Asụsụ Djaru
| Djaru | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Western Australia | |
| Region: | southeast Kimberley | |
| Total speakers: | 217 | |
| Language family: | Pama–Nyungan Ngumpin–Yapa Ngumpin Djaru | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | ddj
| |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Djaru (Tjaru) bụ asụsụ Pama–Nyungan a na-asụ na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Kimberley nke Western Australia . Dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Pama-Nyungan, Djaru gụnyere otu, ọnụọgụ abụọ na ọnụọgụ aha ọtụtụ. Djaru tinyekwara ihe n'asụsụ ndị ogbi n'ime akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya (ụkpụrụ a na-ahụkarị nke asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australian n'ozuzu). Aha ndị dị na Djaru adịghị agụnye kaadị okike, ma ewezuga ntugharị, a na-emepụta okwu site na mgbọrọgwụ, ịgbakọta ma ọ bụ mmụgharị. Usoro okwu na Djaru bụ ihe efu (ọzọkwa njiri mara asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australian) ma nwee ike kewaa nkebiokwu aha. [1] [2] Asụsụ Djaru nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwaa dị ntakịrị, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọtụtụ asụsụ, wee si otú a na-eji usoro ' preverbs ' na ngwaa dị mgbagwoju anya kwụọ ụgwọ. Djaru nwekwara asụsụ nnapụ . Asụsụ ezere, nke a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka 'asụsụ nne di', bụ akwụkwọ ndekọ aha pụrụ iche n'ime asụsụ nke a na-asụ n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị òtù ezinụlọ (nke bụ nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye na nne di ya) - akwụkwọ ndekọ aha dị otú ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na asụsụ obodo Australia. [1]
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Djaru ebelatala nke ukwuu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ndị ọcha batara na mpaghara Djaru ma gbuchapụ ndị bi na ya. Ndị Djaru anabatala akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndụ ọdịda anyanwụ (ịrụ ọrụ na ibi n'ubi ugbo na n'ime obodo) wee pụọ na omume kwa ụbọchị nke ụfọdụ ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala. N'ihi nke a, asụsụ Djaru na-eche nrụgide nchikota nke mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu ihu, ntụkwasị obi na-abawanye na Bekee n'etiti ndị na-asụ ya, yana gọọmentị Australia ọcha nke kwadoro omenala megide iji ma ọ bụ mmụta nke asụsụ Australia mbụ ọ bụla. [1] [2]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]fọnịm mbụ okwu na Djaru nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ ọkara ụdaume ọ bụla ewezuga taps alveolar /ɾ/ ma ọ bụ akụkụ palatal /ʎ/. Okwu nwere ike iji fọnịm ọ bụla mechie ma ewezuga ụdaume ọkara.
Nchegbu na-apụta na mkpụrụokwu izizi nke okwu, yana na mkpọda mmalite nke morpheme nke abụọ. Mkpụrụokwu na-emesi ike na-abụkarị nke kachasị elu na pitch, mana nrụgide na Djaru, dị ka ọ dị na pitch, adịghị mkpa na ụda olu. Ya bụ, nrụgide na ụda okwu enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ihe okwu pụtara. [2]
Djaru enweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime fricatives (dịka [f], [v], [ʃ], [ð]) ma ọ bụ affricates (dịka [pf], [ts]); Ụdị ụda ndị a adịghị adịkarị n'asụsụ Aboriginal ọ bụla nke Australia. [3]
| labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| na-akwụsị | b | d | ɖ | ɟ | ɡ |
| imi | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ |
| n'akụkụ | l | ɭ | ʎ | ||
| kpatụ/flap | ɾ | ɽ | |||
| ọkara ụdaume | j | w |
Consonants Djaru na-etolite ụyọkọ na-erughị fọnịm abụọ.
Enwere ike ịnụ / ɽ/ dị ka mkpọda [ɽ] ma ọ bụ mkpọda [ɻ].
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Azu | |
|---|---|---|
| Elu | i | u |
| Dị ala | a, aː | |
Djaru, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Australia, nwere naanị ụda ụdaume atọ (ụdaume dị elu, ụdaume dị elu, na ụdaume dị ala), udaume ọ bụla na-adịgasị iche iche dabere na gburugburu ụda ụda ya ozugbo. [1] [2]
klaasị okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Djaru na-agụnye klas okwu ndị a: aha, nnọchiaha efu, adverb, preverb, ngwaa, urughuru, interjection. [2]
Aha aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-emezigharị aha ndị dị na Djaru ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ ngwá ọrụ, ndị obodo, ndị nnata, ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị mma. Okwu 'ergative' na-ezo aka n'ụdị dị n'ime nkwuwa okwu njakịrị-absolutive nke ihe ndị dị n'ahịrịokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe na isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe anaghị morphologically dabara na isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu intransitive. Ya bụ, n'asụsụ na-enweghị isi, ọ bụrụ na aha na ọnọdụ isiokwu intransitive (ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ihe ntụgharị) bụ X, mgbe ahụ ọ ga-abụ Y na ọnọdụ isiokwu ntụgharị. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke usoro ihe nhụsianya-absolutive maka aha na Djaru na Tsunoda 1981: [4] (Mkpọaha aha efu na-egosipụtakwa usoro ikpe na-adịghị mma)
Ụzọ ndị nwere ike isi gbanwee aha n'ime ihe nnọchianya bụ n'iji mpụta ndị a: -ŋgu, -gu, -lu, -gulu, -du, -u . Ojiji nke morpheme ọ bụla na-adabere, n'ezie, na gburugburu phonological bu ụzọ ozugbo. [2]
Maka asụsụ Pama-Nyungan n'ozuzu, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ha ga-ewere akara ikpe na-ezighị ezi maka aha, yana ikpe nhọpụta-nkwudo maka nnọchiaha. [3]
Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ngwaa ole na ole na Djaru (ihe dị ka iri anọ). Mkpọaha aha nwere ike itinye aka na ngwaa Djaru ma ha na-egosipụta nkwubi okwu na-ebo ebubo (Djaru si otú a na-egosipụta ikewa nkewa, dịka aha ya na nnochiaha ya n'efu na-agbaso ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma).
