Asụsụ Dâw
| Obere ụdị nke | Nadahup  |
|---|---|
| Mba/obodo | Brazil |
| Ụmụ amaala ka | Amazonas, São Gabriel da Cachoeira |
| Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO | 2 vulnerable |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 6a Vigorous |
Dâw bụ asụsụ Nadahup nke ihe dị ka otu narị ndị Dâw na-asụ n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Amazonas, Brazil, n'ógbè a na-akpọkarị Alto Rio Negro . Ọtụtụ Dâw na-asụkwa Nheengatu na Portuguese .
Ụdị dị iche iche na-ekpochapụ, Kurikuria(r)í, nke aha ya bụ Osimiri Curicuriari, bụ asụsụ dị iche iche n'ọdịdị mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ma ọ dịkarịa ala nke nwere nghọta na Dâw.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dâw nwere ụdaume iri na ise:
| N'ihu | Azu | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Agbaghị gburugburu | Agbaghị gburugburu | Gburugburu | |
| Mechie | i, ĩ | ɯ, ɯ̃ | ị, ũ |
| N'etiti etiti | e | ɤ | o |
| Oghere-etiti | ɛ, ɛ̃ | ɔ, ɔ̃ | |
| Mepee | a, ã | ||
Udaume na -laryngealized mgbe ọ na-eme n'akụkụ a glottal nkwụsị, dị ka a hụrụ na atụ n'okpuru.
- /ʔɛʔ/ [ʔɛ̰́ʔ] "large mouth"
- /nɯʔ/ [nɯ̰́ʔ] "to lack"
Nkwekọrịta ụdaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ahụ nkwekọ nke ụdaume na Dâw n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ọnọdụ abụọ: n'ịgbakọta yana yana akara nlebara anya /-Vʔ/, ebe V na-egosi ụdaume. Mgbe a na-ejikọta mkpụrụokwu abụọ na okwu mbụ nwere usoro nke mkpụrụ edemede CVC, a naghị ahụ nkwekọ ụdaume, dịka /pɔx/ "elu" + /lã̌ʃ/ "ụgbọ mmiri" = /pɔxlã̌ʃ/ "ụgbọelu" . Otú ọ dị, mgbe a na-ejikọta mkpụrụokwu abụọ na okwu mbụ nwere usoro nke mkpụrụ edemede CV, a na-ahụ nkwekọ ụdaume, dịka /xɔ̂/ "ụgbọ mmiri" + /tɯm/ "anya" = /xɯtɯm/ "anyanwụ" . Udaume nke akara nlebara anya /-Vʔ/ bụ otu ụdaume nke mkpụrụokwu ka etinyere ya, dịka /jɯ̂w/ "ọbara" /-Vʔ/ = /jɯ̂wɯʔ/ .
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dâw nwere consonants 25:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Ekwupụtara ya | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| Enweghị olu | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| Nke na-ese okwu | ʃ | x | h | |||
| imi | Dị larịị | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Glottalized | mˀ | nˀ | ɲˀ | |||
| Odika | Dị larịị | l | j | w | ||
| Glottalized | lˀ | jˀ | wˀ | |||
Consonants Glottalized na- na-laryngealized, dị ka a hụrụ na atụ n'okpuru.
- /wˀac/ [w̰ˀác̚] "oar"
- /ʃělˀ/ [ʃěːl̰ˀ̚] "banana"
Consonants plosive enweghị mwepụta a na-anụ dị ka codas, dịka /pɤp/ Aghọtara "ịkụ" ka [pɤp̚], na /kɤɟ/ "iji ntu na-achapu" dika [kʼɤc̚] . Dị ka mmalite, /c/ na /k/ Aghọtara dị ka consonants na-apụ apụ, ntụgharị [cʼ] na [kʼ], n'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ consonants plosive, nke a na-aghọta nanị dị ka mkpọmkpọtụ nkịtị, dịka [cʼóc̚] "enweghị ntutu isi", [kʼɛ̃́k̚] "ịkọ" .
Nchegbu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-edozi nrụgide na Dâw, na-eme na syllable ikpeazụ nke otu okwu. Suffixes ole na ole na Dâw anaghị ewere nrụgide ahụ, agbanyeghị. A na-ekewa suffixes ahụ ụzọ abụọ, suffixes metric na suffixes extrametric. Nke mbụ na-agbaso iwu izugbe nke nrụgide na syllable ikpeazụ, ebe nke ikpeazụ adịghị. Lee ihe atụ ndị dị n'okpuru ebe /-ɔh/ bụ suffix metrik, na /-ĩh/ suffix extrametric.
- [bɤ̀ˈjɤ̂ː] "to return"
- [bɤ̀jɤ̂ːˈɔ́h] "return!"
- [bɤ̀ˈjɤ̂ːĩ̀h] "is returning"
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Dâw enwere ụda atọ ma ọ bụ anọ, dabere na nyocha. Enwere ụda olu dị ala, ụda dị elu, ụda na-arị elu na ụda dara ada, akara ụda olu, ụda olu dị egwu, caron na seflflex, n'otu n'otu, ma ọ bụ naanị abụọ nke ikpeazụ bụ nkọwa okwu. Ụda dị ala na-eme naanị na syllables na-enweghị nchekasị, ebe ụda olu dị elu na-eme naanị na syllables nwere nchekasị, ụda na-ebili na ịda ada nwere ike ime na syllable niile. Ebe ọ bụ na ụda dị ala na nke dị elu anaghị akọwa okwu, a na-ahapụkarị ha n'enweghị akara, dịka na /tɤɡ/ "eze", nke a ghọtara n'ezie dị ka [tɤ́ɡ̚] .
