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Asụsụ Ewe

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[1] [2] [3] Ewe ( Eʋe or Eʋegbe ee [4] bụ asụsụ ihe ruru nde mmadụ ise na-asụ na West Africa, ọkachasị na Ghana na Togo . Ewe bụ akụkụ nke otu asụsụ ndị ha na ya na-akpa na-akpọkarị asụsụ Gbe . Asụsụ Gbe ọzọ bụ isi bụ Fon, nke a na-asụkarị na Benin . Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Africa, Ewe bụ ụda olu yana onye nwere ike ịbụ onye ezinụlọ Niger-Congo .

Onye German Africa bụ Diedrich Hermann Westermann bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na ụtọ asụsụ Ewe na ọtụtụ asụsụ Gbe ndị ọzọ. Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ndị ọzọ rụworo ọrụ na Ewe na asụsụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya gụnyere Gilbert Ansre (ụda, syntax), Herbert Stahlke (morphology, tone), Nick Clements (ụda, syntax), Roberto Pazzi (ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ, lexicography), Felix K. Ameka (semantics, cognitive linguistics), Alan Stewarttics, Hokpamanti . phonetics), Enoch Aboh (syntax), na Chris Collins (syntax).

Olumba

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Ụfọdụ n’ime olumba ndị a na-akpọ Ewe ('Vhe') bụ Aŋlɔ, Tɔŋu (Tɔŋgu), Avenor, Agave people, Evedome, Awlan, Gbín, Pekí, Kpándo, Vhlin, Hó, Avɛ́no, Vo, Kpelen, Vɛ́, Danyi, Agu, Fodome, Wancé, Wací, Adajo .

Ethnologue 16 na-ewere Waci na Kpesi (Kpessi) dị ka ndị pụrụ iche nke zuru oke iji were were asụsụ dị iche iche. Ha na Ewe na Gen (Mina) na-etolite otu olumba, nke na-ekerịta ọkwa nghọta nke 85%; A pụrụ iwere ụdị Ewe dị iche iche Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi, na Vhlin dị ka ụyọkọ nke atọ nke asụsụ Gbe Western dị n'etiti Ewe na Gen, mana Kpesi dị nso ma ọ bụ dị nso na olumba Waci na Vo, bụ́ ndị na-anọgide na Ewe n'ọnọdụ ahụ. Waci na-etinye aka na mpaghara n'etiti Ewe kwesịrị ekwesị na Gen; Kpesi na-etolite agwaetiti Gbe na mpaghara Kabye .

Ewe n'onwe ya bụ ụyọkọ olumba nke asụsụ Gbe, nke gụnyere Gen, Aja, Kotafon, Mina na Xwla ma na-asụ ya site na mpaghara ndịda Ghana ruo Togo, Benin na Western Nigeria. Asụsụ Gbe niile na-ekerịta opekata mpe ụfọdụ nghọta ha na ibe ha. Ụfọdụ asụsụ Ewe nke dị n’ụsọ oké osimiri na n’ebe ndịda gụnyere Aŋlɔ, Tongu (Tɔŋu), Avenor, Dzodze, na Watsyi. Ụfọdụ olumba ndị dị n’ime ime obodo a na-akpọ Ewedomegbe gụnyere: Ho, Kpedze, Hohoe, Peki, Kpando, Aveme, Liati, Fódome, Danyi, na Kpele. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ nhazi, ọdịiche dị iche dị n'etiti obodo ndị dị naanị kilomita site n'ebe ibe ha nọ. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Consonants [m, n, ɲ, ŋ] adịghị iche ebe ọ bụ na ha na-apụta n'ihu naanị ụdaume imi; ya mere, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ekwu na Ewe enweghị consonants imi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa na-arụ ụka na imi /m, n, ɲ, ŋ/ bụ ọdịdị dị n'okpuru ya mere a na-etinye ya n'ihu ụdaume ọnụ.

[ɣ] na-apụta tupu ụdaume agbachighị (na-abụghị azụ) na [w] tupu ụdaume agbachie (azụ).

Ntughari nke consonants alveolar /t͡s, d͡z, s, z/ tupu ụdaume ihu dị elu /i/ na-eme na olumba ndịda, a na-anụkwa ya ka [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, ʒ] .

Ewe bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ole na ole amaara ọdịiche [ f ] vs. [ ɸ ] na [ v ] vs. [ β ] . f na v siri ike karịa n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, [ f͈ ] na [ v͈ ], na egbugbere ọnụ elu elu nke ọma, wee si otú ahụ dị iche na ndị na-adịghị ike [ ɸ ] na [ β ] .

