Asụsụ Gitxsan
| obere ụdị nke | Nass-Gitksan  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Kánada |
| ụmụ amaala ka | British Columbia |
| Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO | 4 severely endangered |
Asụsụ Gitxsan / ˈɡɪt sæn / , [ 1 [1] ọ bụ Gitxsanimaax (a sụgharịkwara Gitksan, Giatikshan, Gityskyan, Giklsan na Sim Algyax [2] ), bụ asụsụ Tsimshianic nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ British Columbia, nwere njikọ chiri anya na Nisga' agbataobi. Otu abụọ a dị iche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-ahọrọ ịtu aka Gitxsan na Nisga'a dịka asụsụ dị iche iche. Dị ka akụkọ banyere ọnọdụ BC First Nations Languages [3] nwere 523 ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke ọma, 639 na-aghọta ma ọ bụ dịtụ ntakịrị na 344 na-asụ asụsụ. [3]
Gitxsan pụtara "Ndị mmadụ nke osimiri Skeena " ( Ksan ịbụ aha Skeena na Gitxsan).
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Gitxsan bụ nke kewapụrụ na Geenix [2] ma ọ bụ Eastern na Gyeets [2] ma ọ bụ Western Gitxsan, n'agbanyeghị na obodo ọ bụla nwere olumba nke ya. Obodo Geenix [2] ma ọ bụ Eastern gụnyere Kispiox (Ansbayaxw), Glen Vowell (Sigit'ox), na Hazelton (Git-an'maaxs). Obodo Gyeets [2] ma ọ bụ Western gụnyere Kitwanga (Gjtwjngax), Gitanyow (Git-antaaw) na Kitseguecla (Gijigyyukwhla). Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti olumba na-agụnye ngbanwe mkpụrụokwu na ụdaume na kwụsị iji lenition dị naanị na olumba ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ọdịiche kachasị n'asụsụ na omenala dị n'etiti Eastern na Western Gitxsan, karịa n'etiti obodo ọ bụla. [4]
Akụkọ na ojiji
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mahadum nke Northern British Columbia na Siiwiixo'osxwim Wilnataahl Gitksan Society (Gitksan Language Society) hibere mmemme Asambodo Nkwalite Ọkọlọtọ nke enyere site na Northwest Community College, yana nkuzi niile enyere na Hazelton, BC. Emebere mmemme a iji nyere aka kwalite asụsụ Gitxsan site n'ikwe ka ndị mezuru ya kuzie ọmụmụ asụsụ na omenala n'ogo elementrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo. [5]
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2018, ewepụtara ngwa ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị yana mmekorita ya na ndị otu Gitksan Nation na ndị nyocha na Mahadum British Columbia. Ngwa ahụ gụnyere olumba dị iche iche nke Gitxsan, yana gụnye ọdịyo sitere na obodo dị iche iche. Kaadị ọkụ, akụkọ, na akụkọ ihe mere eme gbakwunyere n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu. Ngwa a dabere na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ebipụta na 1973 nke Lonnie Hindle na Bruce Rigsby mepụtara. Site na mwepụta ya, ngwa ahụ nwere obere oge nwere ọkwa kachasị elu na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ Google Play wee kwakọba ihe nbudata 500 n'ime izu mbụ ya. [6]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndepụta nke Gitxsan bụ nke a: [4] [7]
Udaume etiti na nke dị elu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkesa mmekọ, na-atụ aro na Gitxsan nwere otu oge nwere usoro ụdaume atọ. Ụdaume etiti dị mkpụmkpụ na-apụta. Schwa na-apụta naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-enweghị nrụgide. /eː/ na /oː/ nwere obere allophones [e] na [o] n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.
Nkwụsị na-enweghị olu ewepụtala allophone [b d d͡z ɡʲ ɡʷ ɢ] . Ihe mgbochi nke pre-velar na-aghọ velar tupu /s/ na /l/ . Lax glottalized na-akwụsị "gosipụta ogo olu dị egwu n'akụkụ nke ụdaume na gburugburu pretonic (na syllable-ikpeazụ)." [7] Consonants glottalized nwere ike ịpụ n'ọnọdụ mmalite okwu, mana ma ọ bụghị ya, "a na-eji mmechi glottal na-ebute ụzọ mmechi ọnụ." The ejective allophones bụ lenis, ya mere a na-aghọta mgbe ụfọdụ ka a na-ekwu. Ihe mkpofu Lenis bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka mpaghara ahụ, mana a na-ahụkwa ya na Witsuwitʼen agbataobi. The glottalized sonorants bụ preglottalized ọbụna na okwu-mbụ ọnọdụ. Glottalization sitere na nkwụsị glottal zuru oke [ʔC] ka ụda olu dị egwu [C̰] . [4]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia (en). Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Archived from the original on 2014-01-23. Retrieved on 2014-01-07.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 GITXSAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES (en). GITXSAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES. Retrieved on 2022-12-22. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 (2018) Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2018, Britt Dunlop, Suzanne Gessner, Tracey Herbert. ISBN 978-0-9868401-9-7. OCLC 1138040760.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Brown (2016). "Gitksan" (in en). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46 (3): 367–378. DOI:10.1017/S0025100315000432. Brown, Jason; Davis, Henry; Schwan, Michael; Sennott, Barbara (2016). Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "IPA" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Gitksan Students Complete Coursework (en). University of Northern British Columbia (August 10, 2005). Retrieved on December 14, 2019.
- ↑ Muir. "Gitksan Dictionary Goes Mobile", The Interior News, May 22, 2019. Retrieved on November 12, 2019.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rigsby (1990). "Obstruent Voicing and Glottalic Obstruents in Gitksan" (in en). International Journal of American Linguistics 56 (2): 251–263. DOI:10.1086/466152.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bicevskis (2017). "Quantification in Gitksan", in Paperno: Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language: Volume II, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Springer, 281–382. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_6. ISBN 978-3-319-44328-7.
- Brown (2016). "Gitksan" (in en). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46 (3): 367–378. DOI:10.1017/S0025100315000432.
- Halpin, Marjorie, and Margaret Seguin (1990) "Tsimshian Peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, ed. by Wayne Suttles, pp. 267–284. Washington: Smithsonian Institution).
- Hindle, Lonnie and Bruce Rigsby (1973) A Short Practical Dictionary of the Gitksan language, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 1:1-60.
- Matthewson (2013). "Gitksan Modals" (in en). International Journal of American Linguistics 79 (3): 349–394. DOI:10.1086/670751.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị nke ndị Gitxsan
- First Voices Gitsenimx̱ portal asụsụ obodo
- Asụsụ Mba Mbụ nke British Columbia ibe Gitksan, nwere njikọ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ
- Nhọrọ nke Ekpere Ndị A sụgharịrị n’Akwụkwọ Ekpere A Na-enwekarị n’Asụsụ Giatikshan maka iji mee ihe na Ọrụ Ọha na 1881 nke onye ozi ala ọzọ Anglican William Ridley dere.
- Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Gitxsan
- Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke Gitskan