Asụsụ Futunan
| Futunan Faka futuna | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna and New Caledonia | |
| Total speakers: | New Caledonia: Templeeti:Sigfig | |
| Language family: | Tustrunizit Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Polynesian Nuclear Polynesian Futunan | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | fud
| |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Futunan ma ọ bụ Futunian bụ asụsụ Polynesia a na-asụ na Futuna (na Alofi). A na-ejikwa okwu East-Futunan mata ọdịiche dị na ya na West Futunan (Futuna-Aniwan) metụtara ya nke a na-asụ n'agwaetiti Futuna na Aniwa dị na Vanuatu .
Asụsụ a nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Western Polynesia : Fagauvea, Wallisian, Tongan, Samoan, Tokelau, na Niuafoʻou . [1]
A na-ekewa ya dị ka Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-outlier, Futunic, Futuna, East.
Asụsụ a bụ otu n'ime asụsụ obodo Pacific na-ebelata . A na-ekewa ya dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ. [2]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Eze Sigave bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta na-eguzobe ebe nchekwa French na 16 Febrụwarị 1888, mgbe ndị ozi ala ọzọ manyesịrị ya ime ya. E tinyere àgwàetiti ndị ahụ n'okpuru ikike nke ndị France na-achị na New Caledonia . N'afọ 1917, e webatara alaeze atọ nke Wallis, Futuna na Alofi dị ka ógbè France. Na 1961 ụmụ amaala tozuru oke ịghọ ókèala mba ofesi France, na-ejikọta Wallis na Futuna n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na agwaetiti ndị ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke obodo abụọ Polynesia nwere omenala dị iche iche. [3]
N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ obodo French, Futunan nọgidere na-echebe ya pụọ na nsonaazụ asụsụ sitere na nchịkwa asụsụ Europe. Ọnọdụ ahụ malitere ịgbanwe gburugburu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu malitere ibelata nke ukwuu. Otu nnukwu ihe omume na ọdịda ahụ bụ mbata na ọpụpụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-asụ Futunian na New Caledonia. [4] French ekpuchila Futunan n'ime ọha mmadụ, na-aghọ asụsụ mbụ a na-eji n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkwa. Ndị Futunans na-asụ ma na-asụ asụsụ ha kwa ụbọchị, tumadi na-eji French naanị na kọntaktị na ụmụ amaala Europe, ma ọ bụ n'ime ngalaba mmụta. RFO-redio na-ekusa ozi ọma nkeji iri na ise kwa ụbọchị na Futunan. [5]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Futunan nwere ụdaume ise; /a, e, i, o, u/, nke nwere ike ịdị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ogologo. A na-eji macro akọwapụta ụdaume ogologo: ā, ē, ī, o, ū.
N'ọkpụkpụ Futunan nasal velar consonant [ ŋ ] ka e dere ka ⟨ ⟩ . Omume a dị iche na asụsụ Polynesia ndị ọzọ dị ka Tongan, ebe e dere fọnịm a na-ekwu ka ⟨ ng ⟩ (dịka Tongan tangata vs. Futunan tagata, 'man').
Ọdịbendị nke gọọmentị na-akụzi onwe ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'agbanyeghị nnabata nke Futunan orthography nke Moyse-Faurie tụpụtara maka nkuzi na ojiji gọọmentị, ma ndị Futunans na ndị Wallis na-eji ụdị edemede dị iche. Na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, a na-ahapụkarị macron ma ọ bụ jiri ụda olu sekọmflek dochie ya n'ihi ihe isi ike dị n'ịpị mkpụrụ okwu ndị a na ahụigodo AZERTY . A na-ewepụkwa apostrophe maka glottal stop, karịsịa mgbe ọ dị na mmalite nke okwu ahụ. Ya mere, okwu ahụ mālō le ma’uli A na-edekarị 'ụtụtụ ọma' dị ka malo le ma’uli ma ọ bụ ọbụna nanị malo le mauli na-enweghị mgbaghara ọ bụla ma ọlị. Claire Moyse-Faurie ka o sina dị kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ogologo ụdaume na strok glottal iji mata ọdịiche dị n'okwu n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma zere mgbagwoju anya ọ bụla. [6]
N'otu aka ahụ, oghere nke okwu dị iche n'etiti akwụkwọ edemede gọọmentị na ọtụtụ ojiji nke Futunans. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpoputa ọrụ gọọmentị na-ekewapụta preposition na akụkọ ( ko le, i le, ki le, ebe ọbịbịa nke onwe ya na-achọghị iji ohere ọ bụla ( kole, ile, kile ). [7]
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A naghị eji nnọchiaha mmadụ nke atọ ugbu a na Futunan. Maka nrụtụaka nnọchiaha niile, ewezuga otu onye nke atọ, Futunan na-enye nhọrọ nke aha eburu ụzọ kpọpụta na nke emechara, nke bụ nnọchiaha edobere tupu ma ọ bụ emechaa isiokwu a. Futunan ọgbara ọhụrụ ewepụla ohere nke ikwupụta nnọchiaha eburu ụzọ na nke emechara. Nkpọaha clitic (nkpọaha clitic na-adabere na okwu dị n'akụkụ na enweghị ike iguzo n'onwe ha n'ihe ọ pụtara. [8] ) nke ụdị nke mbụ na nke abụọ nwere ike ịkwado ụdị arụmụka dị iche iche: ihe zuru oke nke nkebi okwu intransitive, ihe nnọchianya nke okwu ntụgharị, na njedebe zuru oke nke okwu ntụgharị. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ pụrụ iche na ezinụlọ asụsụ Polynesia, Futunan na-eji nnọchiaha ewepụtara tupu ya arụtụ aka na onye ọrịa nke ngwaa na-adịghị mma. Na mkparịta ụka nkịtị, iji nnọchiaha okwu tupu okwu ọnụ nwere ike ịdịkarịa ala. [9]