E wezụga ọrụ okwu okwu nke ụda, ụda nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ụdị morphological na syntactically . Tụlee ihe atụ ndị dị n'okpuru, nke mbụ bụ morphological na nke abụọ bụ syntactical, na-egosi ka esi eji ụda eme ihe n'ụzọ dị iche iche na otú e si eji ụda eme ihe dị iche iche intransitive na ngwa ngwa transitive .
- [wɛ̂d̚] "to eat"
- [wɛ̌d̚] "food"
- [cʼɔ́ᵇm] "to bathe (oneself)"
- [cʼɔ̂ːᵇm] "to bathe (someone)"
Ogologo ụdaume nwere ike ibu amụma ma dị ugbu a na Dâw, ma ọ pụghị iche na lex. Udaume niile nwere ụda na-ebili ma ọ bụ na-ada ada dị ogologo, ebe ụdaume niile na-enweghị ụda dị mkpụmkpụ.
Ọkpụkpụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe odide ndị obodo Dâw ji eme ihe gbadoro ụkwụ na mkpụrụedemede Latịn, nke nwere akwụkwọ ozi ụfọdụ sitere na asụsụ Tukano . Rịba ama na consonants glottalized na-akara na apostrophe n'ihu consonant mgbe phoneme pụtara na mmalite nke okwu, na mgbe consonant mgbe ọ pụtara n'ebe ọ bụla ọzọ. A na-eji ụdaume abụọ dị ogologo dee ụdaume ogologo (ya bụ, ndị nwere ụda nuu', "oke"). Mgbe ejiri sekọmfleksị ma ọ bụ tilde jiri ụdaume ogologo mee ihe, ọ bụ naanị nke mbụ n'ime ha ka a na-eji akara ụda olu (dịka dêeb ).
| Grapheme | Phoneme | Dâw example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ⟨a⟩ | /a/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | vessel (for holding liquids) |
| ⟨ã⟩ | /ã/ | ãa /ã̂ː/ | to sleep |
| ⟨â⟩ | /â/ | âg /ɤ/ | to drink |
| ⟨b⟩ | /b/ | ba' /baʔ/ | cold |
| ⟨ç⟩ | /c/ | çâk /cɤk/ | to jump |
| ⟨d⟩ | /d/ | dâw /dɤw/ | person, Dâw |
| ⟨e⟩ | /ɛ/ | e' /ɛʔ/ | to be big (of something with space inside) |
| ⟨ẽ⟩ | /ɛ̃/ | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). /ɛ̃n/ | if |
| ⟨ê⟩ | /e/ | ê /e/ | (interrogative marker) |
| ⟨g⟩ | /g/ | gid /gid/ | when (in some determined future) |
| ⟨i⟩ | /i/ | id /id/ | we |
| ⟨ĩ⟩ | /ĩ/ | ĩw' /ĩwˀ/ | groin |
| ⟨j⟩ | /ɟ/ | jaay /ɟâːj/ | after |
| ⟨k⟩ | /k/ | kâat /kɤ̌ːt/ | to stand |
| ⟨l⟩ | /l/ | lôn /lon/ | frog |
| ⟨'l⟩ or ⟨l'⟩ | /lˀ/ | 'lôx /lˀox/ | to hang |
| ⟨m⟩ | /m/ | mem /mɛm/ | butterfly |
| ⟨'m⟩ or ⟨m'⟩ | /mˀ/ | 'mãn /mˀãn/ | dolphin |
| ⟨n⟩ | /n/ | nãm /nãm/ | today |
| ⟨'n⟩ or ⟨n'⟩ | /nˀ/ | 'nãm' /nˀãmˀ/ | to be dangerous |
| ⟨nh⟩ | /ɲ/ | nhã /ɲã/ | for what? |
| ⟨'nh⟩ or ⟨nh'⟩ | /ɲˀ/ | ʉnh' /ɨɲˀ/ | for hair to be curly |
| ⟨o⟩ | /ɔ/ | ox /ɔx/ | to run, to escape |
| ⟨õ⟩ | /ɔ̃/ | õot /õ̌ːt/ | to cry |
| ⟨ô⟩ | /o/ | ôo /ôː/ | to smile, to laugh |
| ⟨p⟩ | /p/ | pis /piʃ/ | to be small |
| ⟨r⟩ | /h/ | ran /han/ | to appear |
| ⟨s⟩ | /ʃ/ | sãp /ʃãp/ | piece |
| ⟨t⟩ | /t/ | têk /tek/ | to punch |
| ⟨u⟩ | /u/ | ur /uh/ | same |
| ⟨ũ⟩ | /ũ/ | ũum /ũ̂ːm/ | to strike/hit/beat, to shoot |
| ⟨w⟩ | /w/ | wʉk /wɨk/ | to be dirty |
| ⟨'w⟩ or ⟨w'⟩ | /wˀ/ | 'wad /wˀad/ | rainbow |
| ⟨x⟩ | /x/ | xêj /xeɟ/ | anteater |
| ⟨y⟩ | /j/ | yam /jam/ | to dance |
| ⟨'y⟩ or ⟨y'⟩ | /yˀ/ | 'yãm /jˀãm/ | dog |
| ⟨ʉ⟩ | /ɨ/ | ʉb /ɨb/ | to wake up |
| ⟨ʉ᷈⟩ | /ɨ᷈/ | Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). /ʉ᷈̂ː/ | to growl |
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Dâw isi lexicon na Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke Documentation of Dâw