusyi̯.
dôś	much, many	duoś	[d̪u̯ɔɕ]	Polish dość means 'enough'.
dziéwcã	daughter	ʒ́yfcą	[ˈd͡ʑɘ̟ft͡s̪ä̃]	Polish dziewczę means 'girl'.
gupy	dumb	gupyi̯	[ˈgupɘ̟ɪ̯]
jachaj	to go (with a vehicle)	i̯aχai̯	[ˈjäxäj]
jegiáłka	pin	i̯eǵou̯ka	[jɛˈgʲɔwkä]
jegła	needle	i̯egu̯a	[ˈjɛgwä]	Charachteristic Silesian word.
jeźdźôrô	lake	i̯eźʒ́uoruo	[jɛʑˈd͡ʑu̯ɔru̯ɔ]	Probably influenced by neighbouring Greater Polish dialects.
jezeli	if	i̯ezeľi	[jɛˈz̪ɛlʲi]	This word is used also to make questions. Thus, it replaced semantically Standard Polish czy.
knepa	button	knepa	[ˈkn̪ɛpä]
kôkôt	rooster	kuokuot	[ˈku̯ɔku̯ɔt̪]
latôś	this year	latuoś	[ˈlät̪u̯ɔɕ]
ma	yes	ma	[mä]
miałki	shallow	ḿau̯kȯu̯ (feminine form)	[ˈmʲäwkʲi]
miãskaj	to live; to reside (somewhere)	ḿąskai̯	[ˈmʲä̃s̪käj]
nacõj	to begin	nacǫi̯	[ˈn̪ät͡s̪ɔ̃j]
nie	no	ńe	[ɲɛ]
nimiec	Protestant	ńiḿec	[ˈɲimʲɛt͡s̪]	Polish Niemiec means 'German (man)'.
ôbiéraj	to collect, to gather	u̯ɔb́yrai̯	[u̯ɔˈbʲɘ̟räj]	Polish uses prefix z-: zbierać.
ôciéń	shadow	u̯oćyń	[ˈu̯ɔt͡ɕɘ̟ɲ]
ón	he	u̯yn	[u̯ɘ̟n̪]
pára	a few	pȯu̯rą (accusative form)	[ˈpou̯rä]	Polish para means 'pair, two of something'.
piáj	to read	ṕoi̯	[pʲɔj]	Semantic change from 'to sing' to 'to sing with a liturgical book' to 'to read from a liturgical book' to ultimately 'to read'.
pôdwórek	yard	puodvůy̯rek	[pu̯ɔd̪ˈvu̞ɵ̯rɛk]
psoła	bee	psou̯a	[ˈps̪ɔwä]
sa	here	sa	[s̪ä]	Greater Polish influence.
siachta	box	śaχta	[ˈɕäxt̪ä]
skło, sklanô	glass bottle	sku̯o, sklanuo	[s̪ku̯ɔ], [ˈs̪klänu̯ɔ]
stára	grandma	stȯu̯rȯu̯	[ˈs̪t̪ou̯rou̯]	Polish stara is feminine form for 'old'.
stáry	grandpa	stȯu̯ryi̯	[ˈs̪t̪ou̯rɘ̟i̯]	Polish stary is masculine form for 'old'.
tata	father	tata	[ˈt̪ät̪ä]
terá	now	terȯu̯	[ˈt̪ɛrou̯]
ôlica	door	u̯oľica	[u̯ɔˈlʲit͡s̪ä]	Polish ulica means 'street'. The semantic change probably influenced by southern Greater Polish dialects.
wadzi sie	to argue	vaʒ́i śe	[ˈväd͡ʑi‿ɕɛ]
wielgi	big	v́elǵi	[ˈvʲɛlgʲi]
zajitrô	day after tomorrow	zai̯itruo	[z̪äˈjitru̯ɔ]
zawrzyj	to close	zavžyi̯	[ˈz̪ävʒ̺ɘ̟j]
zegier	clock	zeǵer	[ˈz̪ɛgʲɛr]
zielazô	iron	źelazuo	[ʑɛˈläzu̯ɔ]