Asụsụ Engan

Asụsụ Engan, ma ọ bụ karịa Enga–Kewa–Huli ma ọ bụ Enga – Southern Highland, bụ obere ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Papuan nke ugwu Papua New Guinea. Alaka abụọ nke ezi na ụlọ nwere njikọ tere aka, mana Franklin na Voorhoeve (1973) jikọtara ya.

Aha

A na-amachikarị aha "Engan" na mpaghara ugwu nke ezinụlọ, na asụsụ ndị ahụ nwere njikọ na Enga, ma mgbe ụfọdụ na ezinụlọ n'ozuzu ya.

Asụsụ

Asụsụ ndị a dabara na ngalaba atọ dị iche iche: Engan kwesịrị ekwesị, Huli na Southern Highlands:

North Engan (Engan kwesịrị ekwesị): Enga – Kyaka – Lembena, Ipili, Bisorio (Nete, Iniai)
South Engan (Kewa-Huli)
- Huli
- Ebe ndịda ugwu: Angal (Mendi), Kewa ; Samberigi (Sau)

Nhazi

Ezinụlọ Engan bụ ngalaba nke asụsụ Trans–New Guinea na nhazi nke Wurm na nke Malcolm Ross, mana ihe akaebe maka nke a adịghị ike.

Usher jikọtara asụsụ Engan na Chimbu na ezinụlọ Central New Guinea Highlands .

Enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke myirịta na Wiru . Akwụsịghị ịgbazinye ego dịka ihe kpatara nke a, n'agbanyeghị na nnọchiaha aha ya bụ otu ihe ahụ.

Asụsụ proto

Ekwentị

Usher (2020) na-ewughachi ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dịka ndị a: ^[1]

Nkpọaha

Mkpọaha dị mfe iji wughachi maka ngalaba ugwu na ndịda, mana ọ na-esiri Engan n'ozuzu ya ike. Ross (2005) nwere ihe ndị a maka otu, agbakwunyere Wiru maka ntụnyere:

Usher (2020) ebipụtabeghị nwughari nke Engan n'ozuzu ya, mana o meela Engan nke ọma:

Okwu okwu

Ụfọdụ nrụgharị akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Proto-Trans Enga (Proto-Engan) nke Usher (2020) bụ: ^[1]

Ntugharị ọhụụ nke oge a

Enga-Kewa-Huli reflexes nke proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma, ọ bụrụ na asụsụ Engan bụ n'ezie ndị otu ezinụlọ Trans-New Guinea, bụ: ^[2]

Enga :

mona 'obi' < *mundun
yaka 'bird' <* yaka(i)
lyaŋa 'ashes' < * la(ŋ,k)a
ŋaŋa 'baby < *ŋaŋ(a)
(m)ama 'nne' <* am(a,i)
kuri 'ọkpụkpụ' < *kondaC
kare 'ear' <* kand(e,i)k(V]
ne- 'iri' < *na
apa(ne) 'nna' < *apa
iti 'ntutu' <* iti[C]
endo 'ọkụ' < * kend(o,u)p
lema 'Louse' < *niman
kana 'moon' <* takVn[V]
mana 'ntuziaka' < *mana
kitama 'ututu' < * k(i,u)tuma
kumi- 'die' < *kumV-
kwugharịa ' < *nde-
maa 'taro' < *mV
ita 'osisi' <*inda

ega 'bird' <* yaka(i)
na- 'na-eri' < *na-
aba 'nna' < *apa
iri 'hair' < * iti[C]
ira 'osisi' <*inda
ma 'tara' < *mV

Nkewa :

ama 'nne' < * am(a,i)
ibi 'name' < *imbi
iri 'hair' < * iti[C]
uni 'bone' < *kwanjaC
apu 'ọdụ' <* a(mb,m)u
lema 'Louse' < * niman
oma 'die' < *kumV-
reka- 'guzo' <* t(a,e)kV-
la- 'okwu' < *nde-
maa 'taro' < *mV
yaa 'bird' <* yaka(i)

Mendi :

abum 'nne' <* am(a,i)
ap 'Nna' < *apa
mbi 'aha' < *imbi
ome- ' die' < *kumV-

Okwu ndị bụ isi

Okwu ndị bụ isi nke Enga na Kewa sitere na William A. Foley (1986). Abụọ ụzọ abụọ nke okwu bụchaghị ejikọta.

Ntụaka

Guinea. Alaka abụọ nke ezi na ụlọ nwere njikọ tere: /a, e, i, o, u/ . Udaume niile nwere ụdị dị iche iche

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Enga – Southern Highlands. New Guinea World. Retrieved on 2024-07-20."Enga – Southern Highlands". New Guinea World. Retrieved 2024-07-20. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ngw" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Pawley (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family", in Palmer: The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

Ross, Malcolm . 2014. Proto-Engan . TransNewGuinea.org .

Njikọ mpụga

Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Enga – Southern Highlands Archived
- (ibid) Trans-Enga

[ngw-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Enga – Southern Highlands. New Guinea World. Retrieved on 2024-07-20."Enga – Southern Highlands". New Guinea World. Retrieved 2024-07-20. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ngw" defined multiple times with different content

[Pawley-TNG-2] Pawley (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family", in Palmer: The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

[1]

[2]