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Asụsụ Dalecarlian

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Dalecarlian ( Swedish ) bụ otu ụdị North German nke a na-asụ na Dalarna County, Sweden . Enwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ ụdị Dalecarlian dị ka akụkụ nke otu olumba Sweden na Gästrikland, Uppland na ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ Västmanland . Ndị ọzọ na-anọchi anya njirimara dị iche iche nke etiti etiti dị n'etiti asụsụ Scandinavian West na East, dị nnọọ iche na Standard Swedish . N'akụkụ ugwu nke ógbè ahụ ( ya bụ, parish mbụ nke Norwegian nke Särna na Idre ), a na-asụ otu olumba ejiri mara ọwụwa anyanwụ Norwegian . [ 4 ] Otu na-amakarị ọdịiche dị n'etiti olumba Dalecarlian Bergslagen, nke a na-asụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Dalarna, na Dalecarlian kwesịrị ekwesị. A na-ewere olumba ndị a dịka akụkụ nke otu olumba Svealand. [1]

Na eze, a na-ewere ha dị ka olumba Swedish n'ihi na a na-asụ ya na mpaghara ebe Swedish bụ asụsụ gọọmentị taa. Ndị ọchịchị Sweden na-ekweta na olumba ahụ etolitela n'adabereghị na Old Norse, ọ bụghị site na Swedish n'onwe ya. [2]

N'okwu kwa ụbọchị, ọtụtụ na-ezo aka na Dalarna mpaghara variants nke Standard Swedish dị ka akụkụ nke Dalecarlian olumba. N'ikwu okwu n'asụsụ, Otú ọ dị, a na-akọwa ha nke ọma dị ka lexically na morphologically "mba" Swedish nwere àgwà Dalarna intonation na prosody . Na linguistics, otu na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti asụsụ obodo dị iche iche na mpaghara na ezigbo olumba, na Dalecarlian dị ka okwu a na-eji naanị maka olumba n'echiche ikpeazụ.

Nkesa ala

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A na-ekewa ụdị dị iche iche nke Dalecarlian na mpaghara ala dịka ndị a: [3]

  • Olumba Österdalarna
    • Nedansiljan, ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri Siljan : sockens Boda, Rättvik, Bjursås, Ål, Siljansnäs, Leksand, Gagnef na Mockfjärd .
    • Ovansiljan, ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri Siljan : sockens Ore, Orsa, Våmhus, Älvdalen ( Elfdalian ), Mora, Venjan na Sollerön .
  • Olumba Västerdalarna :
    • Lower Västerdalarna : sockens Malung, Äppelbo, Järna, Nås na Floda .
    • Västerdalarna elu: sockens Lima na Transtrand .

A na-ewere olumba Floda na Mockfjärd dị ka otu dị iche, mana a na-edepụtakarị ya dị ka olu olumba.

Dalecarlian kwesịrị ekwesị (karịsịa na Älvdalen, Mora na Orsa, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ na Ore, Rättvik na Leksand), yana ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ Dalecarlian dị iche na Swedish, [ 4 ] ma na-ewere ya dị ka ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ. [4] [5] Elfdalian bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Dalecarlian nke chekwabere njirimara ochie ha. [ 4 ] Ọ dọtara mmasị site n'aka ndị nchọpụta n'oge n'ihi nnukwu ọdịiche ya na olumba Swedish ndị ọzọ. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, ọ bụ ihe ochie na nke na-echetara Old Norse, ọ bụ ezie na n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ, o meela ọdịiche dị na alaka Norse ma mepụta atụmatụ pụrụ iche nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe na olumba ndị ọzọ. [ 11 ]

Njirimara nke otu olumba bụ nnukwu ọdịiche asụsụ ya ọbụlagodi n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche, na-agbanwekarị site n'obodo nta gaa n'obodo nta, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'ime otu obodo. Maka ndị na-asụ Swedish ndị ọzọ, ụdị Dalecarlian bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta na-enweghị nkuzi asụsụ raara onwe ya nye. Agbanyeghị, nke a emetụtaghị olumba Rättvik na Leksand. A na-aghọta ha nke ọma na enwere ike ịtụle ha ka ha bụrụ usoro mgbanwe n'etiti asụsụ Dalecarlian na olumba Swedish nwere ihe fọdụrụ Dalecarlian. Ụdị mgbanwe dị otú ahụ gụnyekwara olumba Ål, Bjursås na Gagnef. Olumba Gagnef dị nso na ọdịda anyanwụ ụdị Dalecarlian, nke a pụkwara iwere ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ dị ka olumba mgbanwe, mana nke n'ọtụtụ akụkụ na-ewere ọnọdụ onwe ya karị, karịsịa na parish dị elu. Ha nwere ike igosi myirịta n'asụsụ Norwegian agbataobi . [ 12 ]

