Asụsụ Derung
| Drung Tvrung kvtTempleeti:Infobox Language/pronunciation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | China | |
| Region: | Yunnan, Tibet | |
| Total speakers: | Templeeti:Sigfig | |
| Language family: | Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Nungish DrungTempleeti:Infobox Language/script | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | duu
| |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Dulong ( simplified Chinese ) ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ, Derung, Rawang, ma ọ bụ Trung, bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet na China. Dulong nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Rawang nke Myanmar (Burma). [1] Ọ bụ ezie na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị agbụrụ Derung nile na-asụ asụsụ ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ọtụtụ na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche, na-asụkwa Burmese, Lisu, na Mandarin Chinese ma e wezụga ndị agadi ole na ole. [2]
A na-akpọkwa Dulong: Taron, Kiu, Qui, Kiutze, Qiuzi, Kiupa, Kiao, Metu, Melam, Tamalu, Tukiumu, Qiu, Nung, Nu-tzŭ. [3]
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dulong bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Nungish nke ngalaba Central Tibeto-Burman nke ngalaba Tibeto-Burman nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Sino-Tibet . Asụsụ abụọ ndị ọzọ n'otu ezinụlọ bụ Anong na Rawang .
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dulong/Rawang bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman a na-asụ n'akụkụ abụọ nke ókèala China/Myanmar dị na ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet . N'ime Myanmar, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Dulong (ikekwe ihe ruru 100,000 mmadụ) bi na ugwu Kachin State, karịsịa n'akụkụ Mae Hka (' Nmai Hka ) na Mali Hka ( Mali Hka ) ndagwurugwu osimiri. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ha 'Hkanung' ma ọ bụ 'Nung', a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu obere nke Kachin ( Jinghpaw ). N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1950, ndị na-asụ asụsụ a na Mianmaa malitere mmegharị iji aha /rəwɑŋ/ (a na-asụpe 'Rvwang' n'asụsụ Rawang ) iji nọchite anya ndị niile na-asụ ya. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà okwu na China na-aga n'ihu na-eji aha 'Dulong'. [4]
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere mmadụ 14,000 (ọnụọgụ 2,000) na-asụ n'olumba abụọ: 8,500 na olumba osimiri Nu, na 5,500 n'olumba Dulong River. Ọnọdụ Dulong bụ mpaghara Yunnan ( Gongshan Dulong-Nu kwụụrụ onwe ya ), Xizang Autonomous Region ( Chayu (Zayü), Chawalong Town ), na Bingzhongluo. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ Osimiri Dulong dị ka osimiri Kiu (Qiu), na ndị Dulong na-akpọ Kiu (Qiu), Kiutze (Qiuzi), Kiupa, ma ọ bụ Kiao. [1]
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dulong nwere olumba abụọ: Osimiri Dulong (Central Dulongjiang, Osimiri Derung, Northern Dulongjiang, Southern Dulongjiang), na Nu River (Nujiang Dulong). A na-akọ na asụsụ dị iche iche nwere nghọta (Thurgood and LaPolla 2003). Aha olumba ndị ọzọ enwere ike bụ Melam, Metu, Tamalu, na Tukiumu.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dulong nwere consonants izizi iri abụọ na anọ na isi okwu isii, gbakwunyere ụyọkọ consonant /pr, br, mr, kr, xr, ɡr, pl, bl, ml, kl, ɡl/ n'ọnọdụ mbụ; naanị consonants /p, t, ʔ, k, n, m, ŋ, r, l/ ime na ikpeazụ ọnọdụ. [1]
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dulong nwere ụdaume asaa, /i, ε, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɯ, u/, na diphthong atọ, /əi, ɑi, ɯi/, nke na-apụta naanị na mkpụrụokwu mepere emepe. A na-ekesakwa ogologo ụdaume nke ọma. [1] [5]
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dulong nwere ụda 3: ọkwa dị elu, ọdịda dị elu na ọdịda dị ala. N'asụsụ Dulong, ụda nwere ọrụ nke ịmata ọdịiche nke okwu ole na ole, yana ihe dịka 8% okwu (n'ime ihe dịka 4000) na-adabere kpamkpam na ụda iji mata ha. [6]
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ike ịmepụta okwu site na prefixation, suffixation, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta . Klas okwu gụnyere aha, akọwara site n'ikike ịpụta na nhazi ọnụọgụgụ; ngwaa, kọwara site n'ikike ịpụta na negation na onye na tense marking; Ndozigharị, nke na-echigharịkwuru NPs, ọnụọgụgụ, na nhazi ọkwa. Adjectives bụ mkpirisi ngwaa stive nke mmụgharịgharị pụtara nkwuwa okwu ma ọ bụ nkwupụta okwu karịa akụkụ zuru oke (mbigharị na aha nwere ihe nkesa, 'ihe ọ bụla'). Enwere ike iji adjectives dị ka amụma amụma ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịpụta aha aha ya na nkebiokwu copula. [1]
Perlin (2019) dekọtara ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ahụ. [7]
Ngwaa njikọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa Derung na-emetụta fusionally maka mmadụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na agglutinatively ma ọ bụghị. Njikọ ọnụ na-eji ngwakọta nke affixes, ndị isi na-edobe mmadụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, apophony, na mgbanwe ụda. [7]
Ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ejikọta ọnụ iji kwenye na isiokwu ahụ n'onwe na nọmba.
