Asụsụ Duke

Duke (Nduke, akpọ N- doo -kay) bụ asụsụ Oceanic nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 3,000 na-asụ ugbu a n'agwaetiti Kolombangara, Solomon Islands . Duke bụ aha exonymic (ọ bụghị ndị na-ekwu okwu n'onwe ha). Aha endonymic (nke ndị na-ekwu okwu n'onwe ha na-eji) bụ Dughore (Ndughore) na Kolei . Dughore bụkwa aha maka mpaghara dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Kolombangara, Kolei bụ okwu a na-ekwu okwu ọnụ na-ekwu maka Nduke. Aha ọzọ na nso nso a bụ ' Kolombangara' (mgbe aha agwaetiti ahụ gasịrị).

Social linguistics

Akụkọ banyere ọnụ na Dughore na-akọ na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kolombangara nwere asụsụ nke ha, bụ nke kwụsịrị mgbe ebibiri ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'agha nke eleghị anya mere na mmalite narị afọ nke 19. Ndị ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ wuru ọtụtụ ebe ewusiri ike ugwu wee lanarị. Na mmalite nke oge colonial (ihe dị ka 1900), Duke nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 250, ha niile gbadoro ụkwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. ^[1]

Inter-agwaetiti mgbanwe na agbata obi àgwàetiti asụsụ mpaghara nke Vella Lavella, Simbo na Roviana siri ike na ikpeazụ narị afọ nke 19, ikekwe na-eduga na ụfọdụ asụsụ ibiri, ọ bụ ezie na alụmdi na nwunye nọgidere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu endogamous n'oge ahụ. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọchịchị colonial hiwere Roviana dị ka asụsụ asụsụ, na chọọchị Seventh-day Adventist, bụ́ nke a nakweere n'ebe nile na Kolombangara, ji ihe odide Bible ndị e dere n'asụsụ Marovo mee ihe. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, alụmdi na nwunye na Marovo bara ụba na ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na-asụ asụsụ abụọ Duke-Marovo. Roviana, n'agbanyeghị na ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ asụsụ asụsụ mpaghara na 1960, ndị ọkà okwu Duke ka na-aghọta nke ọma. Nbinye ego sitere na Roviana na Marovo nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ erutela ntakịrị.

Site na 1960s gaa n'ihu, ọtụtụ alụmdi na nwunye emeela n'ofe Solomons, na-eduga n'obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche, n'otu oge ahụ Solomon Pijin na-eto eto dị ka asụsụ obodo. N'ihi ya, Pijin bụ asụsụ ezinụlọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Kolombangara, nke n'ime ezinụlọ ụfọdụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke dochie Duke. N'ịgbakwụnye, ntughari nke akụ na ụba na-apụ na ndụ Oceanic ọdịnala emela ka ịdabere na ihe ọmụma gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na teknụzụ ọdịnala, nke mere na echefuruola ọtụtụ okwu ọkachamara. Ọgaranya dị n'asụsụ a dị ntakịrị ugbu a n'etiti ndị na-asụ ihe na-erubeghị afọ 40. Ethnologue na-akọwa asụsụ ahụ dị ka 'ike'. ^[2]

Ọkpụkpụ

Ọkpụkpụ edemede na-ezo aka na usoro mkpoputa eji ede okwu. Mkpụrụedemede Nduke dabere na mkpụrụedemede Latịn. AM Hocart ji usoro ọkpụkpụ izizi nke mbụ mee ihe na 1908 iji depụta ndepụta okwu Nduke na ndetu ihe ọmụmụ gbasara mmadụ. Ebipụtabeghị isi mmalite ndị a, ha etoliteghịkwa ihe ndabere maka akwụkwọ edemede ndị ọzọ. Ọkpụkpụ abụọ dị iche iche bilitere na ojiji mpaghara, dabere na nke ndị ọrụ Methodist ji mee ihe maka Roviana, yana nke ozi Seventh-day Adventist ji meere Marvo. Ndị ozi ndị a rutere Nduke na 1917 na 1919 n'otu n'otu. Ọrụ mkpuru okwu n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na Nduke ejirila ihe mejupụtara nke abụọ a na-edepụta okwu iji zere enweghị isi. ^[3]

Nduke orthography
IPA	a	mb	nd	e	ɣ	h	i	k	l	m	n	ŋ	ŋg	o	p	r	s	t	u	β	z
Hocart	a	mb	nd	e	gh	h	i	k	l	m	n	ng	ngg	o	p	r	s	t	u	v	z
SDA	a	b	d	e	gh	h	i	k	l	m	n	ng	g	o	p	r	s	t	u	v	z
Methodist	a	b	d	e	g	h	i	k	l	m	n	Templeeti:Underline	q	o	p	r	s	t	u	v	z
Composite	a	b	d	e	gh	h	i	k	l	m	n	ng	q	o	p	r	s	t	u	v	z

Nkpọaha na ihe onwunwe

Usoro nnọchiaha a na-abụkarị Oceanic. Na mgbakwunye na ụdị ndị bụ isi edepụtara n'okpuru, ụdị abụọ na nnwale dị.