E nwere nnọọ nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti Gagnef na Stora Tuna olumba, nke bụ nke Dalecarlian Bergslagen olumba, a dịtụ edo na pụtara nkịtị Swedish olumba mgbagwoju nke na-ekpuchi dum Southern Dalarna ( Stora Kopparberg, Hedemora na Västerbergslagen ). Ihe kachasị pụrụ iche n'ime mgbagwoju a bụ olumba Svärdsjö na ọdịda anyanwụ Bergslagen, nke na-abịaru nso Hälsingemål na Western Dalecarlian kwesịrị ekwesị, n'otu n'otu (site na Grangärde na Floda ). A na-asụkwa olumba Dalecarlian Bergslagen na mpaghara ugwu Västmanland . Asụsụ Dalecarlian Bergslagen nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị agbata obi Svealand Swedish, ikekwe ọtụtụ n'asụsụ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Västmanland. [ 12 ]

fonology

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Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ olumba dị na ugwu na etiti Sweden, olumba Dalecarlian nwere consonants retroflex, nke na-abụkarị allophone nke consonants nwere onye bu ụzọ supradental /r/ ma ọ bụ /l/ . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, rs na-aghọkarị ss (tụnyere Dalecarlian koss, "cross" na Swedish kors ), mgbe ụyọkọ rn na-aghọ r n'ebe ndịda Dalarna, ruo na Rättvik, Leksand na Västerdalarna (tụnyere Dalecarlian barn na Swedish barn, English bairn, ma ọ bụ björn "Swedish"). Na Dalecarlian kwesịrị ekwesị, n'ebe ugwu nke Gagnef, a na-echekwa ụyọkọ consonant nn, rt na rd na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Nke /l/ ụda anaghị adịkarị elu mgbe /i/ na /e/ ma e wezụga na Dalecarlian kwesịrị ekwesị, ebe /l/ etolitela n'ụzọ nke ya na ebe ọ nwere ike ịpụta dị ka akụkụ nke isi na mmalite okwu, dịka na, dịka låta . [ 12 ]

Dalecarlian atụfuola -n na -t na suffixes enweghị nrụgide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị Dalecarlian definitive sola ma ọ bụ naanị ("anyanwụ") kwekọrọ na solen Swedish, na Dalecarlian gata ("okporo ámá") na Swedish gatan . N'otu aka ahụ, Dalecarlian supine form biti ("bitten") efuola -t suffix nke ka dị na Swedish bitit . Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Sweden ndị ọzọ dị elu, olumba Dalecarlian na-akpọkarị ụda /i/ na suffixes ebe Standard Swedish nwere /e/ . Ihe atụ nke a ga-abụ Dalecarlian funnin ("chọtara") na Swedish funnen, yana Dalecarlian muli ("igwe ojii") na Swedish mulet, Dalecarlian härvil ("yarn winder") na Swedish härvel . Ha na-ejigide /ɡ/ n'ime ụyọkọ consonant rg na lg, ebe Swedish agbanweela na /j/ (Dalecarlian /varɡ/, Swedish /varj/, "Anụ ọhịa wolf"). Dalecarlian na-edebekwa ụdaume ogologo n'ihu m n'ọtụtụ okwu ebe Swedish adịghị, dị ka tîma ( /tiːma/, oge Swedish /timːe/, "awa"), tôm ( /tuːm/, Swedish tom /tum/, "efu"), na /j/ mgbe /k/ na /ɡ/ n'okwu ndị dị ka äntja (Swedish änka, "nwanyị di ya nwụrụ") na bryddja (Swedish brygga, "bridge"). Dị ka ọ dị na ugwu Svealand na ụfọdụ olumba Norrland, /ɡ/ na /k/ emeela ka ọ dị nro /ɕ/ ma ọ bụ /j/ ọbụna na medial ọnọdụ nke ụfọdụ okwu, dị ka sättjin ma ọ bụ sättjen (Swedish säcken, "akpa, akpa"), botja ma ọ bụ botje (Swedish boken, "akwụkwọ") na nyttjil (Swedish nyckel, "igodo"). Àgwà ndị a na-akọwapụta olumba Dalecarlian niile. [ 12 ]