/l/ nwere ike ime na consonant ụyọkọ. Ọ na-aghọ [ɾ] (ma ọ bụ [ɾ̃]) mgbe coronals gasịrị.

Udaume

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N'ihu Central Azu
Mechie i, ĩ u, ũ
N'etiti etiti e, ẽ ə̃ ə o, õ
Oghere-etiti ɛ, ɛ̃ ɔ, ɔ̃
Mepee a, ã

Tilde (˜) na-akara ụdaume imi, n'agbanyeghị na olumba Peki enweghị /õ/ . Ọtụtụ ụdị Ewe enweghị otu ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ nke ụdaume etiti dị n'ihu, ụfọdụ ụdị dị na Ghana nwere ụdaume ndị ọzọ /ə/ na /ə̃/ .

Ewe enweghị ọdịiche imi na ọnụ na consonants. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere imi syllabic, nke dịgasị iche dị ka [m n ŋ], dabere na consonant ndị a, ma na-ebu ụda. Ụfọdụ ndị edemede na-ewere ya dị ka ụdaume, na-arụpụta ihe na-adịghị mma na Ewe ga-enwe imi karịa ụdaume ọnụ, otu n'ime ụdaume ndị a enweghịkwa ebe a ga-eji kwuo okwu. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ya ka ọ bụrụ consonant, ọ ga-esi na ya pụta na otu consonant imi na-enweghị ike ịpụta n'ihu ụdaume. Ọ bụrụ na ewere consonants imi n'okpuru [b ɖ ɡ], Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mmachi dị otú ahụ jọgburu onwe ya, na nanị ihe dị iche na ndị ọzọ consonants bụ na naanị imi na-akwụsị nwere ike ịbụ syllabic, a na-ahụkarị cross-linguistically.

Ụda

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Ewe bụ asụsụ tonal . N'asụsụ ụda olu, a na-eji ọdịiche dị n'olu dị iche iche na nke ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Ewe okwu atọ ndị a na-adị iche naanị site n'ụda:

  • to 'ntị' (Elu ụda)
  • ka 'akụkọ/ịkọ asịrị'(Elu ụda)
  • na 'paụnd' (Elu ụda)
  • tó 'ugwu' (Elu ụda)
  • tǒ 'mortar' ( ụda na-ebili )
  • to 'buffalo' (Obere ụda)

N'ụda olu, enwere ndekọ ụda atọ, Elu, etiti, na ala dị ala, yana ụda ntugharị elu atọ na-ada ada. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ olumba Ewe nwere naanị akwụkwọ ndekọ aha abụọ pụrụ iche, High na Mid. Ndị a na-ada mbà n'obi na aha mgbe ekwuchara ihe mgbochi: Elu na-aghọ Mid (ma ọ bụ Rising), na Mid na-aghọ Ala. A na-achọpụtakwa etiti ka ọ dị ala na njedebe nke akpaokwu ma ọ bụ nkwupụta, dịka na ọmụmaatụ 'buffalo' dị n'elu.

N'ime ederede, a na-eji ụda dị egwu mara ụda olu, ụda olu, karon na sekọmfleksị. Enwere ike iji ha na tilde na-egosi ụdaume imi. [5]

Pragmatics

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Ewe nwere nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị na-egosi nkwanye ùgwù pụtara ìhè, dị ka meɖekuku (nke pụtara “biko”) na akpe (nke pụtara “i meela”). [6]

Ọkpụkpụ

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A na-eji Alphabet ntụaka nke Afrịka eme ihe mgbe e nọchitere anya Ewe n’ụdị n’ụdị, n’ihi ya, ụdị nke e dere ede dịtụ ka ngwakọta nke mkpụrụedemede Latin na mkpụrụedemede Fonetị Mba Nile. [5]

A a B b D d Ɖ ɖ Dz dz E e Ɛ ɛ F f Ƒ ƒ G g Gb gb Ɣ ɣ
/a/ /b/ /d/ /ɖ/ /d͡z/ /e/, /ə/ /ɛ/ /f/ /ɸ/ /ɡ/ /ɡ͡b/ /ɣ/
H h I i K k Kp kp L l M m N n Ny ny Ŋ ŋ O o Ɔ ɔ P p
/h/ /i/ /k/ /k͡p/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /ŋ/ /o/ /ɔ/ /p/
R r S s T t Ts ts U u V v Ʋ ʋ W w X x Y y Z z
/r/ /s/ /t/ /t͡s/ /u/ /v/ /β/ /w/ /x/ /j/ /z/