Ngwaa na-ejikọta dị ka akụkụ ndị a: gara aga, na-aga n'ihu gara aga, akụkọ gara aga, ugbu a, na-aga n'ihu ugbu a, ebumnobi, ihe na-aga n'ihu, hortative, na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu, dị mkpa, na-aga n'ihu dị mkpa, verbid. N'ọtụtụ n'ime ngwaa ka a na-eji suffixe gbanwee ngwaa, ngwaa niile jikọtara ọnụ gụnyere mgbọrọgwụ + suffix (ya bụ, enweghị njikọ na-anọchi anya mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa n'onwe ya). [2]
Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka a tụrụ aro na Blake 1987, akara nnochite nnọchi anya na Djaru nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ ọhụrụ nke asụsụ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na usoro ahụ nwere obere mmebi iwu nke dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ (tụlee ọdịiche dị iche iche nke tebụl na-esote na nnọchiaha Bekee, ha, ha, ya, ya, wdg). [5]
| Nke zuru oke | Arụ ọrụ | |
|---|---|---|
| SG 1 | ngatyu | ngatyu-ngku |
| SG 2 | nyuntu | nyuntu-ku |
| SG 3 | nyantu | nyantu-ku |
| Abụọ 1 inc. | ngali | ngali-ngku |
| Abụọ 1 exc. | Ngatyarra | ngatyarra-lu |
Amụma
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Djaru gụnyere klas okwu pụrụ iche (adịghị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ) mara dị ka klas preverb . Preverbs nwere ojiji abụọ na Djaru: nke mbụ enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'otu aka ahụ na adjectives n'ihi na ha na-agbanwe ngwaa mana n'ime nke a na-emepụta nkeji semantic ọhụrụ, nke abụọ enwere ike iji ha dị ka aha mgbe ejikọtara ya na suffixes nominal. [2]
Asụsụ ezere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ ezere ihe bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'asụsụ mmadụ ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụkarị n'etiti asụsụ Australia mbụ. Usoro okwu maka asụsụ nke Djaru na-ezere nwere oke oke n'ihi na ọ nwere naanị otu ngwaa, luwaɳ . Ngwaa a na-anọpụ iche n'usoro, a ga-etinyerịrị ya n'ime akpaokwu ngwaa nke ahịrịokwu ọ bụla a na-asụ n'asụsụ zere. [2]
Asụsụ ogbi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Djaru gụnyere ihe dị iche iche nke asụsụ ogbi n'ime akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya. Omume na-emekarị, na anụmanụ na ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ mkpịsị aka na mmegharị aka maka ebumnuche ịchụ nta. A pụkwara igosipụta ntụzịaka site n'atụ egbugbere ọnụ. [2]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Djaru nke mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Kimberley ka dị ndụ, ma ndị na-asụ Djaru na omenala ha anọgideghị na-enwe nsogbu site na ọganihu mbibi nke colonialism. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru 160 asụsụ Australia anwụọla kemgbe ndị Europe wakporo Australia. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ma ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke ndị Aborigine n'aka ndị bi na Europe, na amụma siri ike nke ọchịchị ndị ọcha machibido asụsụ Aborigine n'ebe ọha na eze na ụlọ akwụkwọ. [6] N'ihe dị ka afọ 2006, ọ bụ naanị ihe dị ka asụsụ 60 ka a na-ekwu na a na-eji asụsụ Australia. [1] Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị narị afọ nke 19, mpaghara Djaru ghọrọ ebe ndị ọcha biri. Ẹkesiak n̄kann̄kụk oro kaban̄a gold ye ndikịm ufene, ndien ẹma ẹwot mme akpa owo oro ẹkedụn̄de ke ediwak ini. A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Djaru agbadala kemgbe ahụ site na ihe ruru 50%. Ịdị adị nke ebe obibi ọcha na ugbo na mpaghara ahụ enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụzọ ndụ nke ndị Djaru. Eji ngwá ọrụ, ụlọ, na nri dị ka ụdị Australia omenala ( bush tucker ) ejiriwo ihe ndị ọdịda anyanwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ dochie anya. Ọzọkwa, ojiji a na-asụ asụsụ ezere ebelatala nke ukwuu, ọ bụghịkwa mgbe niile ka a na-ahụ usoro ọdịnala nke ịhazi alụmdi na nwunye. [2]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Blake (2006). Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. Elsevier, 585–593. Blake, B.J. (2006).
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Tsunoda (1981). Djaru Language of Kimberley, Western Australia. Australian National University. ISBN 0858832526. Tsunoda, Tasaku (1981).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Austin (2006). Encyclopedia of Australian Languages & Linguistics. Elsevier, 580–585. Austin, P.K. (2006).
- ↑ Tsunoda (1981). The Djaru Language of Kimberley, Western Australia. Australian National University, 57. ISBN 0858832526.
- ↑ Blake (1987). "The Grammatical Development of Australian Languages". Lingua 71 (1–4): 179–201. DOI:10.1016/0024-3841(87)90071-4.
- ↑ M. Walsh & C. Wallop (1993). Language & Culture In Aboriginal Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Tsunoda, T. (1980) Asụsụ Djaru nke Kimberley, Western Australia, Pacific Linguistics B-98, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.