Asụsụ Fox
| obere ụdị nke | Central Algonquian  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Njikota Obodo Amerika, Mexico |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Áyowạ, Kánzạs, Nebraska, Oklahoma |
| Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO | 5 critically endangered |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 8a Moribund |
Fox (nke aha dị iche iche mara, gụnyere Mesquakie (Meskwaki), Mesquakie-Sauk, Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo, Sauk-Fox, na Sac na Fox ) bụ asụsụ Algonquian, nke otu puku Meskwaki, Sauk na Kickapoo na-asụ n'ebe dị iche iche na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Mexico na United States .
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba atọ dị iche iche bụ:
- Fox ma ọ bụ Meskwakiatoweni (Asụsụ Meskwaki) [1] (a na-akpọkwa Mesquakie, Meskwaki)
- Sauk ma ọ bụ Thâkiwâtowêweni (asụsụ Thâkîwaki) (a sụgharịkwara Sac), na
- Kickapoo ma ọ bụ Kiikaapoa (a sụgharịkwara Kikapú ; ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere dị ka asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya ma dị iche ).
Ọ bụrụ na a na-agụ Kickapoo dị ka asụsụ dị iche karịa asụsụ Fox, ọ bụ naanị n'etiti ndị na-asụ Fox 200 na 300 ka fọdụrụ. Mascouten kpochapụrụ nwere ike bụrụ olumba ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-esiri ike ịgba akaebe.
Ntughari
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu bụ ndị agadi ma ọ bụ ndị agadi, na-eme ka ọ dị ize ndụ nke ukwuu . Ụlọ akwụkwọ ebo dị na Meskwaki Settlement na Iowa na-agụnye agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụaka. [2] [3] N'afọ 2011, e mepụtara ọrụ ịkwa akwa Meskwaki, iji mee ka ndị nne na ụmụ agbọghọ jikọta "na ndị inyom ndị okenye nọ na Meskwaki Senior Center na-akwa akwa omenala na ịmụta asụsụ Meskwaki." [4]
Ndị ọkà mmụta a ma ama na-eme nyocha gbasara asụsụ gụnyere Ives Goddard [5] na Lucy Thomason nke Smithsonian Institution na Amy Dahlstrom nke Mahadum Chicago.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enyere ekwentị consonant nke Fox na tebụl dị n'okpuru. Ụdaume asatọ bụ: mkpụmkpụ /a, e, i, o/ na ogologo /aː, eː, iː, oː/ .
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar ma ọ bụ palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| imi | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | larịị | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| preaspirated | ʰp | ʰt | ʰtʃ | ʰk | ||
| Nke na-ese okwu | s | ʃ | h | |||
| Odika | j | w | ||||
Ndị ọzọ karịa ndị metụtara consonant plus /j/ ma ọ bụ /w/, naanị ụyọkọ consonant enwere ike bụ /ʃk/ .
Ruo mmalite 1900s, Fox bụ a phonologically nnọọ conservative asụsụ na-echebekwa ọtụtụ atụmatụ nke Proto-Algonquian ; ihe ndekọ sitere na iri afọ ozugbo na-esochi 1900 bara uru karịsịa nye ndị Algonquianists maka nke a. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1960, otu ọ dị, ọganihu dị ukwuu nke mgbanwe ụda olu ewerela ọnọdụ, butere mfu nke ọkara ụdaume intervocalic na ụfọdụ atụmatụ ndị ọzọ.
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọnụọgụ Mesquakie bụ ndị a:
| nekoti | one |
| nîshwi | two |
| nethwi | three |
| nyêwi | four |
| nyânanwi | five |
| nekotwâshika | six |
| nôhika | seven |
| neshwâshika | eight |
| shâka | nine |
| metâthwi | ten |
Usoro edemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
E wezụga edemede Latịn, Fox ka edere ya n'ihe odide ụmụ amaala abụọ.
Fox I
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
" Fox I " bụ abugida dabere na mkpụrụedemede French cursive (lee Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics ). Consonants nke onwe ha dere na-aghọta na ha bụ nkeji okwu nwere ụdaume /a/ . Ha bụ:
| ℓ [ a ] | /pa/ |
| t | /ta/ |
| s | /sa/ |
| d | /ʃa/ [ b ] |
| t | /tʃa/ [ c ] |
| ŋ [ d ] | /ya/ |
| w | /wa/ |
| m | /ma/ |
| n | /na/ |
| K | /ka/ |
| g [ e ] | /kwa/ [ f ] |
A na-ede ụdaume site na ịgbakwunye ntụpọ na consonant:
| ℓ | /pa/ |
| ℓ | /pe/ |
| ℓ· | /pi/ |
| ℓ | /po/ |
Fox II
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]"Fox II" bụ mkpụrụedemede ụdaume. Dị ka Coulmas si kwuo, /p/ edeghị ya (dị ka /a/ edeghị ya na Fox I). Udaume (ma ọ bụ /p/ gbakwunyere ụdaume) ka edere dị ka akara ngụkọ agafeela.
| + | /t/ |
| C | /s/ |
| Q | /ʃ/ |
| ı | /tʃ/ |
| ñ | /v/ [ a ] |
| ═ | /y/ |
| Ƨ | /w/ |
| 田 | /m/ |
| # | /n/ |
| C' | /k/ |
| Ṅaa C | /kw/ |
| × | /a/ |
| /e/ [ b ] | |
| /i/ [ c ] | |
| /o/ [ d ] |
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Sac na Fox mba
- Asụsụ Sauk
- Asụsụ Kickapoo
- Kickapoo furu efu
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Meskwaki Settlement School - Meskwakiatoweni (Meskwaki language). Archived from the original on 2019-07-23. Retrieved on 2019-07-23.
- ↑ Meskwaki Settlement School Website, Meskwaki Settlement School Website. Archived from the original on 2009-02-16. Retrieved on 2009-02-03.
- ↑ Meskwaki Education Network Initiative (MENWI). American Indian Studies Research Institute at Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2004-01-03. Retrieved on 2012-07-19.
- ↑ Scandale. "Meskwaki Tribe Receives Grant for Sewing and Language Project - ICTMN.com", Indian Country Today Media Network, ICTMN.com, 2011-02-21. Retrieved on 2012-07-19.
- ↑ Nelson (2008-07-27). Talking the talk. WCFCourier.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved on 2012-07-19.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bloomfield (1925). "Notes on the Fox Language". International Journal of American Linguistics 3 (2/4): 219–232. DOI:10.1086/463756.
- Coulmas (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Blackwell Publishing.
- Dahlstrom. Meskwaki Syntax (Manuscript). Lucian. University of Chicago.
- Goddard (1991). "Observations Regarding Fox (Mesquakie) Phonology". Papers of the Twenty-Second Algonquian Conference 22: 157–181.
- Jones (1906). "An Algonquian syllabary", in Lanfer: Boas anniversary volume: Anthropological papers written in honor of Franz Boas. New York: G.E. Stechert, 88–93.
- Voorhis (1974). Introduction to the Kickapoo Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-87750-177-0.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asụsụ ala nna nke America: Mesquakie-Sauk
- Ederede Fox (1907), ed. William Jones
- Ihe ngwugwu dị nsọ nke ikwiikwii nke Fox India (1921), ed. Truman Michelson
- Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Fox Indian nwanyị (1895), ed. Truman Michelson
- Asụsụ Meskwaki - mkpụrụedemede
- Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Meskwaki
- Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Kickapoo
- Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị nkenke nke asụsụ Sauk Archived , 2005, Gordon Whittaker, Sac & Fox National Public Library, Stroud, Oklahoma