A na-edobe "n" mgbe ụdaume gachara iji akara imi . A na-edobe ụda n'ozuzu, ma e wezụga n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ a na-ahụkarị, nke chọrọ ngbanwe: onye nke mbụ plural pronoun mí 'anyị' ka a na-akara elu iji mata ya na onye nke abụọ plural mi 'you', na onye nke abụọ otu nnochiaha wó 'you' ka a na-akara ala iji mata ọdịiche dị na ya na onye nke atọ plural pronoun wó 'ha/ha'

  • ekpɔ wò [ɛ́k͡pɔ wò] - 'Ọ hụrụ gị'
  • ekpɔ wo [ɛ́k͡pɔ wó] - 'Ọ hụrụ ha'

Usoro ịkpọ aha

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Ewe na-eji usoro inye nwata aha mbụ, dabere n’ụbọchị izu ahụ a mụrụ nwa ahụ. Nke ahụ na-esite na nkwenye na a ga-ekpebi ezigbo aha nwatakịrị naanị mgbe nwatakịrị gosipụtara àgwà ya. Otú ọ dị, dị ka nwatakịrị bụ mmadụ, ọ bụghị ihe, a ga-akpọrịrị nwatakịrị ahụ aha ụfọdụ n'ime oge na ya mere a na-enye aha dabere na ụbọchị ọmụmụ. A na-enye aha ikpeazụ n'ememe nhọpụta, ụbọchị asaa ka ụbọchị ọmụmụ gasịrị.

N'ihe gbasara ihe nketa ha na-anya isi, karịsịa kemgbe afọ ndị 1970, ọtụtụ Ewe gụrụ akwụkwọ, bụ́ ndị e nyere aha Western, ewepụla aha ndị ahụ n'ụzọ iwu/n'ụzọ iwu ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ma jiri aha ụbọchị ọmụmụ ha dị ka aha gọọmentị ha.

Usoro ịkpọ aha ụbọchị ọmụmụ Ewe bụ nke a:

Ụbọchị Aha nwoke Aha Nwanyi
Dzoɖagbe (Monday) Kɔdzo, Kwadzo (Kojo) Adzo, Adzowɔ
Braɖagbe, Blaɖagbe (Tuesday) Kɔmla, Kɔbla, Kwabla Abra, Abla, Brã
Kuɖagbe (Wednesday) Kɔku, Kwaku, Awuku Aku, Akuwɔ
Yawoɖagbe (Thursday) Yao, Yaw, Ayao, Kwawu Yawa, Awo, Yaa
Fiɖagbe (Friday) Kofi Afua, Afi, Afiwa, Afiwɔ
Memliɖagbe (Saturday) Kọmi, Kwami Ama, Ami
Kɔsiɖagbe (Sunday) Kɔsi, Kwasi Akɔsia, Akɔsua, Esi, Awusi

Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-akpọ ndị mmadụ aha ụbọchị ọmụmụ ha ọtụtụ oge; a na-eji aha enyere naanị na akwụkwọ nkịtị. N'ụdị dị otu a, ụmụaka nwere otu aha ọmụmụ ka a na-eji mpịachi akọwapụta: -gã pụtara nnukwu, -vi pụtara obere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a mụsịrị Kofi ọzọ, nwa mbụ a na-akpọ Kofi na-aghọ Kofigã, na nwa ọhụrụ Kofi. Kofi na-esote, ga-abụ Kofivi, ma ọ bụ Kofitse, nke ka ukwuu n'etiti Wedome na Tɔngu Ewes. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ngbanwe aha na-eme ugboro abụọ, n'ihi na Kofi nke abụọ nwere ike ịbụ na mbụ a na-akpọ Kofivi, ebe onye okenye na-ejide Kofi, si otú a na-eme ka a gbanwee aha ha abụọ na ọmụmụ Kofi nke atọ.