Àgwà maka phonology nke Lower na Upper Dalarna olumba karịsịa, ma e wezụga nke Dalecarlian kwesịrị ekwesị, bụ ojiji nke na-emeghe na ikpeazụ a, nke a na-eji na a kpamkpam dị iche iche ụzọ karịa na Standard Swedish. Oghere nwere ike ime ruo na nke mechiri emechi dị ka mkpirisi, dịka ọmụmaatụ hara oke ọhịa na-emeghe a na mbụ, njedebe na syllable nke abụọ, katt, bakka, vagn with end, skabb, kalv with open a; open å ụda (o) na-anọchi anya ụda n'etiti å na ö; Ụda u nwere ụda yiri nke Norwegian u; ä na e kewapụrụ nke ọma; ụda olu dị ala na-enwekarị ụda ä. Otu n'ime ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke olumba ndị dị na Älvdalen, Mora na Orsa bụ na ha ka na-ejigide ụda olu imi nke a na-ahụbu n'olumba Nordic niile. Ọzọkwa, a chọpụtara na ogologo i, y, u diphthongs, na-emekarị ka ai, åy, au, ọmụmaatụ Dalecarlian ais, Swedish bụ English ice, Dalecarlian knåyta, Swedish knyta, English tie, Dalecarlian aute, Swedish ute, English si. v nwere Old Norse pronunciation w (dị ka w na bekee), [6] l na-ahapụkarị n'ihu g, k, p, v, ọmụmaatụ, Dalecarlian kåv, Swedish kalf, English nwa ehi, Dalecarlian fok na ndị dị otú ahụ Swedish folk, English ndị mmadụ. h na-ahapụghị, ọmụmaatụ, Dalecarlian na, Swedish na English aka (na olumba Älvdals-, Orsa- na Mora, nakwa dị ka Rättvik na akụkụ nke Leksand). [ 12 ] In the same way, many words have gained an initial /h/, dị ka häven, hälsklig ma ọ bụ hägde . These features are shared with the older Uppland dialects. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Otu ụzọ Nordic diphthong ka dị n'asụsụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Lima na Transtrand . The diphthong [au], nke gbanwere na [œ] na Swedish, ka edobere n'olumba ndị a dị ka ôu, dịka ọmụmaatụ dôu (Swedish död, "ọnwụ"). A na-akpọ ochie Swedish diphthongs ei na öy (nke na Swedish ghọrọ e na ö n'otu n'otu) dị ka äi (dịka ọmụmaatụ skäi, Swedish sked, "ngaji" na häi, Swedish hö, "hay"). [7]

Ntụaka

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Ihe ndetu

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  1. ↑ Wessén (1969). Våra folkmål, 9th (in sv), Stockholm: Fritze. 
  2. ↑ Vad är skillnaden mellan språk och dialekt? (sv). www.isof.se. Retrieved on 2023-12-31.
  3. ↑ Glottolog 4.8 - Dalecarlian. glottolog.org. Retrieved on 2023-12-31.
  4. ↑ Dahl (2015). Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars, Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Berlin: Language Science Press, 22. ISBN 978-3-944675-57-2. 
  5. ↑ Endangered languages and linguistic diversity in the European Union. European Parliament (March 2013).
  6. ↑ Wessén (1969). Svensk språkhistoria, 8th (in sv), 37–38. 
  7. ↑ Nationalencyklopedin (in sv), 352. 

Isi mmalite

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  • (1906) "Dalarna", Nordisk familjebok, Uggleupplagan (in sv). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag, 1140–1155. 
  • Adolf Noreen "Dalmålet. I. Inledning till dalmålet. II. Ordlista öfver dalmålet i Ofvansiljans fögderi" ur Svenska landsmålen IV, Stockholm 1881 + 1882
  • Säve, Carl (1903). Dalmålet.
  • Levander, Lars. Dalmålet: beskrivning och historia I-II. Uppsala, pp. 1925–28.
  • Pamp, Bengt (1978). Svenska dialekter. Lund.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

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Njikọ mpụga

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