Futunan na-eji nnochiaha eburu ụzọ mee ihe na mkparịta ụka, ebe a na-eji nnochiaha ewepụtara ebipụta karịa na ọdụ. Ahịrịokwu ndị nwere nnochiaha post-posed nwere naanị iwu okwu abụọ ga-ekwe omume: VAO (Verb, Adverb, Object) ma ọ bụ VOA (Verb, Object, Adverb) (Ihe atụ: etusi ʻ ia au e lātou ke kau ano o fakafofoga loku fā kolo i le aso o Toloke. "Ha na-anọchi anya m na obodo. Nnọchiaha clitic na-emekọ ọnụ na nke emechara dị ka enyela ụzọ n'ọdịdị pụrụiche nke nnochiaha ewepụtara nwere ọrụ nleba anya yiri nke ahụ. [9] [10]
Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A choro akara 'a' tupu aha otutu aha na nkebiokwu aha, pronominal post-verbal na aha kwesịrị ekwesị, agbanyeghị na ọ chọghị maka nkebiokwu nke isiokwu ma ọ bụ nnọchiaha nwere bu ụzọ. A na-eji akara 'e' mee ihe n'ihu arụmụka na-ezighị ezi . Ihe nrịbama 'i' na 'ki' na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ihe pụtara wee gboo ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. Ihe na-emekarị nke 'i' bụ iwu, ebe ọ bụ naanị ụfọdụ ihe 'ki' bụ. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe ntụzi aka, ihe kpatara, ma ọ bụ ihe nrịbama ihe. Ha na-ezo aka na njedebe, ebumnuche ma ọ bụ ebumnuche yana ngwaa nke mmetụta, adreesị ma ọ bụ mmetụta.
Nke ngwaa klas mejupụtara impersonal, intransitive (A/A + I), n'etiti (A + Ki), transitive (A + E), "AA + E", "AA + I" ma ọ bụ AA + E "ngwaa ọtụtụ AA + m na A + E ngwaa na-enweta derivation ịgbanwe ha arụmụka Ọdịdị. suffix bụ ' a' nke pụtara "na-ejupụta". ( Ọmụmaatụ: "lamata" pụtara azụ, "faka-lamata" pụtara na-azụ ya). N'ihe gbasara ngwaa etiti nwere arụmụka abụọ ngwaa ewepụtara na-ebute onye nwere ahụmahụ na-etinye ya n'ezi, na arụmụka. etinyere na nke zuru oke. [11] [10]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- 'Aliki
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ "Futuna, East", Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2018-09-24. (in en)
- ↑ (2010) Atlas of the world's languages in danger, Moseley, Christopher., Nicolas, Alexandre., Unesco., Unesco. Intangible Cultural Heritage Section., 3rd ed. entirely revised, enlarged and updated, Paris: Unesco. ISBN 9789231040955. OCLC 610522460.
- ↑ White (2015). "Tiki Pop: America Imagines Its Own Polynesian Paradise, and: Tiki Pop: America Imagines Its Own Polynesian Paradise by Sven Kirsten". The Contemporary Pacific 27 (2): 560–565. DOI:10.1353/cp.2015.0029. ISSN 1527-9464.
- ↑ Rensch (1990). The Delayed Impact: Postcolonial Language Problems in the French Overseas Territory Wallis and Futuna (Central Polynesia).
- ↑ Futunan « Sorosoro (en-US). www.sorosoro.org. Retrieved on 2018-09-28.
- ↑ Claire Moyse-Faurie (1993). in Peeter Selaf: Dictionnaire futunien-français avec index français-futunien (in fr). ISBN 978-2-87723-070-4.
- ↑ Claire Moyse-Faurie (2002). "L'écriture des langues polynésiennes de France", in D. Caubet, S. Chaker et J. Sibille (eds), Codification des langues de France. Actes du Colloque "les langues de France et leur codification", Ecrits divers – Ecrits ouverts (Paris, Inalco 29-31 mai 2000) (in fr). Paris: l'Harmattan, 173–178.
- ↑ "How Clitics Are Used in English Morphology and Phonology", ThoughtCo. Retrieved on 2018-10-17.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Moyse-Faurie (1997). "Syntactic and Pragmatic Functions of Pronominal Arguments in Some Western Polynesian Languages". Oceanic Linguistics 36 (1): 6–28. DOI:10.2307/3623069. Moyse-Faurie, Claire (1997). "Syntactic and Pragmatic Functions of Pronominal Arguments in Some Western Polynesian Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 36 (1): 6–28. doi:10.2307/3623069. JSTOR 3623069.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Clark (March 1981). "Case Marking and Grammatical Relations in Polynesian". Language 57 (1): 198. DOI:10.2307/414294. ISSN 0097-8507. Clark, Ross; Chung, Sandra (March 1981). "Case Marking and Grammatical Relations in Polynesian". Language. 57 (1): 198. doi:10.2307/414294. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414294.
- ↑ Moyse-Faurie (1992). "Verb Classes and Argument Structure Variation in Futunan". Oceanic Linguistics 31 (2): 209–227. DOI:10.2307/3623015.
Njikọ mpụga
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