Nkpọaha nkeonwe
		otu	otutu
1st onye	nanị	rai	ghami
1st onye	na-agụnye		ghita
Onye nke abụọ		ghoi	ghamu
Onye nke atọ		aia	ria

Enwere ike itinye akara n'ụkpụrụ ụtọ asụsụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Enwere ike iji ụmụ irighiri ihe eji eme ya. Ihe onwunwe 'enweghị ike ịweghasị', dị ka ọ dị n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ahụ, ndị ikwu, ma ọ bụ njiri mara ya, enwere ike iji suffixes nwere akara.

Enwere
		otu		otutu
		buru amụma	suffix	buru amụma	suffix
1st onye	nanị	qu	-qu	-ma
1st onye	na-agụnye	qu	-qu	noda	-da
Onye nke abụọ		mu	-mu	mi	-mi
Onye nke atọ		nona	-na	di	-di

Nduke ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ezere iji usoro nwe ihe ndị a masịrị maka akara njirimara izugbe ta, dị ka ọ dị na mata ta rai ('anya m').

Deixis

Okwu deictic bụ 'okwu na-atụ aka'. Na mgbakwunye na usoro deixis nkeonwe (pronoun and possessive) dị n'elu, Nduke nwere klaasị okwu maka oghere na oge deixis.

Okwu deictic gbasara ohere
Mmekọrịta	Gloss	Nkọwa okwu deictic	Ngosipụta Otu	Ihe ngosi otutu
1P	nso ọkà okwu	hai	hoa	hora
2P	nso addressee	hane/sane	hana/sana	hara/sara
3P	dị anya na ha abụọ	hoze	hoi	hore

Ngwaa ntụzịaka maka ngagharị onye so na ya
Okwu ntụzịaka	Egosiri ntụzịaka ngagharị	Gloss
mai	n'ebe ọkà okwu	bia
la, lagho	pụọ na ọkà okwu	gawa
atu	n'ebe addressee	soro

Ngwaa ntụzịaka mmekọrịta
Gloss	Ntuziaka	Ebe Deictic	Ntuziaka	Gloss
rigoro ugwu	tete	← ⋅ →	iqo	gbadata ugwu
elu	saghe	← ⋅ →	ghore	gbadaa
ụzọ ọwụwa anyanwụ	saghe	← ⋅ →	ghore	ọdịda anyanwụ direction
banye	lughe	← ⋅ →	kakaha	Ụzọ ọpụpụ

Akwụkwọ

Palmer 2005 achọpụtala isi mmalite maka akwụkwọ nke asụsụ Nduke. ^[4] E nwetala ndetu ụtọ asụsụ n'elu site na Scales 1997. ^[5] Ndepụta okwu gụnyere Hocart 1908, ^[6] Tryon na Hackman 1983, ^[7] na ndepụta okwu ịntanetị dabere na Tryon na Hackman. ^[8] A na-aga n'ihu ugbu a ọrụ ntụgharị asụsụ Lexical na nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ.

Ntụaka

↑ Duke, Nduke in Solomon Islands. Joshua Project. Retrieved on 31 October 2014.
↑ Duke. Ethnologue languages of the world. SIL. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.
↑ Scales (2003). The Social Forest: landowners, development conflict and the State in Solomon Islands. PhD Thesis, Australian National University.
↑ Palmer. New Georgia. An annotated bibliography of Northwest Solomonic materials. University of Surrey. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.
↑ Scales (1998). Indexing in Nduke (Solomon Islands) (Seminar paper). Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
↑ Hocart (1908). Nduke vocabulary (TS). TS held at Turnbull Library, Auckland.
↑ Tryon (1983). Solomon Islands languages: an internal classification. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
↑ Language: Nduke. Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database. University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 2017-04-15. Retrieved on 2025-03-17.

[1] Duke, Nduke in Solomon Islands. Joshua Project. Retrieved on 31 October 2014.

[2] Duke. Ethnologue languages of the world. SIL. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.

[3] Scales (2003). The Social Forest: landowners, development conflict and the State in Solomon Islands. PhD Thesis, Australian National University.

[4] Palmer. New Georgia. An annotated bibliography of Northwest Solomonic materials. University of Surrey. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.

[5] Scales (1998). Indexing in Nduke (Solomon Islands) (Seminar paper). Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

[6] Hocart (1908). Nduke vocabulary (TS). TS held at Turnbull Library, Auckland.

[7] Tryon (1983). Solomon Islands languages: an internal classification. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[8] Language: Nduke. Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database. University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 2017-04-15. Retrieved on 2025-03-17.

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