Ụtọ asụsụ

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  Ewe bụ isiokwu–ngwaa–asụsụ ihe . Onye nwe na-ebute ụzọ aha isi. Adjectives, ọnụọgụgụ, ihe ngosi na nkebiokwu ikwu na-eso aha isi. Ewe nwekwara ihe nbido kama ịbụ preposition. [4]

A maara Ewe nke ọma dị ka asụsụ nwere nnọchiaha logophoric . A na-eji nnọchiaha ndị dị otú ahụ na-ezo aka na isi mmalite nke nkwupụta ma ọ bụ echiche na-apụtaghị ìhè, ma nwee ike imebi ahịrịokwu ndị na-edoghị anya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe atụ ndị a na-egosi:

  • Kofi be e-dzo 'Kofi said he left' (he ≠ Kofi)
  • Kofi be yè-dzo 'Kofi said he left' (he = Kofi)

N'ahịrịokwu nke abụọ, yè bụ nnọchiaha logophoric.

Ewe nwekwara ọtụtụ usoro ihe owuwu ngwaa .

A na-ekwukwa na Warburton (et al. 1968) na-adị, [7] n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ kwuru na Ewe bụ "asụsụ a ma ama". [8] [9] [10]

Ọnọdụ

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  Ewe bụ asụsụ obodo na Togo na Ghana . [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Akwụkwọ

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  Ndị ọkà mmụta achọpụtala Amegbetoa alo Agbezuge fe nutinya nke Sam J. Obianim dere dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ e dere na Ewe. [11]

Oge ọdịda nke ise, nke Ferdinand Kwasi Fiawoo dere, egwuregwu na-egosi akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Ewe bụkwa akwụkwọ akụkọ ama ama.

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Westermann (1930). A Study of the Ewe Language (in en). Oxford University Press. 
  2. ↑ Verba Africana Digital Materials — Mali: Malinke (Maninkakan) — Introduction. verbafricana.org. Retrieved on 2025-03-03.
  3. ↑ Verba Africana Digital Materials — Mali: Malinke (Maninkakan) — Introduction. verbafricana.org. Retrieved on 2025-03-03.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Warburton (1968). Ewe Baisc Course, Revised, Bloomington, Indiana: African Studies Program, Indiana University. Warburton, Irene; Kpotufe, Prosper; Glover, Roland Kori; Schneeberg, Nan (1968). Ewe Baisc Course (Revised ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: African Studies Program, Indiana University. p. 243.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jim-Fugar (2017). Nuseline's Ewe-English Dictionary. Independently published. ISBN 978-1521040188. Jim-Fugar, Kodzo Nusetor; Jim-Fugar, Nicholine (2017). Nuseline's Ewe-English Dictionary. Independently published. p. 5. ISBN 978-1521040188.
  6. ↑ Translations of "please" and "thank you" from Omniglot.com

    Simon Ager (2015). Useful Ewe phrases. Retrieved on 27 June 2015.
  7. ↑ Warburton (1968). Ewe Baisc Course, Revised, Bloomington, Indiana: African Studies Program, Indiana University, 56–86. 
  8. ↑ Gbegble (2012). The expression of epistemic modality in Ewe. Africana Linguistica. 
  9. ↑ Nurse. Ewe, 3–5. 
  10. ↑ Ameka (2008). Aspect and modality in Ewe: a survey. 
  11. ↑ Amegbleame (2007). "Amegbetoa alo Agbezuge le nutinya de sam obianim (éwé, 1949) : une quête exaltée de l'humain", L'effet roman: Arrivée du roman dans les langues d'Afrique (in fr). Editions L'Harmattan, 167–179. ISBN 9782296165021. 

Isi mmalite

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  • Ansre, Gilbert (1961) Ọdịdị Tonal nke Ewe . Usoro MA, Kennedy School of Missions nke Hartford Seminary Foundation.
  • Ameka, Felix Kofi (2001). "Ewe". Na Garry na Rubino (eds.), Eziokwu Banyere Asụsụ Ụwa: Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, gara aga na ugbu a . New York/Dublin: Ụlọ ọrụ HW Wilson. pp. 207–213.
  • Clements, George N. (1975). "Mkpọaha logophoric na Ewe: Ọrụ ya n'okwu" . Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke asụsụ West African . 10 (2): 141–177.
  • Collins, Chris. (1993) Isiokwu dị na Okwu Okwu Ewe . Akwụkwọ mmụta doctoral, MIT.
  • Capo, Hounkpati BC (1991). Igwe okwu ntụnyere nke Gbe, mbipụta n’asụsụ na asụsụ Africa, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Bénin: Labo Gbe (Int).
  • Pasch, Helma (1995). Kurzgrammatik des Ewe . Köln: Köppe.
  • Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1930). Ọmụmụ Asụsụ Ewe . London: Mahadum Oxford University Press.

Njikọ mpụga

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