Ụdị plural onye mbụ na-etolite site na ụdaume ablaut, nke e ji mara ya bụ ịgbatị ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ. Ọ bụrụ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ bụ schwa /ə/, a na-eji /ɑː/ dochie schwa. . Ọ bụrụ na mgbọrọgwụ kwụsịrị na /ɑ, u, ɯ/, a na-atụgharịkwa ụdaume ndị a ka ọ bụrụ ogologo diphthongs /ɑːi, uːi, ɯːi/ .
| Onye | Otu | Abụọ | Ọtụtụ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ŋ⁵⁵ [ a ] -k⁵⁵ [ b ] -⁵⁵ [ c ] |
-ɕɯ³¹ | (na-ada) |
| Nke abụọ | -∅ | -n⁵³ | |
| Nke atọ | -∅ | ||
Ngwaa mgbanwe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwa ngwa ntụgharị na Derung nwere ike igosipụta nkwekọrịta ya na onye nnọchi anya ha na onye ọrịa ha, wee jikọta mmadụ atọ (1st, 2nd, na 3rd) na ọnụọgụ grammatical atọ (otu, dual na plural). Otú ọ dị, ọdịdị nke nkwekọrịta na-achịkwakwa ihe ndị dị mkpa.
Prefix /nə³¹/ (nke Perlin na-akpọ "ntụgharị ọnọdụ ọnọdụ akara") na-apụta ma ọ bụrụ na eju otu n'ime ọnọdụ abụọ a:
- Prefix a na-apụta mgbe niile mgbe onye nnọchi anya onye nke abụọ metụtara, n'agbanyeghị ọkwa.
- prefix a pụtakwara dịka usoro nhazi nke grammatical mmadụ, nke /nə³¹/ siri dị . na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nrịbama ngbanwe. Ndị ọrụ nke mbụ na-egbochi prefix ahụ ịpụta (ọbụlagodi na onye ọrịa nke abụọ), na ndị nnọchi anya nke atọ, na-edina ala n'okpuru ndị isi, were prefix ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa ahụ anọghịkwa na onye nke atọ.
N'elu "ntụgharị ọnọdụ ọnọdụ akara", njikọ transitive Derung na-egosi allomorphy sara mbara. Enwere ike depụta isi stems dị ka ndị a:
- Akwụsị abụọ nke ngwaa (D)
- Ụkwụ a na-adịkarị ka ụdị nrụtụ aka nke ngwaa ahụ na-enweghị akara, ọ bụ ezie na Perlin adabaghị n'ụda ụda nke abụọ ahụ na-eche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ngụ (ọ na-edekọ /wɑ/ "ime" na ụda dị elu na-adaba n'ụdị na-enweghị akara ma jiri ụda dị elu na abụọ; mana n'aka nke ọzọ /lɑ/ "ịchọ" nwere ụda ọdịda dị elu n'ụdị abụọ na nke enweghị akara).
- Ọ na-apụtakarị mgbe arụmụka na ngwaa dị na ọnụọgụ abụọ .
- Isi otu onye nke mbụ (1S)
- Na-apụtakarị mgbe arụmụka otu onye mbụ dị.
- Emebere ya ka ọ dị n'ụdị ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe nke onye mbụ. Isi otu onye mbụ ga-enwerịrị ụda dị elu mgbe niile, n'agbanyeghị ụda nke akụkụ abụọ. Udaume-ikpeazụ ngwaa gbakwunyere suffix -ŋ .
- Otu mmadụ nke mbụ (1P)
- Jikwaa ablaut nke ngwaa mgbọrọgwụ, nke ejiri ogologo udaume dochie ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ.
- A na-eji emepụta ọtụtụ mmadụ 1st (onye nnọchi anya na onye ọrịa) yana njikọ ndị ọrịa nke atọ.
- Na mbụ njikọ nke osisi abụọ dị iche iche na-agwụ na *-i (maka ọtụtụ mmadụ mbụ) na *-u (maka ndị ọrịa nke atọ). Ogologo ụdaume dị na azuokokoosisi a sitere na nkwụghachi ụgwọ ịgbatị dị ka suffixed *-i na *-u furu efu.
- Otu mmadụ nke abụọ (2P)
- A na-eji ya eme ihe mgbe enwere arụmụka ọtụtụ mmadụ nke abụọ.
- Na ngwaa ụdaume-ikpeazụ, a na-etolite nke a site na suffixing -n n'akụkụ akụkụ abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na azuokokoosisi abụọ akwụsịlarị n'imi, ọ nweghị suffix etinyere. Ọ bụrụ na azuokokoosisi abụọ akwụsị na nkwụsi ike, a ga-eji imi na-anọchi nkwụsị ya na nkwụsị glotal .
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Derung na-ekerịta myirịta okwu 74% na olumba Matwang nke Rawang, yana 73% ruo 76% na Anong .
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Thurgood (2003). The Sino-Tibetan languages. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 674–682. ISBN 0-203-27573-X.
- ↑ Perlin (April 2009). "Language Attitudes of the T'rung". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 32 (1): 91–113.
- ↑ Did you know Drung is vulnerable? (en). Endangered Languages. Retrieved on 2017-05-01.
- ↑ LaPolla (2000). "Valency-changing derivations in Dulong/Rawang", Changing Valency, 282–311. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511627750.009. ISBN 9780521660396. Retrieved on 2017-05-01.
- ↑ Perlin (2019). A Grammar of Trung. Santa Barbara. Himalayan Linguistics, University of California at Santa Barbara.
- ↑ Sun (1982). Dúlóngyǔ jiǎnzhì (A sketch of the Dulong language). Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Perlin (2019). "A Grammar of Trung". Himalayan Linguistics 18 (2). DOI:10.5070/H918244579.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin. 2017. Glottolog 3.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Archived usoro ọnụọgụgụ nke asụsụ ụwa .
- Ọgwụ ọjọọ na The Endangered Language Project.
- [1] Akwụkwọ asụsụ Dulong dị n'akwụkwọ ndekọ aha Compputational Resource maka asụsụ South Asia (CoRSAL).
- Akwụkwọ na nkọwa nke Dulong (Trung) na ELAR